University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler

The hydrophobic fusion peptide (FP), a critical component of the HIV-1 entry machinery, is located at the N terminus of the envelope (Env) gp41 subunit. The receptor-binding gp120 subunit of Env forms a heterodimer with gp41. The gp120/gp41 heterodimer assembles into a homotrimer, in which FP is accessible for antibody binding. Env conformational changes or “opening” that follow receptor binding result in FP relocating to a newly formed interprotomer pocket at the gp41-gp120 interface where it is sterically inaccessible to antibodies. The mechanistic steps connecting the entry-related transition of antibody accessible-to-inaccessible FP configurations remain unresolved. Here, using SOSIP-stabilized Env ectodomains, we visualize that the FP remains accessible for antibody binding despite substantial receptor-induced Env opening. We delineate stepwise Env opening from its closed state to a functional CD4-bound symmetrically open Env in which we show that FP was accessible for antibody binding. We define downstream re-organizations that lead to the formation of a gp120/gp41 cavity into which the FP buries to become inaccessible for antibody binding. These findings improve our understanding of HIV-1 entry and delineate the entry-related conformational trajectory of a key site of HIV vulnerability to neutralizing antibody.

Background Nasoenteric feeding tubes are necessary in hospitalized children to deliver nutrition and medication. Traditionally, adhesive tape secures these feeding tubes but fails to prevent 40% of tube dislodgements. The nasal bridle, a thin plastic anchor placed around the vomer bone, is an increasingly used method for tube securement. Our objective is to compare AMT Bridle Pro® nasal bridle versus conventional tape to safely reduce tube dislodgement in pediatric patients. Methods A prospective, open-label randomized controlled trial was carried out between February 2020 and January 2021 at a tertiary pediatric hospital. Infants, children, and adolescents less than 18 years of age with an order to place a nasogastric or post-pyloric feeding tube were approached for enrollment. Exclusion criteria included facial trauma, nasal airway obstruction, or thrombocytopenia. After obtaining consent, patients were randomized to AMT Bridle Pro® nasal bridle or conventional tape to secure the feeding tube. The primary outcome was the frequency of feeding tube dislodgement, defined as unintentional tube removal or change in position. Secondary outcomes included days to feeding tube dislodgement, number of dislodgements per 10 tube days, resource use, and complications from tube securement. Results A total of 35 patients were randomized and equally split to the bridle (n = 17) and tape arm (n = 18). The primary analysis revealed the rate of feeding tube dislodgement over 30 days was significantly higher in the tape group compared to the bridle group with an attributable risk reduction of 57% (hazard ratio = 6.3, 95% CI 2.4–16.5, p < 0.001). After 30 days, tubes dislodged at a proportion 88% (15) in the tape arm compared to 31% (5) in the bridle arm (risk ratio = 2.82; 95% CI: 1.34–5.96; p = 0.001). There were no serious adverse events. Four patients in the tape group developed erythema and skin breakdown where the tube was secured with tape. One patient was withdrawn from the bridle group because they developed erythema on the nasal septum after placement, which resolved quickly upon removal of the bridle. Conclusion Securing nasoenteric feeding tubes with the AMT Bridle Pro® can effectively reduce tube dislodgements in hospitalized children. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04621734. Registered on November 3, 2020. https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?cond=NCT04621734.

Background Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) affects between 10% and 20% of the global population. The therapeutic effect of Yoga on IBS symptoms has been investigated by several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with inconsistent findings. We conducted this review to synthesize the current evidence on yoga's effect on IBS symptoms. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis through systematically searching PubMed, EMBASE, WOS, SCOPUS, and Cochrane through October 2024. Continuous variables were pooled using the standardized mean difference (SMD), with confidence intervals (CI) using Stata MP v. 17. We assessed heterogeneity using the chi-square test and I ² statistic. PROSPERO ID: CRD42024611633 Results Eleven RCTs with 535 patients were included. Seven RCTs included adults, three included pediatric or adolescent patients, and another included adolescents and young adults. The yoga intervention type varied among the included trials, with program duration from six weeks to eight months and session duration from 40 to 90 minutes. There was no difference between Yoga and control groups in alleviating the severity of GI symptoms (SMD: -0.66, with 95% CI [-1.51, 0.18], p= 0.12), anxiety (SMD: -0.39, with 95% CI [-0.85, 0.06], p= 0.09), depression (SMD: -0.46, with 95% CI [-1.15, 0.22], p= 0.19), or improving quality of life (QoL) (SMD: 0.53, with 95% CI [-0.38, 1.44], p= 0.25). Conclusion With uncertain evidence, yoga did not reduce the GI severity of symptoms, anxiety, depression, or improve QoL in IBS patients. In light of the considerable methodological heterogeneity and the high risk of bias within the included RCTs, Yoga cannot be recommended as a treatment for IBS before conducting further large-scale RCTs to fill the current evidence gaps.

HLA‐A*68:02:27 differs from HLA‐A‐68:02:01:01 by a single nucleotide variation in Exon 4, codon 206.

Background/Objectives: Randomized controlled trials demonstrate comparable survival among early-stage breast cancer patients undergoing breast-conserving therapy or patient preference mastectomy. Many factors affect the choice of treatment like the availability of radiation centers, socioeconomic status, and insurance status. This study aimed to identify the determinants of surgical breast cancer treatments in a rural community. Methods: Retrospective data were obtained from the medical records of breast cancer patients between 2015 and 2022 at a single rural healthcare system. Demographics, barriers to care, support services offered, pre-treatment services, and the type and stage of cancer were analyzed to identify trends among patients who received breast-conserving therapy and mastectomy. Results: Among the 162 patients who underwent a mastectomy, 16.1% chose this procedure based on patient preference. The patient preference mastectomy group was younger with a median age of 58 years compared to 65 years in the breast conservation group. Additionally, they were 2.7 times more likely to choose a mastectomy when reporting no financial support. When receiving lymphedema management or psychosocial services, they were also more likely to be in the patient preference mastectomy group, 58.3% versus 5.2% and 100% versus 83.5%, respectively. Genetic screening, however, was more common among the breast conservation therapy group (61.9% vs. 26.9%). Conclusions: Our findings indicate an increase in the utilization of breast conservation therapy in a rural healthcare system. These patients were generally older, had financial support, and received genetic screening. Having a multidisciplinary approach to treating breast cancer contributes to our ability to pursue breast-conserving therapy measures in rural communities.

Purpose AcidoCEST MRI measures tumor extracellular pH by fitting chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) Z‐spectra with modified Bloch‐McConnell equations, known as a Bloch fitting method. We evaluated Bloch fitting with Z‐spectra and T1, T2, B1, and B0 MR information with phantoms. We applied the Bloch fitting method to in vivo acidoCEST MRI of a preclinical tumor model. Methods We studied 120 phantoms of iopamidol with a range of pH values, concentrations, and T1 values. We collected 180 Z‐spectra for each phantom, along with T1, T2, B1, and B0 measurements. The data were analyzed with the Bloch fitting method to estimate pH. AcidoCEST MRI was performed with five mice with 4T1 mammary carcinoma using the Bloch fitting method. Results Bloch fitting generated accurate and precise pH estimates without also including experimental T1, T2, B1, or B0 values. Accurate and precise pH estimates of phantoms were achieved with 3‐μT saturation power, ≥1‐s saturation time, ≥15 mM of iopamidol, and temperature control of 37.0 ± 1.5°C. Similar to our phantom studies, fixing one or more fitting parameters did not significantly alter the extracellular pH estimates from acidoCEST MRI of a 4T1 tumor model, which estimated a tumor extracellular pH of 6.8. Conclusions Although fixing Bloch fitting parameters with experimental measurements saved computation time, fixing these parameters did not significantly improve the accuracy or precision of measuring pH in phantoms or within in vivo tumors, Therefore, measurements of T1, T2, B1, and/or B0 are not needed for acidoCEST MRI.

To evaluate the association between presenting estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and clinical outcomes in patients hospitalized with diabetic foot infections. This retrospective cohort study included 344 patients with moderate to severe diabetic foot infections. Patients were categorized into three groups based on presenting estimated eGFR: eGFR ≥60 (eGFR >60 mL/min), eGFR 30–60 (eGFR 30–60 mL/min) and eGFR <30 (eGFR <30 mL/min). Outcomes assessed included wound healing, time to heal, re‐infection, amputation, mortality and re‐hospitalization for infection. Compared with patients with eGFR <30, patients with eGFR ≥60 had significantly lower rates of retinopathy, peripheral arterial disease and use of beta blockers or calcium channel blockers. Glycated haemoglobin levels were inversely related to eGFR, decreasing as eGFR severity increased. Haemoglobin levels were significantly lower, and inflammatory markers (ESR and CRP) were significantly higher in patients with eGFR <30. There were no significant differences among eGFR groups in rates of wound healing, time to heal, re‐infection or amputation. However, mortality increased with decreasing eGFR (1.9% in eGFR ≥60 vs. 3.2% in eGFR 30–60 vs. 8.1% in eGFR <30; p = 0.04). Similarly, re‐hospitalization for infection at a different site also increased with decreasing eGFR (20.5% in eGFR ≥60 vs. 28.1% in eGFR 30–60 vs. 48.4% in eGFR <30; p < 0.01). In diabetic foot infections, presenting eGFR severity did not affect rates of wound healing, time to heal, re‐infection or amputation. However, decreasing eGFR was associated with increased mortality and re‐hospitalization for infection at a different site. In this study, presenting eGFR was not a predictive value for wound healing or time until healing, however was associated with rehospitalization and overall mortality this diabetic foot population.

To identify the incidence of blood stream infections (BSIs) and endocarditis in patients with diabetic foot infections (DFIs), risk factors and clinical outcomes. A post hoc analysis of 280 patients using pooled patient level data from three RTCs. Blood cultures were drawn at time of admission for DFI. Deep intraoperative cultures were obtained from infected foot wounds. Data from the 12‐month follow‐up were used to determine clinical outcomes. 77.1% (N = 216) had blood cultures of which 15.7% (n = 34) had BSI. One patient (3.3%) had endocarditis. Risk factors for BSI included Charcot Neuroarthropathy history (20.6% vs. 7.1%, p = 0.03), low systolic blood pressure (128.3 ± 21.0 vs. 140.8 ± 22.2 p = 0.003), low diastolic blood pressure (71.6 ± 9.4 vs. 79.3 ± 11.5 p <0.001), leucocytosis >12 000 (55.9% vs. 29.1%, p = 0.002) and elevated C‐reactive protein (CRP) (26.8 ± 31.2 vs. 12.0 ± 19.6, p <0.001). During the index hospitalization, BSI patients had longer median hospitalizations (14.0, 11.3–18.0 vs. 12.0, 9.0–16.0, p = 0.04). At 12‐months, BSI patients were more likely to be admitted to the hospital (all cause hospital admissions 35.3% vs. 18.6%, p = 0.03). There was no difference in re‐infection (20.6% vs. 32.9%, p = 0.21), foot‐specific hospitalizations (17.6% vs. 22.5%, p = 0.65), wounds healing (64.7% vs. 67.5%, p = 0.88), time to heal (221.0, 74.0–365 vs. 109.5, 46.8–365, p = 0.16) or antibiotic duration (46.0, 39.3–76.5 vs. 45.0, 22.3–67.0, p = 0.09). The most common BSI pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus (79.4%) and Streptococcus spp. (50.0%) species. BSI is common in DFIs. Patients have longer hospitalizations and were more likely to be hospitalized after their initial discharge.

Purpose This retrospective study measured global gene abundance using RNASeq of blastocoel fluid-conditioned media from euploid ICSI-generated embryos to identify genes and signaling pathways associated with maternal age. Methods Blastocoel fluid-conditioned media was obtained following trophectoderm biopsy of ICSI-generated day-5 blastocysts. Media for RNASeq were from 24 euploid blastocysts (9 from patients aged 35 or older). Transcriptome analysis identified differentially expressed genes when comparing media from patients of advanced maternal age to those younger than 35. Further gene abundance analysis on genes and pathways identified from the RNASeq analysis was conducted with another group of media samples using RT-qPCR. Results Twenty-five protein encoding genes identified in the RNASeq study were differentially expressed when comparing blastocoel fluid-conditioned media associated with patients of advanced maternal age to media associated with patients under the age of 35. Genes encoding the proteins SHARPIN and BCL2L12 showed a statistically significant increase (p < 0.05) in abundance in patients of advanced maternal age. Abundance analysis using RT-qPCR in additional media samples revealed elevated SHARPIN abundance in media associated with successful implantation in patients under 35 alongside a decrease in CASP8 abundance. This abundance pattern was the opposite in media associated with successful implantation in patients of advanced maternal age. Conclusions This study uncovered differential apoptotic gene abundance associated with maternal age by assessing blastocoel fluid-conditioned media from euploid blastocysts. These unique abundance patterns may provide insight into the regulation of apoptosis in embryos from women of advanced maternal age, and how this signaling pathway may impact implantation outcomes.

Hemophilia-A (HA) is the X-linked bleeding disorder caused by heterogeneous factor (F)VIII gene (F8)-mutations and deficiencies in plasma-FVIII-activity that prevent intrinsic-pathway mediated coagulation-amplification. Severe-HA patients (HAPs) require life-long infusions of therapeutic-FVIII-proteins (tFVIIIs) but ~30% develop neutralizing-tFVIII-antibodies called “FVIII-inhibitors (FEIs)”. We investigated the genetics underlying the variable risk of FEI-development in 450 North American HAPs (206 and 244 respectively self-reporting black-African- or white-European-ancestry) by analyzing the genotypes of single-nucleotide-variations (SNVs) in candidate immune-mediated-disease (IMD)-genes using a binary linear-mixed model of genetic association with baseline-FEI-status, the dependent variable, while simultaneously accounting for their genetic relationships and heterogeneous-F8-mutations to prevent the statistical problem of non-independence. We a priori selected gene-centric-association-scans of pleiotropic-IMD-genes implicated in the development of either ≥2 autoimmune-/autoinflammatory-disorders (AADs) or FEIs and ≥1 AAD. We found that baseline-FEI-status was significantly associated with NOS2A (rs117382854; p = 3.2 × 10⁻⁶) and B3GNT2 (rs10176009; p = 5.1 × 10⁻⁶)—pleiotropic-IMD-genes known previously to function in anti-microbial-/-tumoral-immunity but not in the development of FEIs—and confirmed associations with CTLA4 (rs231780; p = 2.2 × 10⁻⁵). We also found that baseline-FEI-status has a substantial heritability (~55%) that involves (i) a F8-mutation-specific component of ~8%, (ii) an additive-genetic contribution from SNVs in IMD-genes of ~47%, and (iii) race, which is a significant determinant independent of F8-mutation-types and non-F8-genetics.

This paper addresses the challenges in assessing heterogeneity in meta-analytic studies. The specifics include mental health research work. Three key statistical scores in meta-analytics—Higgins’ I², Birge’s H², and the newly developed S² score—are discussed and illustrated. The paper critiques the subjectivity of these scores and introduces elasticity to enhance the accuracy and objectivity in assessing heterogeneity. The integration of elasticity into the meta-informatic score measures how heterogeneity changes as new studies are added, improving the interpretation of meta-analytic results. Also, the authors compute and compare elasticity scores in the context of mental health research, offering a novel approach to visualizing and quantifying heterogeneity. The authors demonstrate how elasticity improves the assessment of heterogeneity. The paper recommends the use of the meta-informatic S² score, integrated with elasticity, for more reliable and objective conclusions in mental health as well as in other meta-analyses. The new rectified score, S², overcomes issues with the I² score when the chi-squared distribution fails due to small sample sizes or negative values.

INTRODUCTION We investigated whether depression modified the associations between sleep duration and cognitive performance. METHODS We examined the associations between sleep duration and cognition in 1853 dementia‐and‐stroke‐free participants (mean age 49.8 years, [range 27–85]; 42.7% male). Participants were categorized into four groups: no depressive symptoms, no antidepressants; depressive symptoms without antidepressant use; antidepressant use without depressive symptoms; and depressive symptoms and antidepressant use. RESULTS Long sleep was associated with reduced overall cognitive function (β ± standard error = −0.25 ± 0.07, p < 0.001), with strongest effects in those with depressive symptoms using (−0.74 ± 0.30, p = 0.017) and not using antidepressants (−0.60 ± 0.26, p = 0.024). Weaker but significant effects were observed in those without depressive symptoms (−0.18 ± 0.09, p = 0.044). No significant associations were observed in participants using antidepressants without depressive symptoms. DISCUSSION Associations between sleep duration and cognitive performance are strongest in individuals with depressive symptoms, regardless of antidepressant use. Future research should elucidate underlying mechanisms and temporal relationships. Highlights Sleeping ≥ 9 hours/night was associated with worse cognitive performance. This association was stronger among those with depression. Long sleepers were more likely to report symptoms of depression. Sleep may be a modifiable risk for cognitive decline in people with depression.

Evidence-based benchmarks have been established to assess the quality of breast cancer care, as delays in treatment correlate with poor clinical outcomes. Our aim was to identify factors influencing the timeliness of care within a rural East Texas healthcare system. Patients diagnosed with invasive breast cancer were identified and monitored from January 2015 to October 2022. Timeliness of care was assessed retrospectively across three intervals: diagnostic imaging to biopsy, biopsy to surgical treatment, and mammogram to surgical treatment. We analyzed correlations between demographic and clinical factors influencing timely initiation of treatment in our population against recommendations from the National Consortium of Breast Centers (NCBC). A total of 278 cases were included over the 5-year study period. Nearly half met the recommended timeline from diagnostic imaging to biopsy, 13.3% from mammogram to surgical treatment, and 10.3% from biopsy to surgical treatment. A delay in the “diagnostic imaging to biopsy” interval or “biopsy to surgical treatment” interval predicted delays in the mammogram to treatment interval. Hispanics were more likely to present with stage 3 cancer and had a 4.5 times higher likelihood of mortality compared with Non-Hispanic whites. Delay in one phase of care predicted delays in subsequent phases. Timeliness of treatment also influenced survival rates among Hispanic patients. Understanding factors influencing the timeliness of breast cancer treatment may guide targeted interventions in the future for patients at greater risk of care delays.

Bacterial genomic mutations in Staphylococcus aureus have been detected in isolated resistant clinical strains, yet their mechanistic effect on the development of antimicrobial resistance remains unclear. Resistance-associated regulatory systems acquire adaptive mutations under stress conditions that may lead to a gain-of-function effect and contribute to the resistance phenotype. Here, we investigate the effect of a single-point mutation (T331I) in VraS histidine kinase, part of the VraSR two-component system in S. aureus. VraSR senses and responds to environmental stress signals by upregulating gene expression for cell wall synthesis. A combination of enzyme kinetics, microbiological, and transcriptomic analyses revealed the mechanistic effect of the mutation on VraS and S. aureus. Michaelis-Menten kinetics show that the VraS mutation caused an increase in the autophosphorylation rate of VraS and enhanced its catalytic efficiency. The introduction of the mutation through recombineering coupled with CRISPR-Cas9 counterselection to the Newman strain wild-type (WT) genome doubled the minimum inhibitory concentration of three cell wall-targeting antibiotics. The mutation caused an enhanced S. aureus growth rate at sub-lethal doses of the antibiotics, confirming the causative effect of the mutation on bacterial persistence. Transcriptomic analysis showed a genome-wide alteration in gene expression levels and protein-protein interaction network of the mutant compared to the WT strain after exposure to vancomycin. The results suggest that the vraS mutation causes several mechanistic changes at the protein and cellular levels that favor bacterial survival under antibiotic stress and cause the mutation-harboring strains to become the dominant population during infection. IMPORTANCE Rising antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health problem. Mutations in the two-component system have been linked to drug resistance in Staphylococcus aureus, yet the exact mechanism through which these mutations work is understudied. We investigated the T331I mutation in the vraS gene linked to sensing and responding to cell wall stress. The mutation caused changes at the protein level by increasing the catalytic efficiency of VraS kinase activity. Introducing the mutation to the genome of an S. aureus strain resulted in changes in phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility, growth kinetics, and genome-wide transcriptomic alterations. By a combination of enzyme kinetics, microbiological, and transcriptomic approaches, we highlight how small genetic changes can significantly impact bacterial physiology and survival under antibiotic stress. Understanding the mechanistic basis of antibiotic resistance is crucial to guide the development of novel therapeutic agents to combat AMR.

Background Over a million people have died from overdose since 1999, over 600,000. of which involved opioids. Treatment options that focus on overdose prevention are desperately needed and buprenorphine treatment is a form of opioid prevention if provided in a harm reduction setting. Co-morbid opioid and stimulant use disorders have increased at a higher rate than other co-morbid combinations between 2011 and 2019. The objective of this study was to identify the effects of psychostimulant use on buprenorphine treatment retention. Methods We conducted an analysis of a cohort of 143 individuals with opioid use disorder that initiated treatment in a low-threshold, urban office based opioid treatment (OBOT) clinic located in Nashville Tennessee between 2018 and 2020. Retention was measured at 1, 3, and 6-months. Logistic regression was used to identify differences between people who tested positive for stimulants and people who did not. Results The majority of the patients were white (83%), male (64%), unhoused (59%) and uninsured (70%). There was moderate psychostimulant use in the sample with 19% testing positive for cocaine and 13% testing positive for methamphetamine at baseline. Patients testing positive for cocaine prior to their six month retention point had 0.279 lower odds of being retained in treatment. Further, testing positive for either cocaine or methamphetamine resulted in 0.284 and 0.258 odds of retention at 3 and 6-months respectively. Conclusion This study examined the impact of stimulant use on retention in buprenorphine treatment within a low-threshold OBOT clinic. Our findings differ from previous research that reported significant decreases in retention among methamphetamine users. Instead, results suggest that patients using psychostimulants can be effectively retained in care within a low-resource, low-threshold setting, though increased clinical engagement may be beneficial for those testing positive for cocaine or methamphetamine. Given the limited access to buprenorphine treatment, these findings underscore the urgent need for expanded, accessible treatment models that can effectively serve individuals with co-occurring stimulant use.

Introduction Hemophilia A (HA) patients (HAPs) with the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-class-II (HLAII) haplotype DRB1*15:01/DQB1*06:02, and thus antigen presenting cells which express HLAII β-polypeptide chains that form heterodimers of DR15- and DQ6-serotypes, respectively, have an increased risk of developing factor (F)VIII inhibitors (FEIs)—neutralizing antibodies against the therapeutic-FVIII-proteins (tFVIIIs) infused to prevent/arrest bleeding. As DRB1*15:01 and DQB1*06:02 exist in strong linkage disequilibrium, association analysis cannot determine which is the actual risk allele. Methods To establish the true risk allele of this haplotype, we analyzed the tFVIII-derived peptides (tFVIII-dPs) bound to either the DR or DQ molecules that comprise the individual HLAII repertoires expressed by monocyte-derived dendritic cells obtained from 25 normal blood donors and six HAPs, four without and two with FEIs. We performed log-linear mixed model analyses, where the dependent variable is the log of the measured peptide count. Under Model 1, we analyzed an HLAII allele predictor consisting of ten levels (four DRB1 and six DQB1 alleles) in the fixed effects and variables in the random effects to account for non-independence. Model 2—where the HLAII allele variable consisted of only DRB1*15:01 and DQB1*06:02—compares the HLAII alleles. Results Relative to the Model 1 reference, DRB1*15:01 and DQB1*06:02 significantly increased tFVIII-derived peptide counts, and DRB1*15:01 contributed significantly more than DQB1*06:02. Reported as risk ratios (RRs) and their 95% confidence interval (CI) lower- (LB) and upper-bound (UB), we found a RR (95% CI-LB, -UB) of 14.16 (10.38, 19.33) and 1.76 (1.24, 2.50) for DRB1*15:01 and DQB1*06:02, respectively. Under Model 2, we found an RR for DRB1*15:01 against DQB1*06:02 of 7.00 (5.80, 8.44). Discussion/conclusion Our results suggest that DRB1*15:01 is the offending HLAII allele and that DR15 allotypes underlie the increased FEI risk in HAPs.

This study aims to characterize and compare the functional neural networks associated with different olfactory stimuli, including air, non-social odours, and human body odours. We introduce a novel processing pipeline based on event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and graph theory for network identification. To ensure the stability and small worldness of the characterized networks, we conduct statistical validations, network modularity assessments, and robustness measurement against local attacks. The key hypothesis is that human body odours (so-called social odours) and non-social odours engage distinct neural networks, particularly in regions responsible for social processing. We found that the posterior medial orbitofrontal cortex (pmOFC) and fusiform face area (FFA) demonstrate stronger centrality in the body odour network than the non-social odour and air networks. This observation supports the idea that social and olfactory information are integrated in the body odour network. Additionally, the anterior insula (INSa), posterior piriform cortex (PPC), and amygdala (AMY) exhibit high influence in air and odour networks by achieving higher centrality indices and playing a major role in improving the global efficiency. These findings offer impactful insight into how air, non-social, and social odours recruit distinct neural circuits, reinforcing the role of olfaction in human social behavior.