University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava

Three new dinuclear complexes [CuCl(o‐van‐en)Ln(H2O)3 Cl]Cl·C2H6O (Ln = Sm (1), Eu (2), Gd (3); H2(o‐van‐en) is the Schiff base formed by 2/1 condensation of o‐vanillin and ethylenediamine) were prepared in a single crystal form by the method of horizontal diffusion. The prepared complexes were characterized by chemical analyses and IR spectroscopy. The three complexes are isostructural and the Cu(II) is situated in the smaller cavities while the larger cavities accommodate larger Ln(III) atoms. The pentacoordination of the Cu(II) atoms is completed by a chlorido ligand in the apical position, while the octacoordination of the Ln(III) atoms is achieved by three additional aqua and one chlorido coligands. AC susceptibility studies have shown that complexes 2 and 3 exhibit field supported slow magnetic relaxation while complex 1 does not display AC activity.

This chapter presents the results of research on a corpus of 366 fake news items in Polish, Czech, and Slovak. The research was conducted using assumptions and methodology inspired by linguistic language analysis and van Dijk’s theory of discourse and media genre. In terms of superstructures, the formal structure and semantics of fake news titles, aspects related to the encoding of emotions in the structure of the text and the construction of the position of the sender were analysed in detail. In terms of macrostructures, the narrative and discursive elements that produce the legitimacy of fake news and its subject matter were analysed. In conducting the analyses, the comparative aspect (similarities and differences in the three countries analysed) was taken into account. The broad context for the creation of the model was the news genre structure. As a result, a transnational model of fake news and its variants for individual countries were proposed, referring to both structural and semiotic features.

This study explores the integration of AI-generated images in digital media, with a specific focus on Slovak news and technology websites. It examines the extent to which AI-created visuals are used in articles covering artificial intelligence-related topics. The research selects three leading websites from both categories and analyzes articles published in October, November, and December 2024. These articles are identified through keywords such as “artificial intelligence,” “Gemini,” “Copilot,” “ChatGPT,” and “machine learning.” A key aspect of the study is determining whether the lead images accompanying these articles were generated using AI tools like Midjourney. The research employs a comparative analysis to highlight potential differences in the prevalence and application of AI-generated visuals across news and technology platforms. It is hypothesized that technology websites, due to their focus on innovation, are more likely to embrace AI-generated imagery, whereas news websites may rely on traditional visuals or stock photography to preserve journalistic integrity and audience trust. The study also explores the ethical, professional, and aesthetic implications of incorporating AI-generated images into digital journalism. It assesses how these visuals influence storytelling, audience perception, and the broader representation of AI-related themes. By highlighting the role of AI in visual content creation, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of AI’s impact on modern media practices. The findings offer valuable insights for journalists, editors, and media organizations, emphasizing the need for responsible and transparent use of AI-generated imagery in digital news environments.

František Švantner’s The Bride of the Mountains is conventionally regarded as the key prose work of the so-called Slovak Naturism. It belongs to the golden pool of classic works of Slovak literature. Its literary context defines the possible ways of adaptation into the genre of a radio play. The balladic nature of the work, the specifics of the author’s rich imagery, and the degree and manner of connection to specific concepts – all these are moments that provide the dramatist with clearly marked and at the same time still sufficiently generous contours of the way in which the original can be approached in its transformation into the subject of a radio play. The archive of Czechoslovak Radio in Bratislava and later the archive of Slovak Radio have two radio plays conceived as dramatisations of František Švantner’s prose play The Bride of the Mountains. The first of them was written in 1967. The second dates from 2022. The challenge for reflecting on their dominances is to answer the question of the degree of conformity to Švantner’s original mode of storytelling, with its emphasis on contrasts and the nature of narration, reflecting various forms of spontaneity or mysteries bordering on the irrational.

This study explores the application of écriture féminine within the realm of digital gaming, focusing specifically on the digital game Gris. Rather than viewing feminine writing as a rigid methodological framework, this research conceptualises it as a creative approach characterised by fluidity and adaptability, capable of traversing various media forms. By examining Gris, a platform-adventure game created by Spanish developer Nomada Studio and published by Devolver Digital, the study identifies core elements of feminine writing present within the narrative, such as fluidity, challenging identity, cyclicity of motifs and the subversion of traditional narrative structures, and illustrates how these elements are manifested within the game. The analysis reveals that the creative processes inherent in feminine writing challenge the masculine coding that is often prevalent in digital games. Through a detailed examination of Gris, this study demonstrates how digital games can serve as a medium for feminine writing, offering new perspectives on identity, narrative, and representation that transcend conventional gender norms and encourage a more nuanced engagement with the concept of femininity in digital spaces. The present analysis thus recognises feminine writing in digital games as a fluid, creative process through which any single work of art can capture only a fraction of its potential meaning and true significance.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used for their antimicrobial properties but pose risks like environmental contamination and potential harm to human health. Nanoparticles’ small size facilitates translocation within the body, often bringing them into contact with blood. Most toxicological research focuses on chemically synthesized AgNPs (CAgNPs) and their effects on microbes and animal cells. Fewer studies explore biologically synthesized AgNPs (BAgNPs) on animal cells, and their impact on blood components is uncertain with varied findings due to differences in size and stability. This study examined BAgNPs’ effects on blood components in healthy and diseased states, using algae Parachlorella kessleri for synthesis. Nanoparticle size and morphology were assessed via TEM and UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Exposure to BAgNPs resulted in an increased number of echinocytes, reduced neutrophils, and decreased leukocyte viability. Unlike CAgNPs, BAgNPs did not increase macrophage proliferation. Differences in biological properties between BAgNPs and CAgNPs stem from their colloidal stability in varying environments. CAgNPs, stabilized electrostatically, exhibited greater aggregation in environments with higher salinity and lower pH, diminishing their biological effects in human blood. Hence, electrostatically stabilized chemically produced AgNPs may not be suitable for biomedical applications

Background Newly or already diagnosed cancer might significantly influence the clinical presentation, outcome, and therapy of acute pulmonary embolism (PE). Methods Out of 1745 patients with acute PE, 66 patients were diagnosed with cancer during an initial hospitalization due to acute PE (where PE was the first clinical manifestation of cancer), 165 patients had known cancer treated in the last 6 months, and 1514 patients had acute PE without known or suspected cancer. The primary end‐point of the present study was all‐cause hospital death. The secondary end‐points were the proportion of patients treated with thrombolysis and who had severe disease, and the ocurrence of major or clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding. Results Patients with PE as the first presentation of cancer had the highest hospital mortality rate compared to the other two groups (HR for the mortality rate in patients without cancer as a reference, adjusted to four‐stratum mortality risk, and Charlson's comorbidity index was 3.440; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.795–6.591; p < 0.001). Patients with known cancer before PE had a significantly lower chance of being treated with thrombolysis than patients without cancer (OR, 0.523; 95% CI, 0.339–0.807; p = 0.003); additionally, this difference was attenuated but remained when the OR was adjusted to age (OR, 0.542; 95% CI, 0.351–0.838; p = 0.006). Patients with known cancer had a higher frequency of high‐risk PE compared with patients without cancer (18.2% vs. 12.8%; p < 0.001). Patients with PE as the first manifestation of cancer had a higher frequency of intermediate‐high‐risk PE than those without (36.4% vs. 30.9%; p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in bleeding during hospitalization between groups. Conclusion Patients with cancer had a more severe presentation of acute PE than patients without. Furthermore, patients with PE as the first manifestation of cancer had the highest hospital mortality rate, and patients with known cancer were least likely to be treated with thrombolysis.

Drainage, agricultural conversion, and climate change threaten wetlands and their unique biodiversity. Species distribution models (SDMs) can help to identify effective conservation measures. However, existing SDMs for wetland plants are often geographically limited, miss variables representing hydrological conditions, and neglect moss species, essential to many wetlands. Here, we developed and validated SDMs for 265 vascular plant and moss species characteristic of European wetlands, using environmental variables representing climate, soil, hydrology, and anthropogenic pressures. We validated the spatial predictions of the SDMs through cross‐validation and against independent data from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). Further, we validated the niche optima of the species, as obtained from the modelled species response curves, with empirical niche optima. The spatial validation revealed good predictive power of the SDMs, especially for diagnostic mosses, for which we obtained median cross‐validated values of the area under the curve (AUC) and true skill statistic (TSS) of 0.93 and 0.73, respectively, and a median true positive rate (TPR) based on GBIF records of 0.77. SDMs of diagnostic vascular plants performed well, too, with median AUC, TSS, and TPR of 0.91, 0.69, and 0.67, respectively. SDMs of non‐diagnostic plants had the lowest performance, with median AUC, TSS, and TPR values of 0.84, 0.53, and 0.62, respectively. Correlations between modelled and empirical niche optima were typically in the expected direction. Climate variables, particularly the mean temperature of the coldest month, were the strongest predictors of species occurrence. At the same time, groundwater table depth was a significant predictor for diagnostic vascular plants but not for mosses. We concluded that our SDMs are suitable for predicting broad‐scale patterns of wetland plant species distributions as governed by climatic conditions. Alternative or additional variables or a different modelling approach might be needed to represent better the local heterogeneity in the hydrological conditions of wetlands.

Utilizing state of the art diffraction, imaging and spectroscopic techniques in conjunction with two‐dimensional correlation analysis, we provide novel in‐depth insights into the physics and chemistry behind the different tendencies towards self‐assembling in NiO nanoparticles as function of their surface facets. We demonstrate substantially different temperature dependence of the spectroscopic behavior of the two types of NiO NPs, polar versus non‐polar faceted. Temperature‐dependent spectroscopy data for NiO NPs obtained by the ammonia route are consistent with the process in which high amount of water molecules that take part in hydrogen‐bonding interaction with the surface‐adsorbed non‐dissociated water molecules on the neutral (100) planes are lost during the thermal treatment and attached back upon cooling. Interactions between water molecules adsorbed on two vicinal NiO NPs are responsible for keeping the self‐assembly of the Ni(OH)2 NPs upon heat treatment. In carbamide‐based NiO NPs, the self‐assembly of initially formed Ni3(OH)4(NO3)2 NPs is not preserved. These NPs are terminated with polar (111) atomic planes, on which water molecules dissociatively adsorb, giving surface hydroxyl groups. As the hydrogen bonding proton – donating and accepting abilities are negligible at OH‐polar terminated NiO NPs, only unfavorable inter‐NP interactions are possible which leads to disruption of the NP assembly.

In this paper, we analyze metrical approximations of functions F : Λ × X → Y by trigonometric polynomials and ρ-periodic type functions, where ∅ ≠ Λ ⊆ Rⁿ, X and Y are complex Banach spaces, and ρ is a general binary relation on Y. Besides the classical concept, we analyze Stepanov, Weyl, Besicovitch and Doss generalized approaches to metrical approximations. We clarify many structural properties of introduced spaces of functions and provide some illustrative applications to the abstract PDEs.

This article explores how contemporary text-to-image (T2I) systems routinely minimise or “correct” aquiline noses in AI-generated images, a phenomenon the authors term “non-consensual rhinoplasty”. Despite explicit prompts for pronounced nasal features, many models systematically smooth out dorsal humps, with 92% of generated images displaying a non-convex profile. Situating these findings in a broader cultural and historical context, the article examines how entrenched beauty standards and physiognomic biases shape both AI training data and societal perceptions. It highlights how content moderation, algorithmic “beautification,” and dataset limitations further erase natural variation. To address this bias, the article proposes solutions such as community-led awareness campaigns, petitions for greater transparency in AI development, and technical refinements like prompt sliders for nasal prominence. By outlining these strategies, it advocates for AI innovation that prioritises cultural sensitivity and equitable representation.

The study focuses on the analysis of the constitutional and legal limits of the exercise of freedom of speech. This freedom forms one of the pillars of a democratic and legal state. However, the Constitution of the Slovak Republic and the Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms allow for its legitimate limitations. The authors therefore examine the limits of restrictions on freedom of expression under the conditions of Slovak legislation. The role of independence and autonomy of media are also emphasised, and a specific case demonstrates the interaction between the personality protection of a public figure and freedom of expression.

The film genre called biographical drama (abbreviated as biopic) focuses on depicting the unique fates and professional achievements or failures of public figures, including popular figures in the music industry. Given the long-term success of these film narratives, there is a need to explore biographical audiovisual narratives about musicians of the past and present. The main aim of the study, therefore, is to elucidate the conventional genre patterns and iconography of the film genre of biographical drama in the form of a critical reflection on feature films, contemporary biopics from the music industry that resonate in the world of cinema. To fulfil the stated aim, the first step is to explain key concepts and processes closely related to the issue at hand. In a follow-up case study, we explain the ways in which the music industry collaborates with the film industry in the application of qualitative content (narrative) analysis of selected research materials. We work on the assumption that biographical dramas about music personalities have the potential to create financially and audience successful media content, reaching relatively high qualitative levels, despite their generally low reputation by the professional public. This assumption opens up a debate about ways of working with the relevant genre iconography. We are also interested in answering the question of how and whether the meaning of the presented facts changes to dramatize the plot, and to what extent the examined film narratives referring to real life stories of selected persons fulfil their informative-educational character. In fact, we believe that the representation of reality in the media reality (represented by audiovisual images of the described genre) is modified to a certain extent. For this reason, we consider it necessary to approach the interpretation of cinematic works in a critical manner.

Social media platforms, designed to facilitate connectivity, have a complex impact on psychological well-being. This study investigates the relationship between social media usage, loneliness, and the fear of missing out among young people in Slovakia, focusing on gender differences. Using a quantitative cross-sectional design, data was collected from 225 university students (70.2% female, 29.8% male) through the UCLA Loneliness Scale, the Social Media Engagement Questionnaire (SMEQ), and the Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) Scale. Statistical analyses conducted included linear regression and correlation analyses; the results showed no significant correlation between social media use and loneliness (r = 0.08, p = 0.11), although a weak to moderately strong positive correlation was found between loneliness in women and FOMO (r = 0.24, p = 0.001). Additionally, a significant positive correlation was identified between FOMO and social media use (r = 0.27, p < 0.001), with FOMO predicting increased social media engagement. The study concludes that while social media use does not directly predict loneliness, FOMO significantly influences social media engagement among young people. These findings underscore the importance of considering psychological factors like FOMO in understanding students’ social media behaviour and point to the need for gender-specific approaches to digital wellness.

Prior feminist studies in the field of digital education focus primarily on the need to retrain teachers and the need to attract women to programming. Digital games have been a part of both formal and informal education processes for several decades. Despite their longstanding prominence, the potential for gender education has not yet been fully explored. The paper focuses on specific games and uses content analysis to focus on the interactive, narrative and audiovisual components of digital games and on individual motifs or mechanics that are associated with appropriate feminist themes. The main aim of the article is to showcase the abilities and limits of educational digital games created by independent developers to teach players within the gaming community about topics of sexuality. The text also shows how individual games can help in the field of gender education. At the same time, by examining the game market, we estimate what possibilities independent educational games have for reaching audiences in gaming culture.

The Terrifier horror film series, despite its low-budget, has become a cult phenomenon and achieved unexpected commercial success. This study focuses on analysing the function of violence in contemporary horror cinema, specifically examining the relationship between realism and stylisation in violent scenes within the Terrifier films. The theoretical framework of this research explores violence as both a narrative and aesthetic element, as well as its evolution in modern horror films. The core of the study is the application of this knowledge in the form of discourse analysis on three scenes from the Terrifier film series. The analysis utilises qualitative methods of film study to determine the extent to which these scenes balance realistic depictions of violence and their stylised presentation. The findings of this study contribute to a broader discussion on violence in contemporary horror, its ability to shock and captivate audiences, and its role in testing the boundaries of viewer tolerance.

The specialization of public prosecution offices has been a growing international trend, particularly in addressing complex forms of crime such as corruption, economic crime, and organized crime. Many countries have established specialized prosecution bodies to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of law enforcement in these areas. However, Slovakia has recently taken a different approach by abolishing its Office of the Special Prosecution, a decision that contrasts sharply with prevailing global tendencies. This paper explores the reasons behind this shift, analyzing the political and legal arguments presented by both proponents and opponents of the abolition. The paper examines whether this move aligns with the rule of law and international legal obligations and considers its potential consequences for the effectiveness of criminal justice in Slovakia. While the paper is based on legal principles and comparative methods, it acknowledges the inherently political nature of decisions concerning the structure of prosecution services.

The article presents the results of a song discourse analysis highlighting such basic discourse modules as poetic text and music, author and addressee, arrangement and performance. A folk song describes events which take place in society at a definite time and in a definite place and reflects the spiritual and emotional worlds of people. In some cases, only due to musical expressive means (tonal, dynamic, and temporal) a listener can properly decode the author's messages hidden in the text and have emotional impact.