University of Salamanca

Free online from 3rd December 2024 - 31st December 2024: https://www.cambridge.org/core/elements/hypertranslation/701B513FE1F0DFEC6EF9E0F93C4789FA Hypertranslation refers to a vast and virtual field of mobile relations comprising the interplay of signs across languages, modes, and media. In hypertranslation, the notions of source/target, directionality, and authenticity are set in perpetual flow and flux, resulting in a many-to-many interactive dynamic. Using illustrations drawn from a wide range of literary and artistic experiments, this Element proposes hypertranslation as a theoretical lens on the heterogeneous, remediational, extrapolative, and networked nature of cultural and knowledge production, particularly in cyberspace. It considers how developments in artificial intelligence have led to an expansion in intersemiotic potentialities and the liquidation of imagined boundaries. Exploring the translational aspects of our altered semiotic ecology, where the production, circulation, consumption, and recycling of memes extend beyond human intellect and creativity, this Element positions hypertranslation as a fundamental condition of contemporary posthuman communication in Web 5.0 and beyond.

Pareto optimal, core, Walrasian, or Nash equilibrium outcomes depend on the preferences of the agents involved. On the other hand, value allocations, the Shapley value, the Nash bargaining solution, and the expected utility are contingent on the payoffs selected from an infinite number of representations of each preference. It also holds for risk aversion issues or welfare functions that combine individual utility functions to evaluate economic policies. To avoid inconsistencies and overcome this problem, we follow Kannai (Econometrica 38:791–815, 1970) to construct a “canonical” utility representation for each continuous preference. Exploring unique preference representations can lead to a more precise understanding of decision-making processes. This approach can help study economic solutions and policies in scenarios where there is diversity in individuals’ preferences, as it facilitates the ranking of consumption bundles, the ordering of transitions between bundles, and interpersonal comparisons. Thus, we provide theoretical foundations to the implicit assumption of consistency in problems where the solutions depend on utility functions or payoffs.

Objectives The project aimed to characterize the exposure to seismic hazard in the emergency area of a high-complexity hospital in Cali, Colombia. Methods The occupancy of the emergency area was analyzed over 6 months, determining the value of material elements exposed to the seismic hazard. Four phases were executed: search for pre-existing information, occupancy analysis, evaluation of exposed assets, and results analysis. The information was analyzed using a Geographic Information System (GIS), which allowed the visualization of demographic behavior in different locations and times. Results The results confirmed that the seismic hazard is high, exacerbated by local geomechanical characteristics. It was observed that the average occupancy of most studied areas exceeded capacity. The value of the exposed assets was estimated at COP 3 221 008 640 (USD 959 844.76), the demolition value at COP 10 582 770 000 (USD 3 153 613.49), and the reconstruction value at COP 30 293 640 275 (USD 9 027 356.03). In the worst-case scenario, the losses were equivalent to 12.4% of the hospital’s annual budget. Conclusions The data allow the hospital to take preventive measures and educate the staff to identify and mitigate critical areas. It also contributes to the knowledge of the approximate value of economic losses and the impact of potential human losses.

Resumo Assumida a importância de abrir as portas da lei, é preciso averiguar a materialidade jurídica da vida partindo-se de uma pergunta fundamental: os direitos alcançam os seus titulares? O que pode impedir que a norma rompa essa barreira? Este estudo, portanto, pretende analisar como se dá, no contexto brasileiro, o acesso ao direito de retificação registral de nome e gênero para pessoas trans. Parte-se da hipótese de que, apesar dos avanços implementados pelo Provimento nº 73/2018 do Conselho Nacional de Justiça, o acesso à retificação pode ainda encerrar algumas problemáticas. Para analisar tal situação e esquadrinhar esse problema, traça-se o percurso histórico do reconhecimento do direito à retificação registral de pessoas trans: da Lei de Registros Públicos (lei 6.015/1973) até chegar ao Provimento nº 73 do CNJ, que representa um marco para o reconhecimento e acesso à retificação registral. Com o objetivo de avaliar a efetividade desse acesso, analisam-se entrevistas realizadas com ativistas trans de atuação regional e nacional para, assim, aferir as mudanças reais implementadas pelo Provimento nº 73 e quais problemáticas podem haver sido incorporadas a partir de então. Assim, a metodologia manejada contempla tanto a análise legal e jurisprudencial dos documentos pertinentes, como a investigação qualitativa através de entrevistas realizadas com pessoas trans que trabalham como ativistas pelos direitos dessa população.

Quiescent cells require a continuous supply of proteins to maintain protein homeostasis. In fission yeast, entry into quiescence is triggered by nitrogen stress, leading to the inactivation of TORC1 and the activation of TORC2. In this study, we demonstrate that the Greatwall-Endosulfine-PPA/B55 pathway connects the downregulation of TORC1 with the upregulation of TORC2, resulting in the activation of Elongator-dependent tRNA modifications crucial for sustaining the translation programme during entry into quiescence. This mechanism promotes U34 and A37 tRNA modifications at the anticodon stem loop, enhancing translation efficiency and fidelity of mRNAs enriched for AAA versus AAG lysine codons. Notably, several of these mRNAs encode TORC1 inhibitors, TORC2 activators, tRNA modifiers, and proteins necessary for telomeric and subtelomeric functions. Therefore, we propose a mechanism by which cells respond to nitrogen stress at the level of translation, involving a coordinated interplay between tRNA epitranscriptome and biased codon usage.

This paper studies one of the most emblematic Maghrebi ribāṭ s (Ṣufī outposts, residences, and centers guidance) in the Islamic West as a prime manifestation of collective Sufism, both in terms of its seminal role in history, at least up until the Portuguese invasion of the Moroccan coasts in the fifteenth century, as well as the importance of its founder, Abū Muḥammad Ṣāliḥ (d. 631/1233), who also founded the ṭarīqa al-mājariyya , a dominant force in the social and religious life of the Maghrib al-Aqṣā. One of this walī Allāh ’s most significant acts of renewal was the revival and consolidation of the Hajj amid a period characterized by an acute lack of security in the Mediterranean due to the Crusades, thus countering the legal opinion of a range of revered Maghrebi scholars, including Ibn Rushd al-Jadd, the chief qāḍī of Almoravid Córdoba. This study focuses on two central aspects: on the one hand, the Ribāṭ of Safi and its historical evolution, and, on the other, the role of the Mājariyyūn in organizing and institutionalizing the Hajj under the Marinids, which makes Safi a unique case in the history of the ribāṭ s of the Maghrib al-Aqṣā. Regarding the second aspect dealt with in the study, we would like to clarify that our aim is not to analyze Maghrebi travel literature but rather to highlight the singular role played by the Mājariyyūn in reinstating journeys of pilgrimage to the Islamic holy lands.

The biological relevance and dynamics of mRNA modifications have been extensively studied; however, whether rRNA modifications are dynamically regulated, and under which conditions, remains unclear. Here, we systematically characterize bacterial rRNA modifications upon exposure to diverse antibiotics using native RNA nanopore sequencing. To identify significant rRNA modification changes, we develop NanoConsensus, a novel pipeline that is robust across RNA modification types, stoichiometries and coverage, with very low false positive rates, outperforming all individual algorithms tested. We then apply NanoConsensus to characterize the rRNA modification landscape upon antibiotic exposure, finding that rRNA modification profiles are altered in the vicinity of A and P-sites of the ribosome, in an antibiotic-specific manner, possibly contributing to antibiotic resistance. Our work demonstrates that rRNA modification profiles can be rapidly altered in response to environmental exposures, and provides a robust workflow to study rRNA modification dynamics in any species, in a scalable and reproducible manner.

Societal Impact Statement Teachers play an indispensable role in promoting citizens' plant awareness. To this end, they need adequate plant knowledge –including classification–, experience in out‐of‐classroom settings, and enthusiasm for plants. With the aim of improving pre‐service teachers' plant awareness, we designed and implemented a didactic sequence including several drawing exercises, prominently botanical illustration, which ran in parallel with a gardening program that provided an outdoor learning experience. Assessment was performed through mind maps and revealed improvements related to knowledge of plants, including morphological knowledge and appreciation of plants' beauty, which may positively influence their teaching practice in the future. Summary Promoting plant awareness is considered a main goal of biological education. Plant awareness is particularly relevant in teachers, who oversee the botanical education of future generations. The literature highlights the need to develop plant knowledge, experience in outdoor education, and enthusiasm for plants in pre‐service teachers. We designed a didactic sequence contextualized at an organic garden, constituted by both artistic and scientific activities. The artistic perspective consisted of drawing based on observation (prominently, botanical illustration), with the aim of constructing knowledge on plant morphology, and promoting emotional engagement through appreciation of plants' beauty. Several instruments were used to collect information on initial ideas and the process of learning, outstandingly mind maps, a type of multimodal diagram used to represent ideas on a topic by means of drawings and text. A qualitative procedure was developed to analyze them, encompassing three perspectives: information structure, artistic performance (e.g., graphic richness), and scientific performance (plant knowledge, per content categories). Obtained data were subsequently analyzed through statistical tests. This preliminary study shows that knowledge of plant morphology was developed through botanical illustration, incorporated by pre‐service teachers, and used in final mind maps. Significant improvements were observed in certain dimensions of plant awareness, related to plant knowledge and the aesthetic appreciation of their biological characteristics.

In this perspective article, several internationally recognized experts, members of the editorial team of this journal, discuss a selection of current hot topics identified in Food Science and Foodomics. The topics are comprised of the main areas of Food Science and Foodomics, namely, food safety, food authenticity, food processing, and food bioactivity. Logically, several of the discussed topics involve more than one of the mentioned main areas. Regarding food safety, the topics discussed are the use of analytical nanotechnology, nanometrology, nano-chromatography; the determination of organic contaminants based on MS and NMR; the impact of microplastics and nanoplastics on food or the contamination of foods with plant toxins. Regarding food authenticity, the paper discusses the role of MS, NMR, biosensors and the new trends in foodomics for food authentication. In terms of food processing, the work shows interesting perspectives on novel processing technologies, the effect of food processing on the gut microbiota or in the interaction among secondary metabolites and macromolecules; the development of active packaging, and the potential effects of introducing recycled plastics in food packaging; the new green extraction and encapsulation strategies of bioactive compounds from food by-products; and the anti-biofilm capacity of natural compounds/extracts/vegetal oils and essential oils. Food bioactivity and the relation between food and health includes the bioavailability and bioaccessibility of bioactive compounds; new trends and challenges in the interaction of nutraceuticals with biological systems; how food matrix impacts the bioaccessibility of nutrients and bioactive compounds; or the study of biodiversity, food and human health through one-health concept. We anticipate elaborations on these hot topics will promote further studies in Food Science and Foodomics.

In recent times, the philosophy of science has been reinvigorated by insights from different biological and cognitive sciences. These disciplines have provided not only new approaches to traditional philosophical problems but have also opened the door to new conceptual puzzles. The fundamental aim of this volume is to bring together some of the main debates that have structured the fields of philosophy of biology and cognitive sciences in the last few years from a practice-based approach. The present volume includes 12 manuscripts by leading young scholars that gathered at the 11th edition of the Philosophy of Biology and Cognitive Sciences Workshop held in November 2022 in Salamanca, Spain. Chapters two to six are dedicated to the philosophy of biology and include discussions on hot topics such as biological functions or the concept of pain. Chapters seven to twelve are devoted to the cognitive sciences and include essays on ecological psychology, meaning in life, or animal cognition. Irrespective of the specific topic covered, all chapters emphasize the practical aspects of science, drawing heavily on the daily activities of working scientists.

Globally, older adults grow faster than the rest of the population (United Nations et al., 2019). Ecuador predicts 2054 this group will represent 18% of the population. Cognitive and functional impairment affects quality of life of individuals and their families. Conditions such as dementia have increased, with almost 100,000 people affected in Ecuador. Pharmacological treatments have modest efficacy for these problems (Buckley & Salpeter, 2015). In developed countries there are efforts to use non-pharmacological interventions (Klimova et al., 2016). In this context, computer-based cognitive interventions are considered a therapeutic tool to treat neurocognitive disorders. Benefit of using technology is that interventions are more accessible, flexible (Maldonado, 2016) and cost- effective (Gooding et al., 2016). Herrera et al. (2012) summarize a superiority outcomes over conventional cognitive rehabilitation in many aspects. Among them, use of portable devices allows bringing interventions to rural areas or homes (Brando et al., 2017). In Spain, work is being done on it and there are studies associated with its usability and effectiveness. GRADIOR computer-based neuropsychological rehabilitation is a program for people with neurological etiologies. This one stands out from the rest, as it is exclusively for professionals. Allowing them to design, supervise and adapt the cognitive intervention based on their decisions, subsequent to the assessment of other cognitive, emotional and social aspects involved in the rehabilitative process, not only based on the Objectives results on the patient’s performance (Toribio-Guzmán et al., 2018). This has led to the demand for a Neuropsychological Rehabilitation program that is accessible, parameterizable and adapted to the population of ECUADOR. To meet this need, a doctoral thesis is being carried out in collaboration with CENTRO MAIOR Ecuador Centro de Especialidades del Adulto Mayor. Spanish program of Neuropsychological Rehabilitation has been tested in its population. The study has been divided into different phases. A qualitative phase with focus group Methods in which health professionals from Ecuador participated. A phase of adaptation of the Spanish program to the Ecuadorian culture and currency. It is now in experimental phase (35 participants) with MCI and Mild Dementia. It is proposed to present the study, with a clinical case.

Despite all prevention programs, many cases of colorectal cancer (CRC) are diagnosed when they have already metastasized. Herein, chemotherapy is required, and combination of 5-fluorouracil, irinotecan, and leucovorin (FOLFIRI) is one of the first-line treatments chosen. However, it is so toxic that compromises patient outcomes. Thus, with the aim of improving FOLFIRI pharmacokinetics while reducing its side effects, the three compounds that make it up were simultaneously absorbed in this work into polydopamine nanoparticles (PDA NPs), also loaded with an antibody to target CRC cells overexpressing the epithermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). All adsorptions, which were successfully executed without toxic solvents, were electrostatic in nature according to the calorimetry results obtained. Otherwise, based on the experiments done, 5-flurouracil, irinotecan, and leucovorin release from PDA NPs followed a burst-like pattern, which was possibly mediated by Fickian diffusion mechanisms. Finally, the assays performed with two EGFR-overexpressing CRC cell lines showed that the uptake of the nanosystem was rapid, and that its therapeutic effect was very significant. It managed to greatly reduce the viability of these cells to 22–30% after 72 h of incubation. Furthermore, when tumor spheroids were developed and treated with PDA NPs loaded with FOLFIRI and the anti-EGFR antibody (FOLFIRI-CTX@PDA NPs), these demonstrated to continue to have very marked therapeutic activity. In addition, FOLFIRI-CTX@PDA NPs affected to a lesser extent the survival rate of stromal cells, with which viability experiments were also done. Therefore, the novel developed PDA nanocarrier could be a promising strategy to enhance metastatic CRC therapy hereafter. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-024-80879-0.

Background Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are vector-borne bacterial diseases produced by intracellular rickettsial species of the genus Ehrlichia and Anaplasma. Ehrlichia canis and Anaplasma spp. (A. platys and A. phagocytophilum) have reported cases of zoonotic transmision and are the main bacterial agents of canine ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis. They normally present an asymptomatic or mild course in domestic and wild animals with some lethal cases reported. The main vector of these diseases in Europe are the castor bean tick (Ixodes ricinus) and the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus), although only in the latter, the main host is the domestic dogs. The aim of this work is to apply an integrative approach to convert ecological niche models (ENMs) into potential transmission risk models and understand the relative contribution of the two potential vectors (R. sanguineus and I. ricinus) to spread both diseases in the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands. Results Two ENMs meeting all criteria were successfully generated for R. sanguineus and I. ricinus with human footprint being the most relevant explanatory variable. The novelty of the study lies in the combination of independent ENMs for both species to estimate the disease transmission risk of specific bacteria (E. canis, A. platys and A. phagocytophilum). Only the transmission risk maps that had higher contribution of R. sanguineus than I. ricinus showed relevant and positive significant correlations between risk and seroprevalence in either of the two species of bacteria (R ≥ 0.4; p < 0.05). Regarding Anaplasma spp., the map having 10% contribution of I. ricinus (10I) and 90% of R. sanguineus (90R) inferred 47.4% of infected dogs in very high-risk areas. In the case of E. canis, the model showing a proportion of 25I-75R showed better validation power (53.4% of infected dogs in very high-risk areas). Conclusion The validation approach used in this study produced a good approximation to understand the relative contribution of the two tick species in bacterial disease transmission in dogs in the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands. Rhipicephalus sanguineus appears as the main transmitter of both diseases in the study area (90% and 75% for anaplasmosis and ehrlichiosis respectively), in accordance with its higher abundance and host preference. This estimate may help veterinary staff, clinicians and owners to optimize the control of these diseases in certain vulnerable areas, and thus reduce the risk of infection in risk areas.

The education system plays a crucial role in addressing climate change, to improve understanding and promote action in the soci- ety. Pre-service teachers, as future educators, play a crucial role in shaping the next generation’s attitudes and responses to this pressing issue. This study examines the relationship between cli- mate change competence and the emotional responses of pre-service teachers in Spain, aiming to identify potential implica- tions for climate education. A survey was conducted with 870 pre-service teachers from four universities, assessing their knowl- edge, skills, attitudes, and emotions regarding climate change. Results revealed significant correlations between climate change competence and emotional responses, allowing to identify two dis- tinct groups of pre-service teachers: the "concerned" and the "skeptical." The concerned group demonstrated higher levels of competence and a greater willingness to teach about climate change, whereas the skeptical group exhibited lower levels of com- petence and a reduced inclination to act as change agents. This study provides empirical evidence that emotions regarding climate change should not be classified simply as positive or negative; rather, they should be understood in the context of whether they have an activating role, thus promoting climate action, or not, thus resulting in resistance to it.

The rise of populist parties in Europe has generated an enormous amount of academic literature. Previous research has thoroughly examined the factors contributing to the electoral success of populist parties. Surprisingly, very little attention has been paid to the role of decentralization, one of the most widespread forms of governance in the world. This paper aims to fill this gap by presenting a theoretical and empirical account of the effect of decentralization on the electoral fortunes of populist parties in Europe. Using aggregated data from election results in 30 European countries, this paper puts competing hypotheses to the test. I argue that the mechanism linking decentralization and populist parties’ national election results is, in fact, indirect and depends on the existence of a regional tier of government. Results suggest that having representation in subnational parliaments plays a significant role in the national success of populist parties, and this effect is contingent on the degree of regional authority.

Agriculture stands as one of the major economic pillars worldwide, with food production contributing significantly to income growth. However, agricultural activities also entail risks associated with uncontrollable factors along the supply chain. To address these challenges, mathematical models have been developed to forecast crucial variables in managing agribusiness activities. In this context, this article employs a combination of systematic bibliometric analysis and the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) method, a semi-automated approach. The main objective of this study was to automate the identification of relevant topics and construct a bibliographic portfolio (BP) covering the period 2015-2022, focusing on methodologies used in articles and other bibliometric analyses. The 30 articles included in the BP address issues related to methodologies applied in the temporal analysis of agricultural commodities. These articles were categorized based on the nature of the prediction models used, classified as (i) machine learning (ML), (ii) machine learning and artificial neural networks (ML-NN), (iii) machine learning and ensemble (ML-Ensemble), (iv) machine learning and hybrid (ML-hybrid), and (v) statistical. Regarding the results, the topic that stood out the most was termed "Forecasting Methods Applied to Agribusiness Time Series." The most utilized classes were ML-hybrid (41.95%) and statistical (29.31%), followed by ML-NN (14.94%), ML (9.20%), and ML-Ensemble (4.60%) types. The theoretical contribution of this study lies in identifying literary gaps concerning forecasting methods applied to agribusiness, while its practical implication is to identify forecasting methodologies to support decision-making.