University of Oregon
  • Eugene, United States
Recent publications
Plain Language Summary Lakes and ponds are key indicators of the Arctic's vulnerability to rapid warming. Their presence influences the water cycle, wildlife habitat, permafrost temperatures, and the balance between carbon storage and release to the atmosphere. Scientists expect permafrost thaw to cause lake area to decline over time, representing a major shift in the landscape with consequences for ecosystems, water resources, and carbon cycling. The extent of lake drainage across the northern permafrost zone remains unclear, especially given recent studies that have found both increasing and decreasing lake area. Here, we demonstrate that differences in glacial history and geology can explain many of the conflicting trends reported in these previous studies. We show that thawing permafrost tends to reduce lake area in regions without past glaciation. However, in regions shaped by glaciers, lake areas can slightly increase with permafrost thaw. To do this, we use the new the Alaska Lake and Pond Occurrence Data set, which maps over 800,000 lakes and ponds and their seasonal fluctuations in unprecedented detail. We discuss potential mechanisms for long‐term landscape evolution to influence modern lake responses to permafrost thaw. Finally, we use our results to improve projections of future changes to lake area across Alaska.
The seemingly effortless ability of humans to transition from thinking about actions to initiating them relies on sculpting corticospinal (CS) output from the primary motor cortex. The present study tested whether canonical additive and multiplicative neural computations, well‐described in sensory systems, generalize to the CS pathway during human action preparation. We used non‐invasive brain stimulation to measure CS input–output across varying action preparation contexts during instructed‐delay finger response tasks. Goal‐directed action preparation was marked by increased multiplicative gain of CS projections to task‐relevant muscles and additive suppression of CS projections to non‐selected and task‐irrelevant muscles. Individuals who modulated CS gain to a greater extent were faster to initiate prepared responses. Our findings provide physiological evidence of combined additive suppression and gain modulation in the human motor system. We propose that these computations support action preparation by enhancing the contrast between selected motor representations and surrounding background activity to facilitate response selection and execution. image Key points Neural computations determine what information is transmitted through brain circuits. We investigated whether the motor system uses computations similar to those observed in sensory systems by non‐invasively stimulating the corticospinal pathway in humans during goal‐directed action preparation. We discovered physiological evidence indicating that corticospinal projections to behaviourally relevant muscles exhibit non‐linear gain computations, whereas projections to behaviourally irrelevant muscles exhibit linear suppression. Our findings suggest that certain computational principles generalize to the human motor system and serve to enhance the contrast between relevant and background neural activity. These results indicate that neural computations during goal‐directed action preparation may support motor control by increasing signal‐to‐noise within the corticospinal pathway.
Research on culture and personality has greatly enhanced personality science by bringing attention to the bidirectional processes by which socio-cultural factors shape personality and individuals in turn shape their social environments to fit and express their personalities. This review showcases the unique perspectives and topical contributions of five different sets of experts, who examine these issues from different standpoints and answer different questions. Specifically, these contributions focus on (1) the usefulness of anthropology-based distributive models of culture, (2) how culture and personality make-up each other, (3) the cultural and ecological basis of wellbeing, (4) how individual personality expressions relate to culture, and (5) the multicultural mind and self. These advances put personality psychology at the center of important current social science debates about the dynamic interplay between macro-level factors and individual variables, and how individuals can best manage cultural diversity and globalization.
What is the genetic architecture of local adaptation and what is the geographic scale over which it operates? We investigated patterns of local and convergent adaptation in five sympatric population pairs of traditionally cultivated maize and its wild relative teosinte ( Zea mays subsp. parviglumis ). We found that signatures of local adaptation based on the inference of adaptive fixations and selective sweeps are frequently exclusive to individual populations, more so in teosinte compared to maize. However, for both maize and teosinte, selective sweeps are also frequently shared by several populations, and often between subspecies. We were further able to infer that selective sweeps were shared among populations most often via migration, though sharing via standing variation was also common. Our analyses suggest that teosinte has been a continued source of beneficial alleles for maize, even after domestication, and that maize populations have facilitated adaptation in teosinte by moving beneficial alleles across the landscape. Taken together, our results suggest local adaptation in maize and teosinte has an intermediate geographic scale, one that is larger than individual populations but smaller than the species range.
This study addresses a significant gap in understanding the features of the south‐central Cascadia subduction zone, a region characterized by complex geologic, tectonic, and seismic transitions both offshore and onshore. Unlike other segments along this margin, this area lacks a 3‐D velocity model to delineate its structural and geological features on a fine scale. To address this void, we developed a high‐resolution 3‐D P‐wave velocity model using active source seismic data from ship‐borne seismic shots recorded on temporary and permanent onshore seismic stations and ocean‐bottom seismometers. Our model shows velocity variations across the region with distinct velocity‐depth profiles for the Siletz, Franciscan, and Klamath terranes in the overlying plate. We identified seaward dipping high‐velocity static backstops associated with the Siletz and Klamath terranes, situated near the shoreline and further inland, respectively. Regions of reduced crustal velocity are associated with crustal faults. Moreover, there is significant along‐strike depth variation in the subducting slab, which is about 4 km deeper near the thick, dense Siletz terrane and becomes shallower near the predominantly less‐dense Franciscan terrane. This highlights a sudden tectonic and geologic transition at the southern boundary of the Siletz terrane. Our velocity model also indicates slightly increased hydration, though still minimal, in both the oceanic crust and the upper mantle of the subducting plate compared to other parts of the margin.
To transition to a Circular Economy, architecture schools are incorporating Design for Circularity (DfC) into their curricula. Integrating circularity into full-scale Design/Build prototypes helps students connect sustainable design theory with practice and application of concepts. This paper examines the gap between circular design intentions and real-world barriers, focusing on DfC with wood in two educational projects. The first, in Belgium, follows a “design from reuse” approach using short-length reclaimed sawn-timber to create a small-scale canopy structure. The second, in the USA, adopts a “design for reuse” approach, using plywood to develop a reusable kit-of-parts. In the analyzed cases, the non-standard nature of DfC requires a holistic life-cycle perspective, presenting challenges in material sourcing and quality assessment, significant variability in sizes and condition, and uncertainty regarding mechanical properties. Furthermore, utilizing frequently smaller reclaimed timber elements increases the number of connections, requiring original solutions. These issues complicate architectural design, structural calculation, and permitting and influenced the design and construction in both cases. An analysis of successful DfC cases shows parallels with lessons learned, identifying common barriers and suggesting solutions. Using reclaimed wood for structural purposes requires thorough planning for transportation, storage, regrading, and reprocessing. Design flexibility is critical to accommodate dimensional variability and mechanical downgrading. When designing for reuse, adequate fabrication tolerances and well-designed connections are key to ensuring structural integrity and easy disassembly. Increased educational projects can build a robust knowledge base, leading to currently lacking standardized procedures and streamlining DfC practices in architecture, engineering, and construction industries. This paper enhances understanding of DfC with wood and Design/Build education by identifying barriers, opportunities, and methods to improve education and training, aiming for a more sustainable built environment.
Objective: To evaluate an online intervention to support family members of individuals who sustained a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Research Design: Randomized control trial. Parallel assignment to TBI Family Support (TBIFS) intervention or enhanced usual care control (TAU). Three testing timepoints: pretest baseline (T1), posttest within 2 weeks of assignment (T2), and follow-up 1 month after posttest (T3). Setting: Online. Participants: Sixty-eight caregivers recruited nationally: 18 years of age or older, English speaking, providing primary caregiving to an adult family member with TBI and mild to moderate disability. Intervention: Eight interactive modules providing information about cognitive, behavioral, and social consequences of TBI, training in problem-solving framework, and application exercises (N = 35). TAU was an informational website (N = 33). Measures: Proximal outcomes—program use, usability, and user satisfaction for TBIFS participants. Primary outcomes—TBI content knowledge, strategy application objective response and open-ended response, and strategy-application confidence. Secondary outcomes—appraisals of burden, satisfaction, uncertainty in mastery, guilt, and negative environment. Results: Proximal outcomes—about 80% of TBIFS participants completed the posttest assessment, and 91% reported moderate to high usability and user satisfaction. Primary outcomes—greater posttest gains in TBI content knowledge for TBIFS than TAU (t = 3.53, p = .0005, adjusted p = .0090, d = 0.91). Gains maintained through follow-up (t = 2.89, p = .0038, adjusted p = .0342, d = 0.90). No other effects for the primary or secondary outcomes. Conclusion: TBIFS improved TBI content knowledge relative to TAU. Modifications might be needed to improve application and distal outcomes for caregivers.
Rapid increases in wildfire area burned across North American forests pose novel challenges for managers and society. Increasing area burned raises questions about whether, and to what degree, contemporary fire regimes (1984–2022) are still departed from historical fire regimes (pre-1880). We use the North American tree-ring fire-scar network (NAFSN), a multi-century record comprising >1800 fire-scar sites spanning diverse forest types, and contemporary fire perimeters to ask whether there is a contemporary fire surplus or fire deficit, and whether recent fire years are unprecedented relative to historical fire regimes. Our results indicate, despite increasing area burned in recent decades, that a widespread fire deficit persists across a range of forest types and recent years with exceptionally high area burned are not unprecedented when considering the multi-century perspective offered by fire-scarred trees. For example, ‘record’ contemporary fire years such as 2020 burned 6% of NAFSN sites—the historical average—well below the historical maximum of 29% sites that burned in 1748. Although contemporary fire extent is not unprecedented across many North American forests, there is abundant evidence that unprecedented contemporary fire severity is driving forest loss in many ecosystems and adversely impacting human lives, infrastructure, and water supplies.
Anion-exchange-membrane water electrolyzers (AEMWEs) are a possible low-capital expense, efficient, and scalable hydrogen-production technology with inexpensive hardware, earth-abundant catalysts, and pure-water. However, pure-water-fed AEMWEs are still at an early stage of development and suffer from inferior performance compared to proton-exchange-membrane water electrolyzers (PEMWEs). One key challenge is to develop effective non-platinum group metal (non-PGM) anode catalysts and electrodes in pure-water-fed AEMWEs. We show how LaNiO3-based perovskite oxides can be tuned by co-substitution on both A- and B-sites to simultaneously maintain high metallic electrical conductivity along with controlled surface reconstruction to expose stable Co-based active catalyst. The optimized perovskite, Sr0.1La0.9Co0.5Ni0.5O3, yielded pure-water AEMWEs operating at 1.97 V at 2 A cm–2 at 70 oC with pure-water feed, thus illustrating the utility of the catalyst design principles.
Context Functional connectivity—the degree to which landscape features facilitate or impede movement among resource patches—affects animal survival, health, and ability to cope with environmental changes. This is particularly important in heterogeneous landscapes prone to rapid change, such as intensively managed forests. Objectives We aimed to quantify the effects of forest canopy cover and roads on foraging movement of two closely related bumble bee species (Bombus vosnesenskii and Bombus caliginosus) in coniferous forest landscapes intensively managed for timber. We also assessed whether early seral forest configuration predicted site-level colony abundance for each species. Methods We sampled bumble bees and surveyed floral resources in 75 sites in three study landscapes in the central Oregon Coast Range. We modeled the effects of forest canopy cover and secondary road cover on foraging range using a genetic capture-recapture approach and modeled colony abundance as a function of site-level structural connectivity of early seral forest. Results We found evidence that canopy cover impeded foraging movement of B. vosnesenskii but not of B. caliginosus. Roads had neutral or inhibitory effects on B. vosnesenskii movement depending on the landscape but only inhibitory effects on B. caliginosus movement. Colony abundance was not related to site-level connectivity for either species. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that landscape features can have divergent effects on space use of even closely related taxa and that site-level response variables may not always reflect functional connectivity. Management of early seral forest habitats should consider not only patch quality but also configuration and species-specific permeability of matrix features.
Cell surface properties can strongly mediate microbial interactions with predators in soil and host‐pathogen systems. Yet, the role of microbial surface properties in avoiding or enhancing predation in the ocean is less well known. Appendicularians are globally abundant marine suspension feeders that capture marine microorganisms in a complex mucous filtration system. We used artificial microspheres to test whether the surface properties of prey particles influenced selection by the appendicularian, Oikopleura dioica. We used a range of microsphere sizes (0.5, 1, 2, and 3 μm), concentrations (~ 10³–10⁶ particles mL⁻¹), and two charges (amine‐modified, more positive vs. carboxylate‐modified, more negative) to represent open‐ocean microbial communities. We found that appendicularians selected between the particles of different charge. More negatively charged particles were enriched in the gut by up to 3.8‐fold, while more positive particles were enriched in the mucous filters by up to 4.7‐fold, leading to different particle fates. These results expand understanding of the mechanisms by which filter‐feeders select between prey and reveal a mechanism by which marine bacteria could rapidly alter their susceptibility to predation, either through adaption or acclimation.
This paper investigates how competition for scarce corporate resources impacts innovation incentives within multidivisional firms and, consequently, shapes firms’ preferences for fostering or restricting intra-firm competition. In our model, divisions become privately informed about the potential value of new investment opportunities generated through their innovation initiatives. We demonstrate that intra-firm competition unambiguously reduces divisions’ ex ante innovation incentives. However, it benefits ex post resource allocation by enabling the firm to (i) select the most promising project and (ii) limit the rents divisions earn from their private information. Consequently, a firm’s preference to limit or encourage interdivisional competition hinges on balancing ex post allocative efficiency, which favors increased intra-firm competition, against ex ante innovation incentives, which favor reduced competition. Our analysis identifies plausible conditions under which each organizational design—competitive or exclusive innovation—emerges as the optimal choice.
Objective While research supports differentiating anorexia nervosa into binge–purge (AN‐BP) vs. restricting (AN‐R) subtypes, DSM‐5‐TR does not provide a specific threshold of binge and/or purge episodes that constitutes an AN‐BP vs. AN‐R diagnosis. Our review of the literature suggests that cutoffs used for defining AN subtypes are rarely reported and, when reported, are highly heterogeneous. Inconsistent subtyping protocols limit generalizability and understanding of AN‐R and AN‐BP differences. Method The present study used structural equation modeling (SEM) trees to empirically determine the frequency of binge eating and/or purging that best differentiates AN subtypes. We then compared empirically determined groups on characteristics frequently found to differ between subtypes. Participants were 731 adolescents and adults with AN (94% female, M age = 20, 72% clinically diagnosed with AN‐R) in a partial hospitalization program who completed assessments of AN and comorbid symptoms at intake. Results SEM tree analyses yielded four subgroups: past‐month binge/purge frequency 0 (AN‐R; n = 396); frequency 1–3 (AN‐BP1; n = 101); frequency 4–15 (AN‐BP2; n = 130); and frequency > 16 (AN‐BP3; n = 98). AN‐R differed from higher frequency groups on 14/22 clinical characteristics, AN‐BP1 differed from higher frequency groups on 11/22 clinical characteristics, and AN‐BP2 differed from higher frequency groups on 2/22 clinical characteristics. Conclusions Findings suggest that one binge eating and/or purge episode in the past month provides adequate distinction between subtypes. These findings indicate that the DSM's definition of AN‐BP may need to be revised to specify that the presence of any binge eating or purging, rather than “recurrent” binge eating or purging, is sufficient for subtyping AN.
Astropedology is the study of soils on other planetary bodies and stretches the definition of soil to materials on the surface of a planetary body altered in place by physical, chemical, or biological processes. This new disciplinary name was coined by Roy E. Cameron in 1966 from studies of desert soils and their microbes in Arizona and Antarctica as analogs for Martian soils to be investigated by NASA Viking missions. Astropedology now has documented numerous actual soil profiles exposed in cliff faces, natural cracks, or cores studied by robotic missions to the Moon, Venus, and Mars, with increasingly advanced and precise chemical and other analyses. Specimens are also available for study from Lunar and Martian meteorites, and from sample return from the Moon, also planned from Mars. Life has yet to be found beyond Earth, but Mars has surprisingly Earth‐like soils, which can be identified as Gypsids in US taxonomy. Soil formation by micrometeoroid bombardment on the Moon and by melting and glazing on Venus are truly out of this world.
Measuring microalgae density in soft‐sediment benthos has challenges for even the most sophisticated methods. If the goal is to assess the photosynthetic potential of epipelon, then microalgae should be sampled only at the surface of the benthos to the depth of light penetration. Furthermore, microalgae density may show spatial and temporal variability that can only be captured by using many point samples and nondestructive sampling. Here, we use simple near‐infrared (NIR) imagery to assess surface density of microalgae in soft underwater sediments and to infer their photosynthetic capacity. In lab studies, NIR imagery gives estimates of epipelon density that are strongly correlated with standard chlorophyll a (Chl a) assays using pigment extraction and fluorometry (Radj2Radj2 {R}_{\mathrm{adj}}^2 = 0.70), but NIR imagery is better able to separate experimental treatments. In analyses of sediment samples from a lake, NIR imagery gives estimates of epipelon Chl a density that are strongly correlated to net ecosystem production (NEP). Near‐infrared imagery also gives a fine‐grained assessment of the spatial distribution of epipelon that helps to explain the relationship between epipelon density and NEP. Finally, images from an underwater NIR camera over the course of a wind disturbance event give estimates of the relative density of microalgae that is buried and is likely to be, at least temporarily, photosynthetically inactive. These results show that NIR imagery provides an easy and nondestructive method for sampling surface densities of microalgae which is particularly suitable for remote field locations and for educational settings in which students can generate results with cheap and robust equipment.
Impression management is a crucial tactic within the workplace milieu. This study establishes a connection between impression management and the negative self-evaluation stemming from heightened self-monitoring during virtual meetings (VM), which manifests in the form of Zoom (VM) fatigue. We conducted a cross-sectional survey, by recruiting 2,448 U.S.-based workers. Our survey results revealed that facial appearance dissatisfaction is associated with VM fatigue, resulting in lower intention to adopt VM technologies due to decreased perceived usefulness of VM technologies. Furthermore, building upon the Uses and Gratification (UG) perspective and the assumptions of the Social Information Processing (SIP) theory and the Hyperpersonal Model, our findings illuminate that VM fatigue prompts the use of impression management behaviors by using VM features closely linked to dissatisfaction with one’s facial appearance. The results suggest that utilization of impression management features in VMs is driven by needs related to facial appearance concerns, which is associated with impression management. This study extends the concept of impression management to VM environments in the workplace, underscoring the importance of addressing workers’ needs and well-being to foster worker-friendly VM communication environments and promote VM acceptance. This study identifies external factors within the Technology Acceptance Model by integrating the UG perspective, the SIP theory, and the Hyperpersonal Model to understand the mechanisms underlying VM fatigue and adoption in the emerging virtual workplace.
The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the parent-report Short Form Positive Family Support Strengths and Needs Assessment (PFS-SaNA). The PFS-SaNA is designed to reduce the time and burden of collaborative mental health screening. Parents of 245 students in the Northwest completed the screener at third, fourth, fifth, and seventh grade. The screener includes four items rated on a 4-point Likert-type scale. The screener demonstrated internal consistency with Cronbach’s alpha ranging from 0.677 to 0.740 across waves. Furthermore, the screener demonstrated adequate concurrent and predictive validity with standard parent- and teacher-report mental health measurements. Lastly, receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to find optimal cut-off points for the screener at each grade. The screener shows adequate diagnostic accuracy against the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. The use of the PFS-SaNA Short Form may help improve family-school collaboration in assessment and intervention planning in schools.
Background/Context Demonstrating English proficiency and being reclassified from English Learner (EL) services is a pivotal time point in the educational trajectories of students classified as ELs. Dually identified students, who are classified as ELs and identified as having a disability, may have challenges meeting state reclassification criteria if their disabilities affect their performance on English language proficiency (ELP) assessments or if their opportunities to gain English proficiency have been constrained by previous educational services. The reclassification process for dually identified students bears examination, given its pivotal nature in their education and its impact on their opportunity to learn. While a nascent body of literature has brought attention to reclassification for dually identified students, there is a pressing need to understand how dually identified students, their families, and their educators respond to resource limitations and exercise agency during reclassification to increase students’ opportunity to learn. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study This study aims to explore two key phenomena within the reclassification process: (1) the strategies that educators employ to navigate the resource limitations that impact dually identified students’ opportunity to learn, and (2) the ways in which educators and dually identified students and their families exercise agency to enhance opportunities for learning. To explore these questions, we apply two related theoretical frameworks: Weatherly and Lipsky’s (1977) framework of street-level bureaucrats and Stanton-Salazar’s (1997, 2011) framework of social capital. The concept of street-level bureaucrats illuminates how educators respond to resource limitations by rationing services and routinizing procedures during reclassification for dually identified students. The framework of social capital allows us to examine how educators, students, and students’ families use agency during reclassification by leveraging their social capital to support dually identified students’ opportunity to learn. Research Design We employ a phenomenological design to understand how educators and dually identified students and their families engage in the reclassification decision, including how they negotiate resource limitations and use agency to increase students’ opportunity to learn. Data come a larger case study across four Oregon school districts that included document analysis and interviews with six dually identified students and their families, 29 teachers, 11 administrators, and six other site-based staff. We also applied an instrumental case study method centered on the experience of one dually identified student during reclassification and removal of special education services. We included this instrumental case because it illustrated a variety of perspectives clustered around a single case in a way that addressed every theoretical construct under examination. Findings Educators found resourceful ways to respond to constraints by creating and enacting protocols and structures and systems on behalf of dually identified students. Some examples of ways that educators enacted agency were developing a working group to facilitate collaboration on behalf of dually identified students’ EL programming, integrating English language development in special education and content classes, sharing information to facilitate domain exemptions on the ELP assessment, and advocating for reclassification of dually identified students who had been enrolled in EL services for many years. Educators also helped dually identified students prepare portfolio work samples, invited parents to reclassification meetings, made sure students and families had a voice in the reclassification decision, and sometimes went as far as to offer dually identified students and their families information about waiving EL services and working outside established protocols to facilitate reclassification. The instrumental case highlighted how one student exited both EL services and special education based on his own agency’s voicing his desire to be reclassified and exit special education, his family’s agency in sharing his preference with educators, and his teachers’ agency in facilitating his reclassification. Conclusions/Recommendations Findings suggest that dually identified students need ample opportunities to engage in rigorous coursework both before and after the reclassification decision. Educators require improved resources to lead the reclassification process for dually identified students, including guidance to facilitate meaningful conversations with families, and support for individualizing reclassification practices. With more responsive, person-centered reclassification policies and practices, the time and attention of educators, students, and students’ families can be more effectively directed toward enhancing academic and language learning opportunities.
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Cassandra Moseley
  • Institute for a Sustainable Environment
Melynda Casement
  • Department of Psychology
Debra Merskin
  • School of Journalism and Communication
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