University of North Sumatra

Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a global health concern, including in Indonesia. Genetic factors, particularly those affecting immune regulation and tumor immune evasion, contribute significantly to CRC pathogenesis The cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) gene, which encodes an immune checkpoint receptor, influences T-cell activation and immune response. Certain CTLA4 gene polymorphism has been associated with altered immune function and increased risk of CRC. Objectives This study aims to explore the potential role of CTLA4-658C>T as a genetic marker for CRC susceptibility. Methods This case-control study included 60 colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and 60 non-CRC patients from January 2023 to December 2024 at Universitas Sumatera Utara Hospital and its network hospitals. CRC patients aged 18 years or older were included in the case group, while patients with non-CRC findings after colonoscopy served as controls. Patients with systemic diseases (e.g., diabetes, heart or kidney failure, other cancers) were excluded. Data on demographics and CRC characteristics were collected from medical records. Participants were interviewed to complete missing data and provided blood samples for CTLA4-658C>T polymorphism analysis. Results The CTLA4-658T>C polymorphism was significantly associated with colorectal cancer (CRC). Individuals with the CC+CT genotype had a 2.69-fold higher risk of developing CRC than those with the TT genotype (p=0.022). Additionally, carriers of the C allele had a 2.26-fold higher risk of CRC than those with the T allele (p=0.015). Conclusion These findings suggest that CTLA4-658C>T may serve as a potential genetic marker for CRC susceptibility, highlighting the role of immune regulation in CRC development.

Sustainable streetscape design is one of the determining factors for a city’s success. A sustainable streetscape is planned to accommodate community activities and provide spatial and visual comfort. A sustainable streetscape can be formed based on functional, ecological, social, and economic aspects. This research aims to analyze what aspects influence a sustainable streetscape and how an appropriate sustainable streetscape design can support a green city. The research method used is quantitative. Data collection was carried out by distributing questionnaires to respondents. Research was conducted in commercial areas in Medan City, Indonesia, and Johor Bahru, Malaysia. The analysis was carried out using multiple linear regressions and frequency. The research results in Medan City show that functional, ecological, social and economic aspects significantly influence sustainable streetscapes. Meanwhile, in Johor Bahru City, social, and economic aspects influence sustainable streetscape. The sustainable streetscape design recommended by respondents is that one meets all aspects that provide comfort and accommodate user activities in commercial areas.

Uncontrolled exploitation of natural resources as human needs increase over time triggers an ecological environment increasingly vulnerable. Spatial evaluation of ecological vulnerability is an effort to reduce the adverse impacts of internal and external disturbances on the ecosystem. We present a comprehensive and systematic evaluation system and analysis method. The Mondangan Watershed is located in Wonosari Sub-village, Tugurejo Village, Wates District, Blitar Regency, East Java, Indonesia. The Mondangan watershed represents a complex coastal ecosystem of natural and secondary forests associated with anthropogenic disturbances such as agricultural activities and constructing a new national road. Based on the ecological vulnerability framework such as sensitivity-resilience-pressure (SRP), 15 relevant indicators were selected. Their weighting was carried out using a hybrid method with high objectivity in building a spatial model of ecological vulnerability. Fuzzy evaluation is used to represent indicator data realistically and mapped to calculate the ecological vulnerability index (EVI) evaluation score. Spatial autocorrelation analysis is carried out to obtain a clear spatially aggregated ecological vulnerability map. Finally, the ecological vulnerability map under the control of the weighting coefficient is carried out based on the ordered weighting average (OWA) operator. The results show that the ecological vulnerability of the Mondangan Watershed shows a high class in the upstream to the east and a low class in the middle and extends to the south. There is a clear spatial aggregation effect. The high-high spatial aggregation zone is distributed upstream and extends to the east and south, while the low-low aggregation is in the middle area and extends to the west and south. NPP (net primary production), soil erosion, annual precipitation, and NTL (nighttime light) have the highest contribution rates to the EVI model. The increase in the weighting coefficient represents the gradual increase in the ecological vulnerability of the Mondangan Watershed. The findings of this study provide an initial reference in socio-economic development and ecological protection to achieve sustainable development in the Mondangan Watershed. The EVI assessment framework in this study offers reference value, especially for studies in small area coverage with coastal characteristics. The graphical abstract describes an overview of the study of ecological vulnerability (EVI) modeling in the Mondangan Watershed, Blitar Regency, East Java Province, Indonesia using multi-source remote sensing data. A total of 15 geospatial indicators were used to model EVI in the study area, as presented in the graphical abstract. All geospatial data were converted into 10-meter resolution rasters to maintain consistency, then data normalization was based on their effects on EVI (positive or negative). In turn, all indicators were superimposed to perform principal component analysis (10 PCs) to produce a decision matrix used to calculate information entropy, so that the indicator weights were known. Spatial fuzzy raster was performed to polish the interval boundaries naturally on all indicators using triangular linear (high, medium, and low) and trapezoidal linear (highest and lowest) functions, and defuzzification was performed to convert fuzzy values into crisp values (expected scores are 100, 80, 60, 40, and 20). Finally, the weight value of PCA-entropy is applied to each indicator that has gone through the fuzzification and defuzzification process to produce an EVI map. The results show that the upstream part of the watershed to the volcanic hills (settlement and dryland agriculture) has high ecological vulnerability compared to the middle part of the watershed to the south (more woodlands). This is reinforced by the results of the LISA analysis which shows high-high and low- low clusters in the mentioned areas with statistical significance of 95–99%. NPP, soil erosion, annual precipitation, and NTL have the greatest contribution to the EVI model. The OWA operator analysis aims to build 8 indicator weighting scenarios for the EVI map, i.e. the smallest gamma value produces a very optimistic EVI map (all areas are low vulnerability), the vulnerability class varies increasingly closer to the original when the gamma value approaches 1, and finally the vulnerability class gradually changes to high vulnerability (pessimism) when the gamma value is more than 1. The OWA results help policy makers for socio-economic development and ecological protection.

Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was successfully synthesized using environmentally friendly reducing agents derived from natural sources including Zanthoxylum acanthopodium (andaliman), Murraya paniculata (kemuning leaves), Psidium gua-java (guava leaves), and Miconia crenata (senduduk bulu)-via a modified Hummers method. The structural and phys-icochemical properties of the synthesized materials were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, and electrochemical techniques. XRD analysis revealed a shift in the characteristic GO peak from 11.04° to higher angles (21.79°-26.00°), confirming successful reduction. FTIR spectroscopy demonstrated reduction efficiency of 42.28%-52.63%, while UV-Vis spectra exhibited a redshift in absorption peaks, indicating restored π-electron conjugation. SEM images showed aggregated, wrinkled morphology with exfoliated sheets, and BET analysis confirmed mesoporosity (pore diameters 2-50 nm). Electrochemical studies revealed excellent linear correlations (R 2 > 0.99), highlighting efficient electron transfer. This work underscores the potential of plant-derived reductants as sustainable alternatives for high-quality rGO synthesis, suitable for advanced electrochemical applications.

Background Pre-eclampsia (PE) affects 2–8% of pregnant women and is a major cause of maternal and perinatal complications. Early risk identification is critical to reducing maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity. Objective This systematic review evaluates the role of ophthalmic Doppler arteries parameters, combined with maternal risk factors, physical examination results, and laboratory results for PE screening. Methods Relevant articles were identified from PubMed, Wiley Online Library, and ScienceDirect using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Articles were screened in two stages – primary extraction by title and abstract, followed by full-text evaluation. The final analysis included observational studies and randomized trials assessing PE prediction using ophthalmic Doppler artery indices. Results Of the 103 records screened, 24 articles were retrieved, and 7 met the eligibility criteria. All studies examined ophthalmic artery Doppler parameters – especially the peak systolic velocity (PSV) ratio – for PE screening across different gestational ages. The PSV ratio showed moderate-to-high predictive value when combined with established clinical biomarkers. Conclusion The ophthalmic Doppler artery is regarded as a viable alternative or combination for early detection of PE that is simple to implement and effective, particularly in healthcare facilities in developing countries. However, further large-scale, externally validated studies are needed to establish its clinical utility across different gestational stages.

Dementia is a significant public health challenge, particularly in low- and middle-income countries such as Indonesia, where underdiagnosis is common. Objective To investigate the psychometric properties of the Brief Cognitive Screening Battery – Indonesian Version (BCSB-INA), a culturally-adapted tool aimed at improving the early detection of dementia. Methods The tool was tested on a sample of 140 older adults, covering various cognitive domains through multiple subscales. Data were analyzed using bootstrap resampling, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), and reliability assessments such as Cronbach's Alpha. Results The overall reliability, measured by Cronbach's Alpha, was high (α=0.968). The KMO test yielded a value of 0.889, indicating sample adequacy for factor analysis. The CFA indicated that most dimensions achieved satisfactory validity, with the majority of items demonstrating acceptable factor loadings. Conclusions BCSB-INA has demonstrated good reliability and validity throughout its dimensions, suggesting its applicability for use in cognitive assessments in the Indonesian context.

This paper argues for the need for an integrated approach towards cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and mental health (MH) disorders. Despite non-communicable diseases (NCDs) being a major public health problem and thus a prime concern for primary health centres, the strong interplay between CVDs and MH conditions as two major NCDs is largely overlooked. Management for MH and CVDs tends to be dichotomized between mental and physical health. This paper continues a publication by a Southeast Asian panel by using Indonesia as a national case study. The paper describes the results of a discussion by an interdisciplinary team of national experts on barriers to NCD management in current policy and clinical implementation. The thematic review provides a basis for the recommendation for an integrated cardiovascular and mental health approach to optimize policy for NCD prevention and management.

Background Neuropsychological and functional assessments are crucial for identifying the transition from healthy aging to dementia. While brief cognitive batteries have become popular for their practicality, most have been developed in high-income countries, neglecting the diverse educational backgrounds found in developing nations. Objective This study focuses on the Brief Cognitive Screening Battery (BCSB) adapted for Indonesia (BCSB-INA), aiming to investigate its diagnostic accuracy in detecting cognitive impairment among older adults. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Memory Clinic of Universitas Sumatera Utara Hospital from January to August 2024, including participants aged 50 and above. Subjects underwent cognitive assessments using MoCA-INA and BCSB-INA. Data analysis involved ROC curves to evaluate the tests' accuracy. Results A total of 140 subjects were included, with significant differences in cognitive test scores between those with cognitive impairment and normal individuals. The BCSB-INA demonstrated good diagnostic performance, with an AUC of 0.875 when including the Clock Drawing Test (CDT) and 0.810 without it. The development of a multivariate model further enhances its diagnostic capabilities, allowing for more tailored intervention strategies. Conclusion The BCSB-INA represents an important improvement in cognitive assessment for older adults in Indonesia, showing good sensitivity and specificity. Continued research and updates to cognitive assessment tools are crucial to meet the increasing demand for effective dementia screening in diverse populations.

This paper presents a novel wearable textile array antenna designed to generate Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) waves with mode + 1 at 3.5 GHz (3.4 to 3.6 GHz) of the sub-6 GHz 5G New Radio (NR) band. The proposed antenna is based on a uniform circular array (UCA) of four microstrip patch antennas on a felt textile substrate. Compared to previous works involving the use of hard substrates for OAM waves generation, this work explored the use of flexible textile substrates to generate OAM waves for the first time to the best of our knowledge. The overall dimension of the array antenna is 170 × 156 mm² while the dimension of each element is 35 × 35.7 mm². In order to control the phase and generate OAM waves, the proposed antenna was designed using a felt textile substrate and meandering lines of various lengths connecting the radiating patches. 1.48λ was the separation between radiating patches in order to prevent mutual coupling between them. The antenna was fabricated and measured prior to comparison to simulations to validate this feature. It achieved a measured gain of 3.18 dBi with a bandwidth of 430 MHz (3.24 to 3.67 GHz). Additionally, mode purity analysis was carried out to verify the generation of OAM mode + 1, and the purity obtained was 52.12%. This paper also covered the effect of bending on OAM waves characteristics and the use of airgap technique to enhance the antenna gain. The antenna gain increased from 3.762 dBi to 5.327 dBi by using 1 mm airgap without affecting the mode purity. Furthermore, as per the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) obtained, it is found that the proposed antenna is safe for on-body use. The novel approach in generating OAM using patch array antenna with flexible substrate by replacing conventional hard substrate has opened up new scope of research in wearable textile antenna domain. The proposed antenna has simple structure, easy to design, fabricate and deploy on human body and has important significance in scaling up this design to generate multiple OAM modes for carrying multiple signals simultaneously.

Nipa palm vinegar has been traditionally used to lower blood glucose levels by diabetic patients. This study aims to analyse the effect of aqueous extract (AE) of nipa palm vinegar on glycemic parameters and glucose transporter-incretin hormonal system in type 2 diabetic rat. The model was established using a combination of high-fat diet (p.o.) and low dose streptozotocin (i.p.). AE (250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg) was administered orally once daily for 28 days. Biochemical parameters related to type 2 diabetes including fasting glucose, serum insulin, lipid profiles, incretin hormone, liver, and pancreatic histology were evaluated. Relative expression of jejunal glucose transporters was also determined. Induction of diabetes caused significant (p = 0.026) weight loss, hyperlgycemia, hypoinsulinemia, dyslipidemia and reduced incretin hormones. Diabetes onset also disturbed HOMA-IR and HOMA-ß cell function indices, altered the morphological features of hepatocytes and pancreatic islet and overexpressed intestinal glucose transporters, SGLT1 and GLUT2. Repetitive oral administration of AE (1000 mg/kg) for 28 days ameliorated the biochemical abnormalities and improved HOMA-β cell function of diabetic rats. Histological studies revealed AE treatment preserved the integrity of pancreatic islet and protected hepatocytes from degeneration and atrophic effects of streptozotocin. Further analysis suggested the effect of AE in stimulating incretin hormones secretion via the action of DPP4 inhibitor and by modulating jejunal SGLT1 expression. In conclusion, the study suggested AE exerted its antidiabetic effect partially by stimulating insulin secretion via incretin hormone and intestinal glucose transporter pathway. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12906-025-04933-8.

To meet the needs of road marking design and manufacturing, we ensure that our products meet the ergonomic aspects. strong, comfortable and esthetical. Strength, of course, has something to do with the strength of the material and the structure stability of the road marking products. Plastic road marking material are not strong enough to withstand large impacts. Concrete road markers are also heavy and difficult to transport and install because they require a mobile crane. Based on this, temporary road markings are made from concrete foam composites, the mass of which is lighter than concrete and stronger than plastic. The purpose of this study was to analyze the responses of road markers under impact loading produced by motor cycle. Ansys software is used as a numerical tool to simulate the stability of the structure of road markings. There are two-types of road marking models. Type 1 is a two-part in which both pole and base structure can be separately manufactured and assembled. Type 2 consists of one parts pole integrated with base structure of markers. The shape of the road markings is a hollow pole of 750 mm long with inner diameter of 50mm and outer diameter of 100mm. The base structure has 100mm thick and outer diameter of 300mm. To evaluate the responses of markers, a FEM based ANSYS software is used. Providing a motor cycle impact load of 100kg at 188 mm from base with a speed of 40km/h, the structural integrity of markers, that is, their response to static external loads is calculated. It is shown that the equivalent stress and stress in y-direction reach the maximum values when impacted on B location both for type 1 and type 2, respectively. For both cases the stress values are far below the ultimate tensile strength of the concrete foam materials. Thus, the impact load will not cause the failure of the road markers structure. In terms of production, type 2 road markers are easier to manufacture. It can be casted in two parts: base structure and pole. They are also practically easy for loading and unloading. Thus, for the continuation of research the type 2 road markers will be produced and tested in our research center. Keyword: Road Markers, Concrete Foam Composite, Motor Cycle Load. Software Ansys

Background/Objectives: Cariprazine, a D3/D2 partial agonist, is one of the few recommended treatment options for bipolar 1 disorder (BP1D) in Southeast Asia. This study aims to generate insights from leading experts on the safe and effective use of cariprazine for BP1D, specifically by formulating practical recommendations not thoroughly covered in the existing literature. Methods: A formal consensus methodology using the modified RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method was employed to develop consensus recommendations. The methodology included a targeted literature search, creation of clinical scenarios, two rounds of rating of the appropriateness of each scenario on a nine-point Likert scale by an expert panel of psychiatrists from Southeast Asia (n = 13), and a face-to-face discussion among the expert panel between the two rounds of rating. In the absence of disagreement, scenarios were classified as appropriate (7–9), equivocal (4–6), or inappropriate (1–3) based on median scores. Clinical scenarios were subsequently converted to consensus recommendations upon approval by the expert panel. Results: Most experts recommended a 4–8-week trial of cariprazine for bipolar depression (85%) and 3–4 weeks for acute mania/mixed (71%). For longer treatment, 61.5% and 69% recommended >1 year for acute mania/mixed and bipolar depression, respectively. Cariprazine was also considered suitable as first-line therapy, including for first-episode bipolar depression (Mdn: 8, IQR: 7–9) and first-episode mania (Mdn: 8; IQR: 8–9). Conclusions: The consensus recommendations may serve as practical guidance for clinicians to make informed decisions regarding the management of adult patients with BP1D, while considering the preferences and circumstances of individual patients.

Breast cancer remains a major global health challenge, necessitating the discovery of new therapeutic agents with enhanced efficacy and minimal side effects. This study explores the potential of Timonius flavescens (Jacq) Baker leaf extract, rich in polyphenols, as an anti-breast cancer agent. A green solvent system using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES), composed of choline chloride and glucose, was optimized via Central Composite Design (CCD) to maximize the extraction of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. At an MoR of 2.084 and water content of 29.581%, the optimized extract yielded a superior total phenolic content (TPC) of 66.54 ± 0.586 mg GAE/g and total flavonoid content (TFC) of 28.89 ± 0.26 mg QE/g, compared to conventional ethanol extraction. In addition, the optimized extract revealed higher antioxidant activity based on DPPH assays. In vitro cytotoxicity assessments against MCF-7, T47D, and 4T1 breast cancer cell lines revealed a dose-dependent reduction in cell viability, with IC50 values of 116.20 µg/mL, 258.64 µg/mL, and 235.03 µg/mL, respectively. The extract induced G0-G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis via p53 upregulation and cyclin D1 downregulation, as confirmed by flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry. Additionally, an acute toxicity evaluation in mice indicated the extract’s safety, showing no significant adverse effects on hematological and biochemical parameters or organ histology. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of T. flavescens leaf extract as a natural anti-breast cancer agent, supporting its further investigation in preclinical and clinical studies. Additionally, this study underscores the efficacy of NADES-based extraction in enhancing bioactive compound recovery, promoting green chemistry in pharmaceutical research.

Background The epidemiology study of bacterial isolates and their resistance patterns in clinical settings is essential due to the rising threat of antibiotic resistance, which complicates treatment options. Understanding these patterns enables healthcare providers to tailor antibiotic therapies effectively, ensuring better patient outcomes and mitigating the spread of resistant strains. This study aims to analyze the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of microbes recovered from blood, wound, sputum, and urine specimens in a tertiary healthcare hospital. Methods In this retrospective cross-sectional study, we analyzed the clinical microbiology laboratory data of patients of all age groups from January 2022 to December 2023. Microbial isolates were identified using the commercial system bioMérieux-Vitek 2. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were conducted using the Vitek 2 automated susceptibility system and disk diffusion methods, following the Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Results A total of 1,190 (47.58%) microbial isolates were recovered from 2,501 clinical specimens, consisting of 98/714 (13.73%), 454/655 (69.32%), 394/545 (72.29%), and 244/587 (41.57%) from blood, wound, sputum, and urine, respectively. Escherichia coli was the most prevalent isolate identified from blood [27/98 (27.55%)], wound [107/454 (23.57%)], and urine [107/244 (43.85%)]. Sputum isolates were dominated by K. pneumoniae [68/394 (17.26%)]. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) and S. aureus were the dominant Gram positives in all specimens. Polymicrobial isolates were found in 4/98 (4.08%) blood, 41/454 (9.03%) wound, 52/394 (13.2%) sputum, and 9/244 (3.69%) urine. The predominant polymicrobial pairs were K. pneumoniae and S. aureus [6/106 (5.7%)]. Poor sensitivity against cefoxitin and oxacillin was highest among the Gram-positives, dominated by CoNS. In Gram-negatives, sensitivity against ampicillin was the lowest. Conclusions A periodical update of the epidemiological profile of microbial isolates in hospital settings presented in this study is crucial for updating the empirical antibiotics and developing the prevention and infection control program.

Intracranial atypical cartilaginous tumors (ACTs) or low-grade chondrosarcoma are rare among all skull base and intracranial tumors. Late diagnosis leads to higher morbidity and worsened neurological deficits caused by neurovascular compression. Intracranial ACTs have a higher mortality rate than other ACTs due to their location, difficulty of surgical management, local invasiveness, and recurrence rate. This report aims to highlight the challenges of diagnosing and managing intracranial ACTs, which can present with symptoms mimicking other cranial base tumors. It also aims to raise awareness about the possibility of misdiagnosis, which can lead to futile pharmacological treatment. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no published cases of intracranial ACTs from Indonesia have been reported. A 43-year-old female with complaints of chronic left facial numbness and paralysis, diplopia, tinnitus, and posture and exertion-related headache with worsening symptoms for the last 2 months, especially after waking up in the morning, with a disturbance of the left cranial nerves V-2, V-3, VI, VII, and VIII. The patient had been receiving symptomatic treatment repeatedly with several differential diagnoses for one-prior-year due to an underdiagnosis. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a mass with bone destruction located on the left temporal bone involving sphenoclival synchondrosis, clivus, and cavernous sinus with a ring-and-arch-forming calcification with the lytic pattern. After total gross resection, the diagnosis of ACTs was confirmed by a histopathological specimen that shows an abundant lobulated mass composed of uniform hyaline cartilage matrix, increased cellularity, and myxoid changes. Continuous follow-up is necessary because ACTs have a mild recurrence rate despite a high postsurgical survival rate.

Indonesia, with its abundant natural resources, faces significant environmental degradation from open-pit mining, that lead to deforestation and heavy metal contamination, which pose dangers to humans and ecosystem. While bacterial bioremediation of heavy metals is well-documented, studies on chromium bioremediation using indigenous Indonesian bacteria remains scarce. This study characterizes chromium-reducing bacteria isolated from post-mining soil in Halmahera, Indonesia, and evaluates their potential for both bioremediation and reforestation of post-mining lands. Macroscopic analyses were used to determine the genus of the Halmahera bacterial isolates and their chromium reducing-capability was assessed using Diphenylcarbazide (DPC) method. Notably these isolates achieved a chromium reduction efficiency of up to 39%, slightly lower than 50% reduction by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in another study, as well as exhibiting phosphate solubility index of 0.66, which shows the bacteria potential to promote plant growth. Our findings demonstrate that these indigenous bacteria are promising candidates for sustainable bioremediation efforts, effectively reducing chromium contamination and simultaneously accelerating reforestation in post-mining areas. This dual action contributes to developing scalable, eco-friendly strategies to mitigate environmental damage caused by mining in Indonesia and similar post-mining environment globally, potentially paving the way for industrial applications in environmental restoration.

Fenugreek is often used as a spice to add flavour to dishes. Fenugreek seeds also contain protein, fibre, stabilising power, and emulsifiers that can be used to improve the quality of processed meat products. Buffalo meat has an excellent nutritional profile. However, it is less desirable to consumers due to buffalo meat's dark colour, texture, and distinctive aroma. Innovative product development is necessary for consumer demand. This study aimed to determine the effect of fenugreek seed addition on the physicochemical and organoleptic quality of the buffalo meat patty. The design was a complete randomised design with 4 treatments and 6 replicates. The treatment in this study was the use of Fenugreek in buffalo meat patty 0 grams (F0), 10 grams (F1), 20 grams (F2) and 30 grams (F3). The results showed that adding Fenugreek can improve buffalo meat patty's physicochemical and organoleptic quality. Adding Fenugreek to patties effectively reduces pH, cooking weight loss, and moisture, as well as increases tenderness, flavour, colour, and aroma. It was concluded that adding 20 grams of Fenugreek to the batter can improve buffalo meat patty's physical and organoleptic qualities.

Staphylococcus aureus is a common bacterium causing various infections. The irrational use of antibiotics can lead to resistance, prompting the exploration of alternative treatments, such as herbal plants like cassava and pirdot leaves. To evaluate the antibacterial effectiveness of a combination of cassava leaf and pirdot leaf extracts against S. aureus . Antibacterial activity was tested using the different concentration ratios of cassava and pirdot leaf extracts (80:20, 50:50, and 30:70), with chloramphenicol (30 µg) as the positive control and DMSO (10%) as the negative control. “The inhibition zones for the various concentrations were as follows: 80% cassava and 20% pirdot (14.14 ± 1.69 mm), 50% cassava and 50% pirdot (26.47 ± 2.15 mm), and 30% cassava and 70% pirdot (22.73 ± 1.57 mm). The positive control (chloramphenicol) showed an inhibition zone of 43.59 ± 1.03 mm. Statistical analysis (Kruskal–Wallis, P = 0.0001) indicated significant differences among all treatment groups, followed by Dunn’s test for pairwise comparisons. The inhibition zones for the various concentrations were as follows: 80% cassava and 20% pirdot (14.14 ± 1.69 mm), 50% cassava and 50% pirdot (26.47 ± 2.15 mm), and 30% cassava and 70% pirdot (22.73 ± 1.57 mm). The positive control (chloramphenicol) had an inhibition zone of 43.59 ± 1.03 mm. Statistical analysis (Kruskal–Wallis, P = 0.0001) indicated significant differences between the treatment groups.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary tumor with an increased risk of mortality and morbidity. Treatment for HCC varies based on the progressivity of disease. Radiotherapy such as stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) plays an important role in the treatment of HCC. The role of radiotherapy used to be very limited to liver tumors, but recently, radiotherapy with SBRT technique has shown very promising results, both in primary liver cancer and liver metastasis. This review shows the role of radiotherapy in HCC for every stage of HCC (monotherapy, combined or bridging therapy). In liver metastasis cases, radiotherapy shows an excellent, similar, and better local control when compared with radiofrequency ablation (depending on tumor status).