University of Ilorin

Ischemic stroke can leave patients with lasting disabilities. Rehabilitation is crucial, but new approaches are needed. One promising avenue is hypoxia exposure therapy. This involves controlled exposure to low oxygen levels. While it may sound counterintuitive, this approach triggers the brain to adapt. Studies suggest hypoxia stimulates the growth of new blood vessels, boosting oxygen delivery to the damaged area. Additionally, it may promote neuroplasticity, the brain's ability to reorganize and form new connections. This can lead to the creation of new nerve cells, potentially replacing those lost in the stroke. Furthermore, hypoxia exposure might help regulate inflammation, a key contributor to stroke damage. Early research, particularly with intermittent hypoxia training, shows promise for improved motor function recovery. However, challenges remain. Stroke severity, location, and individual health vary greatly, requiring personalized treatment plans. Determining the optimal dose, timing, and frequency of hypoxia exposure is crucial for maximizing benefits. Additionally, the precise mechanisms by which hypoxia aids recovery need further investigation. Future research will focus on tailoring protocols to individual patients, exploring combinations with other rehabilitation methods, and conducting large-scale trials to solidify the safety and effectiveness of hypoxia therapy.

A Clinical Data Repository (CDR) is a dynamic database capable of real-time updates with patients' data, organized to facilitate rapid and easy retrieval. CDRs offer numerous benefits, ranging from preserving patients' medical records for follow-up care and prescriptions to enabling the development of intelligent models that can predict, and potentially mitigate serious health conditions. While several research works have attempted to provide state-of-the-art reviews on CDR design and implementation, reviews from 2013 to 2023 cover CDR regulations, guidelines, standards, and challenges in CDR implementation without providing a holistic overview of CDRs. Additionally, these reviews need to adequately address critical aspects of CDR; development and utilization, CDR architecture and metadata, CDR management tools, CDR security, use cases, and artificial intelligence (AI) in CDR design and implementation. The collective knowledge gaps in these works underscore the imperative for a comprehensive overview of the diverse spectrum of CDR as presented in the current study. Existing reviews conducted over the past decade, from 2013 to 2023 have yet to comprehensively cover the critical aspects of CDR development, which are essential for uncovering trends and potential future research directions in Africa and beyond. These aspects include architecture and metadata, security and privacy concerns, tools employed, and more. To bridge this gap, in particular, this study conducts a comprehensive systematic review of CDR, considering critical facets such as architecture and metadata, security and privacy issues, regulations guiding development, practical use cases, tools employed, the role of AI and machine learning (ML) in CDR development, existing CDRs, and challenges faced during CDR development and deployment in Africa and beyond. Specifically, the study extracts valuable discussions and analyses of the different aspects of CDR. Key findings revealed that most architectural models for CDR are still in the theoretical phase, with low awareness and adoption of CDR in healthcare environments, susceptibility to several security threats, and the need to integrate federated learning in CDR systems. Overall, this paper would serve as a valuable reference for designing and implementing cutting-edge clinical data repositories in Africa and beyond.

An urban traffic system is a composite network, which consists of varying types of intersections. In this paper, the focal point is on a heterogeneous traffic system, In this paper, the focus is on a heterogeneous traffic system featuring a non-signalized intersection (roundabout), with the aim of replacing it with a signalized one It has always been a difficult process to carry out Traffic analysis, with the ever increasing volume of vehicles and densely populated roadways. it is definitely difficult to suggest an alternative answer especially in developing countries like Nigeria. This paper analyses an intersection in the city of Ilorin Kwara State Nigeria. The intersection is modelled with the VISSIM 21, which is a traffic microscopic simulation software that has been extensively used in assessing traffic conditions. The paper also simulates the modelled intersection and determines the possibility of installing a traffic signal at the skewed T- intersection and checks its usefulness by comparing the Level of service, Queue length and carbon emission when the signals is installed and after.

A 2-D steady-state laminar natural convective flow due to buoyancy force around a concentric adiabatic cylinder placed inside a porous trapezoidal enclosure was analyzed numerically. The slanted solid boundaries of the trapezium were subjected to a fixed cold temperature (Tc), while the base of the model experienced a hot fixed temperature (Th) and its upper wall was insulated thermally. The relevant dimensionless transport equations were solved using the COMSOL Multiphysics 5.6. Computations were performed for $Pr=0.71-1000, Da=1{0}^{-5}-1{0}^{-2}$, $Ra=1{0}^{2}-1{0}^{6}$, and cylinder aspect ratio, $AR=1.0-4.0$. Isothermal and stream function plots were used to present the temperature and velocity profiles in the domain. Local and average values of the Nusselt number were used to assess the heat transfer rates from the base wall of the model. Furthermore, the vertical mid-plane velocity in the enclosure was also assessed. The analysis shows that the range of Darcy and Rayleigh numbers investigated resulted in heat transport enhancement. Furthermore, the average Nusselt number was enhanced for $1{0}^{-3}\le Da\le 1{0}^{-2}$ and $0.7\le Pr\le 100$. However, for $Pr>100$, heat transfer became independent of the nature of the working fluid used and for this range of Darcy number, cylinder size increase yielded heat transfer benefits for $Ra= 1{0}^{6}$. This research finds applications in drying technology, nuclear reactors, and the design of aero and automotive engines.

Research on biomass pyrolysis for energy production is limited in developing countries due to a lack of equipment for research. In this study, a portable, low-cost biomass pyrolysis reactor was designed and constructed at a laboratory scale to facilitate teaching and research applications. The fabricated reactor was tested using rice husk and corncob at different temperatures (450, 500, 550 oC) and a residence time of 60 min. The pyrolysis reactor is capable of processing a variety of feedstocks, with a maximum batch size of 1 kg. The product yields for rice husk samples were 43.93–48.01, 21.14–24.06, and 30.85–32.01% for char, oil, and syngas, respectively. For corncob biomass, the corresponding yields were 45.14–49.26, 25.11–29.22, and 25.63–26.44%. As the pyrolysis temperature increased, oil and syngas production rose, while char yield decreased. The favorable product properties and the alignment of yield distribution with other reactors underscore the reactor’s effectiveness for teaching and research purposes. This reactor uniquely enables the collection of all pyrolysis products, including syngas, allowing for renewable gas research like green hydrogen. Improved heat transfer via direct heating boosts the efficiency of the reactor chamber, addressing prior limitations. Its portability supports both field research and practical education in remote areas. The fabricated reactor involves much lower capital costs by eliminating shipping, tariffs, and currency exchange fees. Maintenance is also more affordable, as spare parts and expertise are locally accessible. This research promotes technical skill development, supporting long-term savings and fostering sustainable bioenergy sectors, especially in developing countries. The biochar and syngas produced in this study can be used as sustainable carbon sources in the iron and steel industry, with syngas also serving as a potential source for green hydrogen production.

With the rising demand for fish and increasing concerns about foodborne illnesses, understanding vendors' perspectives is critical for enhancing food safety standards. This cross-sectional study assessed food safety knowledge and attitudes among fish sellers operating in informal fish markets in Ilorin Metropolis, Nigeria, using a structured questionnaire administered via face-to-face interviews between October and December 2023. A total of 240 fish vendors completed the survey. A stepwise backward binary logistic regression model was used to identify the independent factors associated with good knowledge or satisfactory attitudes toward food safety among fish vendors. Over 62.5% of the respondents had good food safety knowledge, particularly in areas such as personal hygiene and cross-contamination. However, misconceptions about foodborne diseases persist. While attitudes toward food safety were generally positive, certain practices such as wearing protective gear were less endorsed. Demographic factors significantly influenced both knowledge and attitudes. Logistic regression analysis revealed that respondents in older age groups were at least 11 times more likely to have satisfactory attitudes (OR: 10.5, 95% CI: 1.8–62.8, p = 0.015) toward food safety. Additionally, participants with smaller family sizes were four times more likely to display satisfactory attitudes toward fish safety. These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions, including training programs and government regulations, to improve fish vendors’ food safety practices. Strengthening education and enforcement measures is crucial for safeguarding public health and enhancing the quality of fish products in informal markets in Ilorin.

The growing demand for sustainable chemical alternatives in various industries and the environmental impact of conventional practices in the past decades have increased, prompting an urgent need to investigate potential of sugarcane in reshaping chemical production. The primary aim of this chapter is to examine both the synthesis and applications of sugarcane-based chemicals across diverse fields. The study revealed that the possible chemicals produced from sugarcane can cover beyond alcohols such as ethanol, butanol, xylitol, sorbitol, and glycerol; organic acids like lactic, levulinic, and succinic acids; furan-based chemicals such as furfural and furfuryl alcohol; and bio-plastics like polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate. These chemicals prove to be valuable in industries spanning food, pharmaceuticals, textiles, cosmetics, medicine, and agriculture. The study also presents recommendations based on challenges in the field, offering insights for future research. In conclusion, the utilization of sugarcane for chemical production represents a harmonious blend of economic viability, environmental sustainability, and technological innovation. As industries worldwide seek greener alternatives, sugarcane emerges as a beacon of hope, offering solutions that not only meet current needs but also pave the way for a more sustainable and resilient future.

Information is needed on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions due to tillage and crop type on sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.)‐based crop rotations. We measured CO2, N2O, and CH4 emissions as affected by tillage (conventional till [CT], no‐till [NT], and strip till [ST]) under sugarbeet and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) phases of an irrigated sugarbeet–pea (Pisum sativum L.)–spring wheat rotation from 2018 to 2021 in the US northern Great Plains. Greenhouse gases were measured using a static chamber at 3‐ to 28‐day intervals, depending on plant growth and environmental conditions, throughout the year. The CO2 and N2O fluxes peaked for 2–8 months immediately after tillage, planting, fertilization, intense precipitation, and irrigation. The CH4 flux varied little, except for some peaks in the first year. Cumulative annual CO2 flux was 19%–30% greater for CT than NT in 2019–2020 and 2020–2021, and 13% greater for CT than ST in 2020–2021. Cumulative N2O flux was 31%–36% greater for CT than ST in 2018–2019 and 2020–2021, but 33%–83% lower for sugarbeet than spring wheat in all years. Cumulative CH4 flux was 83% lower for CT than NT and 68% lower for sugarbeet than spring wheat in 2018–2019. The GHG balance was 15%–23% greater for CT than NT and ST in 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 and 31% greater under sugarbeet than spring wheat in 2018–2019. No‐tillage can reduce GHG emissions compared to conventional tillage, and sugarbeet can reduce N2O emissions compared to spring wheat in sugarbeet‐based crop rotations.

In this study, silicene nanosheets (SNs) were synthesized using molten salt chemical exfoliation. Polythiophene (PTh) and SNs/PTh nanocomposites were prepared through an in-situ chemical oxidative polymerization method. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the formation of SNs, PTh, and various SNs/PTh nanocomposites at different ratios. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis verified the presence of crystalline SNs, the amorphous nature of PTh, and the combination of crystalline SNs with amorphous PTh in the nanocomposites. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) revealed the morphology of silicene sheets and the distribution of PTh granular globes and flakes in the SNs/PTh nanocomposites. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed transparent and reduced-stacking SNs, as well as aggregated PTh flakes and evenly distributed PTh flakes over the SNs surface in the nanocomposites. Electrochemical tests indicated that SNs/PTh nanocomposites exhibited higher specific capacitance, energy density, and stable cycling performance compared to individual SNs and PTh. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements showed that the best performing supercapacitor electrode, SNs/PTh-67 nanocomposite displayed a specific capacitance of 276.25 F/g at a scan rate of 5 mV/s and delivered an energy density of 13.8 Wh/kg. The SNs/PTh-67 nanocomposite also exhibited excellent cycling stability with a capacitance retention of 85.9% after 2000 consecutive charge–discharge cycles at a current density of 4 A/g. This study demonstrates the potential of SNs/PTh-67 nanocomposite as a stable and high-performance electrode material for supercapacitors.

This study evaluated the distribution of rare earth elements (REEs) in the Asejire Reservoir, Southwest Nigeria, a region lacking comprehensive REE assessment despite the growing concern over REE contamination due to industrial and technological expansion. Using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), 12 water samples were analyzed to determine REE concentrations. The total REE (∑REE) concentrations ranged from 10.35 to 13.44 μg/L. The anomalies for Cerium (Ce/Ce*), Europium (Eu/Eu*) and Gadolinium (Gd/Gd*) were 0.19-0.24, 0.18-0.24, and 0.94-1.23, respectively. These values indicate strong negative anomalies for Ce/Ce* and Eu/Eu*, while Gd/Gd* exhibited a slight positive anomaly. These results suggest that the water in the study area is relatively pristine with respect to REEs. The enrichment factor (EF) analysis showed slight enrichment/contamination (1 ≤ EF < 2) for light REEs (LREEs) and middle REEs (MREEs), while heavy REEs (HREEs) mostly showed no enrichment (EF < 1). Notably, most samples had Lanthanum (La) and Cerium (Ce) concentrations above the indicative Admissible Concentration (iAC = 2.0 μg/L) for drinking water, implying potential adverse effects from chronic ingestion. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that 71.2% of the variability is accounted for by the first two principal components (PC). PC1, which accounts for 61.22%, is attributed to natural inputs of REEs, while PC2, accounting for 10.51%, suggests some anthropogenic input. In conclusion, this study reveals that the Asejire Reservoir is slightly impacted by anthropogenic influences and local authorities should implement appropriate measures to prevent further deterioration.

Introduction In recent decades, there has been a proliferation of mobile health (mHealth) interventions to address public health challenges such as HIV/AIDS. Hence, there is a need for standardizing the report of mHealth interventions and frameworks to enable effective knowledge sharing and promote developments. This study aims to review publications on mobile applications used for antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence among people living with HIV (PLHIV) to evaluate their compliance with the standard reporting guideline by the WHO. Method A comprehensive search of published literature was conducted on PubMed, PubMed Central, and MEDLINE databases. We selected randomized controlled trials reporting mobile applications used to improve ART adherence among PLHIV. Only studies published in the last 10 years and the English language were included. Each selected study was reviewed by two independent reviewers against the standard 16-item checklist developed by the WHO. Results A total of 16 studies were included in the review. Most of the studies were conducted in the United States of America (n = 7). Only 4 (25%) of the studies reported more than 70% (11/16) of the items on the standard reporting checklist by WHO. More than 80% of the studies reported the intervention content (n = 15) and intervention delivery (n = 13). The least reported items were; interoperability/Health Information Systems (HIS) context (n = 2), infrastructure (population level such as electricity, internet connectivity, etc.) (n = 4), and cost assessment (n = 4). However, these are important factors that ensure the sustainability and usability of mHealth intervention, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Conclusion Most mHealth interventions promoting ART adherence did not comply with the standard reporting guideline. The lack of standardization of mHealth interventions may be responsible for increased siloed mobile applications. Hence, there is a need for global adoption of the checklist by Ministries of Health, international organizations, journals, and relevant authorities.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) represent a global public health challenge that has persisted for decades. While significant advancements have been made in treatment and prevention, HIV/AIDS continues to have a devastating impact on millions of lives worldwide. Long-Acting Antiretrovirals (LAARVs) have emerged as a crucial way to reduce the progression of HIV as well as suppressing its replication. Despite this, the disease seems to be a global health challenge, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. This review revealed several challenges hindering the widespread implementation of LAARVs. These challenges include a lack of accurate information about LAARVs, persistent societal stigma surrounding HIV, and concerns about their perceived high cost. Additionally, long travel distances, financial constraints, inconvenient clinic appointments, and queues impede regular clinic attendance also play a significant role in the constraints faced by people in Sub-Saharan Africa. Long-Acting Anti-retroviral drugs represent a significant advancement in the management of HIV. This perspective review discusses the potential implications. We briefly highlight the mechanism of action and efficacy, showing its potential to reduce the burden of HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa. This review also aims to inform healthcare providers, researchers, general public, and the government about the opportunities and hurdles of integrating this group of medication into the already existing standard, ultimately controlling HIV and improving the outcomes for people living with HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Inclusion of nanoquartz particles in sandcrete blocks has revolutionized their strength and durability, offering a sustainable solution for construction applications where superior performance and longevity are required. This study aims to assess the strength and durability of nano-sandcrete blocks through a comprehensive analysis of their properties. Nano-sandcrete blocks were fabricated using various mix ratios, cured for 7 and 28 days, and evaluated for compressive strength, bulk density, morphology, and water absorption capacity. Particle size analysis revealed the presence of coarser particles in both sharp sand and quartz sand, contributing significantly to the strength and stability of the blocks. The bulk density of nano-sandcrete blocks varied across different mixtures and curing times, with values ranging from 1772.67 kg/m3 to 2660 kg/m3 after 28 days, with higher percentages of sharp sand and nanoquartz contributing to increased bulk density. Water absorption capacity varied from 10.56 to 27.89% depending on the mixture composition. Finer particles like nanoquartz and quartz sand reduced water absorption by decreasing porosity. Compressive strength improved significantly after 28 days, ranging from 3.7 N/mm2 to 8.22 N/mm2. SEM micrographs showed effective particle-matrix interaction with well-dispersed nanoquartz particles, suggesting enhanced strength and durability. The optimal composition of 80% sharp sand, 5% quartz sand, and 15% nanoquartz demonstrated improved performance, indicating that nanoquartz can enhance the strength and durability of sandcrete blocks for construction applications.

Background Dates are highly perishable fruits, and maintaining their quality during storage is essential for both commercial viability and consumer satisfaction. One effective strategy for preserving their nutritional and functional properties is through drying, which reduces moisture content and inhibits microbial growth while concentrating essential nutrients. This study compared the impact of three drying methods (sun drying, hot air oven drying, and cabinet drying) on the chemical, functional, and microbial properties of date flour. The flesh of two date varieties, Amber and Sukkari, was processed by washing, drying at 65°C, milling, and sieving to obtain fine flour, which was then subjected to analysis. Results The results revealed that fat (5.35 ± 0.07%), protein (10.50 ± 0.00%), and crude fiber (8.57 ± 0.59%) contents were higher in hot‐air oven‐dried amber date fruit. Moisture (12.94 ± 0.63%), ash (2.37 ± 0.03%), and vitamin C (0.024 ± 0.00 mg/100 g) contents were reported to be higher in sun‐dried Sukkari date due to the slower drying process and exposure to lower drying temperatures during sun drying, which allows for minimal thermal degradation of heat‐sensitive compounds like vitamin C. Oven‐dried Amber date powder displayed greater water absorption (1.10 mL/g) and solubility (66.60%). In terms of microbial analysis, both hot air oven‐dried Amber and Sukkari dates had the lowest total viable count (1.19 × 10⁵ and 9.45 × 10⁴ CFU/mL, respectively). Conclusion Hot air oven drying is a suitable method for drying date fruit as it results in the highest retention of protein, fiber, and ash content while also maintaining low moisture levels, reducing microbial growth, and improving shelf life.

The quest to reduce dependency on fish- or vegetable-based oil resources has prompted aquaculture experts to intensify their search for a suitable and sustainable alternative for aquafeed production. Based on this reality, the current study was designed to evaluate the dietary influence of African palm weevil oil (PWO) on the growth performance, serum biochemistry, lipid peroxidation products, antioxidant enzyme response, and organ integrity of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) juveniles. Four diets were formulated, wherein the control diet was prepared using soybean oil (SO) as the main dietary oil source and was replaced with PWO in the treatment diets at 50% (PWO-50), 75% (PWO-75), or 100% (PWO-100). A total of 180 African catfish (average weight: 18.76 ± 0.043) were randomly stocked at 15 fish per 50-L tank in triplicate and hand-fed to apparent satiation twice daily for 45 days. The results showed that the highest weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), and thermal growth coefficient (TGC) were found in control (SO)-fed fish, which is similar to the PWO 50% but differs significantly from others (p<0.05). The feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein productive value (PPV) showed linear and quadratic trends, with a significantly lowest and highest value recorded in fish-fed control and PWO 50%, respectively, compared to other dietary groups (p<0.05). The protein efficiency ratio (PER) value decreases linearly (p<0.001) as the level of PWO increases. The highest total immunoglobulin (TIG) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were recorded in fish fed PWO-50%, while PWO-75% registered the highest lysozyme activity (LA). There was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) in the physiological parameters such as total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), C-reactive protein (CRP), and lipid peroxidation index (malondialdehyde [MDA]) among the groups. The fish fed PWO-100% had the lowest recorded values of villus height, area of absorption, and cryptal depth (p<0.05). In summary, the current finding shows that oil extracted from African palm weevils appears promising at a 50% dietary level without impairing the growth performance, liver, or intestinal health of African catfish.

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of hydrocarbon pollution in Ghana's coastal sediments, with a focus on aliphatic hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The primary objectives were to identify the sources of hydrocarbon pollution, assess its extent, and understand its implications for environmental management and policy. A total of 15 samples were collected from 5 sampling spots. Soxhlet extraction technique was applied. Analysis was conducted by gas chromatography/flame ionization detector for aliphatic hydrocarbons and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Isomeric ratios, such as the carbon preference index, low molecular weight to high molecular weight n-alkanes, etc., were used to infer the sources of n-alkanes. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons diagnostic ratios, including Benzo[b + k]fluoranthene/Benzo[a]pyrene, Phenanthrene/Anthracene, etc., were used to predict PAHs sources into petrogenic and pyrogenic sources. The study also utilized statistical tools like principal component analysis-absolute principal component scores-multiple linear regression for a detailed source appointment. The type of aliphatic hydrocarbon detected in samples ranged from C10H22 to C33H68. Concerning aliphatic hydrocarbon, C21H44 has the highest average presence at 5.224 μg/kg of dry mass in sediment samples whereas, C10H22 shows the lowest mean concentration of 1.953 µg/kg of dry mass. The mean concentrations of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons detected in samples ranged from 0.544 µg/kg for Anthracene to 2.168 µg/kg for Acenaphthene. Primary findings revealed a mix of petrogenic and pyrogenic sources in the coastal sediments, evidenced by the varying aliphatic hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ratios. Notably, the presence of carcinogenic PAHs highlighted potential health risks. The APCS-MLR analysis identified specific sources influencing hydrocarbon pollution. These include crude oil, urban runoff, atmospheric deposition, etc. This research contributes to a better understanding of coastal sediment pollution, serving as a foundation for future environmental policies and sustainable coastal management strategies in Ghana.

Globimetula oreophila is a hemiparasitic plant commonly called mistletoe, found growing on several dicotyledonous trees using them as a host for its root-like structure called haustoria. Globimetula oreophila has been used to cure various ailments, including diarrhea, stomachache, headache, and malaria. This research study aims to isolate and characterize some phytochemical constituents in the ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and n-hexane fractions of Globimetula oreophila leaves. The powdered plant material was extracted with 70% ethanol using cold maceration. The crude extract was fractionated with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol to produce the corresponding fractions. Physical and chemical tests, FTIR, UV–visible spectroscopy, 1D, and 2D NMR analysis elucidated the structures of the compounds. Column chromatographic separation of the n-butanol fraction led to the isolation of a yellowish amorphous substance coded DG1 and DG5 as 5, 7, 3’, 4’-tetrahydroxy-quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside and 3, 5, 7, 3’, 4’-pentahydroxy flavones. Column chromatographic separation of the ethyl acetate fraction also led to the isolation of a white amorphous substance coded DG2 and a yellowish amorphous substance coded DG3 as 3,5-dimethoxy-4'-O-(2'',3''-dihydroxy-3-methyl-butyl)-dihydrostilbene and 2',4-dihydroxy-4'-methoxy chalcone. Compound DG4 was isolated as a white amorphous powder through the column separation of the n-hexane fraction and was found to be stigmasterol. Based on the findings of this study, it has been determined that the leaves of G. oreophila are a rich source of phytochemical constituents. These five compounds were isolated and reported for the first time in the plant with two being new to the genus, contributing to the chemical taxonomy of the plant.