University of Allahabad

The severe climate change has caused a drastic water level disparity around the globe, which eventually has been one of the biggest problems of this era related to land degradation. This has caused the multidimensional impact on ecology, the environment, and their components. Algae, one of the ancient micro-engineers, are involved in the functioning of soil microcosm. Therefore, this study has utilized a novel alga, Chlorella vulgaris SSAU8 to observe the impact of low water potential induced by PEG-6000 (polyethylene glycol). The study has utilized the UV–Vis spectrophotometer to explore the nature of cyanobacteria by examining biomass and pigment concentrations. The assessment also includes the photosystem response, which was recorded by the Dual-modulation kinetic fluorometer FL3500/F (PSI, Brno, Czech Republic, version 3.7.0.1). The effect of PEG-6000-induced drought was seen to inhibit growth and biomass synthesis at > 30 g L⁻¹ concentration. It was also observed that the microbe could easily shuffle its photosystem behavior to nullify the effect of high PEG-6000 concentration, which shows the potential of the microbe in the water-deficient area and can be an important aspect to enhance soil fertility. Non-photochemical quenching and heat dissipation play a crucial role in cyanobacteria tolerating drought conditions. So, overall, this study thoroughly explores the behavior of Chlorella vulgaris SSAU8 in artificial drought stress and paves a way to combat one of the major environmental issues of the current era.

Total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), respiratory suspended particulate matter (RSPM-PM10), fine particulate matter (FPM-PM2.5) and sub-fine particulate matter (SFPM-PM1) have been found to exert negative impact on the women health. This study was conducted to see the effect of indoor RSPM, FPM, SFPM and TVOCs on women health predominantly on young women dwellers (specifically categorized into pre-teenagers i.e., 8–12 years, teenagers i.e., 13–19 years and post-teenagers i.e., 20–21 years). Indoor monitoring was conducted from November 2022 to February 2023 in six different urban households of Lucknow, capital city of Uttar Pradesh state of India. Envirotech APM 550 for RSPM and FPM, APM 577 for SFPM and portable sensor-based instrument (BR-SMART) were used to measure TVOCs. The highest average indoor concentrations was found to be 250.1 ± 14.11 µg/m³ (PM10) at Rajajipuram, 140.62 ± 19.71 µg/m³ (PM2.5) at Indranagar, 27.60 ± 1.87 µg/m³ (PM1) and 934 ± 70.41 µg/m³ (TVOCs) at Kaiserbagh.Health risk assessment was also determined using average daily dose (ADD), excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) and hazard quotient (HQ) for carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk. ELCR values for PM1 and PM2.5 surpassed the permissible limit in every house and HQ values also exceeded the minimum allowable value for 20–21 year age group at all of the locations, indicating substantial health risk from exposure. International Committee of Radiological Protection Model (ICRP) and Multiple Path Particle Dosimetry (MPPD) model were used to see the regional deposition of PMs on the young women dwellers. To elucidate the spatial dynamics of these pollutants, the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation technique was employed. Additionally, site-specific analysis of PM mass ratios (PM2.5/PM10, PM1/PM2.5 and PM1/PM10) elucidated the particle size distribution and their sources, significantly enhancing the scientific understanding of aerosol dynamics in these urban settings.

This study was designed to evaluate the dose-dependent efficacy of neurotensin receptor-1 (NTSR1) agonist PD149163 in the amelioration of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced apoptosis in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of mice. PD149163 is an analogue of NTS, a GIT tri-decapeptide with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects. Swiss-albino mice (female/8 weeks/25 ± 2.5 g) were divided into six groups: control; LPS, LPS + PD149163L, and LPS + PD149163H groups were treated with LPS (0.2 μmol/L/kgBW; 5 days), followed by exposure of PD149163 to LPS + PD149163L (10.6 μmol/L/kgBW), and LPS + PD149163H (21.2 μmol/L/kgBW) for 28 days. OnlyPD149163L (10.6 μmol/L/kgBW) and onlyPD149163H (21.2 μmol/L/kgBW) groups were maintained for 28 days. Both the LPS and PD149163 were given intraperitoneally. PD149163 treatment for 4 weeks alleviated the LPS-induced enterocyte apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. LPS-induced excessive levels of caspase-3, tumour necrosis factor-α, and leptin (biomarkers of LPS-induced apoptosis) in plasma were decreased by PD149163H treatment. Moreover, LPS-induced gut oxidative stress was ameliorated by PD149163H supplementation, as evidenced by the decreased content of malondialdehyde, lipid-hydroperoxide and increased level of superoxide-dismutase, catalase. Furthermore, PD149163H mediated elevation of the plasma anti-apoptotic protein (B-cell leukaemia/lymphoma-2) along with the NTS level contributed to the modulation of LPS-induced enterocyte apoptosis, reflected in histopathology. In vivo results were substantiated with in silico molecular docking analysis that predicted the binding of PD149163-TLR4 complex, suggesting that PD149163 can act as a TLR4 modulator and inhibit the activation of TLR4. The role of PD149163 in ameliorating GIT apoptosis by its anti-apoptotic and antioxidative effects is suggested. Further research may provide significant insights into the therapeutic intervention of PD149163 in apoptosis-related diseases of GIT.

Water is a vital resource that underpins agricultural productivity, ecosystem health, and socio-economic growth. Its significance is particularly pronounced in meeting food and energy demands, especially in regions where water scarcity poses challenges. This study aims to evaluate the water footprint of ethanol production from wheat, focusing on six districts of Uttar Pradesh, India: Agra, Aligarh, Fatehpur, Gorakhpur, Kanpur, and Varanasi. The analysis examines water use across three stages: wheat cultivation, wheat straw production, and ethanol production, to identify regional variations in water consumption. The findings reveal notable disparities in water usage across the districts. Varanasi exhibited the highest water footprint for wheat cultivation at 932.7 m³/ton and wheat straw production 289.1 m³/ton. In contrast, Gorakhpur had the largest green water contribution during straw production 85.0 m³/ton. For ethanol production, Varanasi again recorded the highest water footprint (349.1 m³/ton), while Gorakhpur reported the lowest (282.3 m³/ton). These results underscore the importance of developing localized water management practices to improve resource efficiency and promote sustainable biofuel production systems.

Land degradation can cause food insecurities and can damage ecosystems. This study highlights the potential of cyanobacteria (Anabaena variabilis, Spirulina platensis, Scytonema javanicum, and Nostoc commune), along with bacteria (Bacillus sp. SSAU-2), and their consortia to form biological soil crust, restoring soil properties and promoting plant growth. The efficiency of soil improvement was characterized by physiochemical parameters such as phosphate solubilization, %TOC, pH, and salinity. Scanning electron microscopy and a pot experiment were utilized to observe the morphological and soil improvement studies. Bacterial inoculation resulted in significant improvements in soil fertility, such as exopolysaccharide, organic carbon, organic matter, phosphorus content, and total soil porosity. Cyanobacteria consortia were more effective than monocultures at improving soil fertility and promoting barley plant development. The potential value of selected cyanobacteria and bacterial consortia as a useful tool for the restoration of degraded land is demonstrated experimentally by this study.

As global change threatens avian biodiversity, understanding species responses to environmental perturbations due to radiation emitted by enormous increase in the application of wireless communication is very urgent. The study investigates the effect of MW radiation on redox balance, stress level, male fertility and the efficacy of Withania somnifera (WS) root extract (100 mg/kg body weight) orally administered in 8 weeks old mature male Japanese quail exposed to 2.4 GHz MW radiation for 2 h/day for 30 days with power density = 0.1264 mw/cm2 and SAR = 0.9978 W/Kg. Wi-fi exposure induces a decrease in testicular weight, volume, density and gonado-somatic index (GSI) while Ashwagandha increases them. Oxidative stress parameters increased and activity of SOD, catalase, GSH was reduced in testes of exposed quail while Ashwagandha treatment reinstates the redox balance. Exposure to Wi-fi alters quail reproduction by increase in corticosterone and decreased testosterone with reduced expression of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) in testis. Wi-fi exposure increases IL1β and reduces IL10 in testis. IL-1β inhibits testicular cell function and promotes apoptosis by increasing NF-κB and decreasing sperm count in exposed quails. Ashwagandha increases expression of ERα, sperm count and immunity in quail testis. Further, decrease in IL1β, NF-κB and increase in IL-10 after administration of Ashwagandha in Wi-fi exposed quail prevents inflammatory damages and enhances gonadal function. Thus, exposure to Wi-fi increases oxidative stress, activates apoptosis, modulates immunity in testis while Ashwagandha reverses them via enhanced ERα expression, increase in sperm count thereby enhancing fertility in male Japanese quail.

Agroforestry is an alternative land use practice that holds promise for societal benefits and the attainment of ecosystem sustainability. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the tree diversity, carbon sequestration, soil carbon pool, oxygen production and rice productivity under traditional agroforestry systems at different elevations in the Garhwal Himalayan region of India. Tree diversity, carbon sequestration and oxygen production were quantified by field measurements (using 0.04 ha quadrats) and subsequent calculations. Rice productivity was assessed using grain yield, straw yield and biological yield, while soil properties were analyzed in the laboratory using standard methods. Results of the study showed that tree diversity was higher at the 1200-1600 m elevation and had a maximum Shannon Diversity Index (1.29) and Simpson Diversity Index (0.69). The 1600-2000 m elevation stored more carbon (34.43 Mg ha −1) and total oxygen production (91.79 Mg ha −1). Among the agroforestry trees, Quercus leucotrichophora, Melia azedarach and Prunus cerasoides showed the highest carbon storage and total oxygen production. Elevation and soil depth were found to affect the soil properties. The agroforestry systems had higher soil organic carbon and lower bulk density than sole cropping systems. Compared to the agroforestry system, the monoculture produced more rice (Oryza sativa). The study shows that traditional agroforestry is a valuable tool for carbon sequestration and soil improvement, albeit with potential compromises in crop productivity. It emphasises the need for tailored management approaches to harness the ecological and environmental benefits of agroforestry in the Himalayas. This study draws attention to the potential of traditional agroforestry in the Garhwal Himalaya for carbon seques-tration, climate change mitigation and soil quality improvement which provides a reference for striking a balance between the ecological advantages of agroforestry and the socioeconomic considerations of local communities. However, it also underlines the importance of considering trade-offs between environmental benefits and crop yields when implementing such agroforestry systems.

The heme paradigm where Fe=O acts as the C−H oxidant and Fe−OH rebounds with the formed carbon‐centered radical guides the design of the prototypical synthetic hydroxylation catalyst. We are exploring methods to evolve beyond the metal‐oxo oxidant and hydroxide rebound, to incorporate a wider array of functional group. We have demonstrated the application of CoII(OTf)2 (10 mol% catalyst; OTf=trimfluoromethanesulfonate) in combination with polydentate N‐donor ligands (e. g. BPMEN=N,N′‐dimethyl‐N,N′‐bis(pyrid‐2‐ylmethyl)ethane‐1,2‐diamine) and Selectfluor in the oxidative fluorination of saturated hydrocarbons in high yields. The addition of CsF to the reaction mixture induced near‐quantitative yields of fluorinated saturated hydrocarbons (>90 % yield of fluorinated product). For 1‐hydroxy, 1‐acetyl, 1‐carboxy‐, and 1‐acetamido‐adamantane, we demonstrated selective fluorination at the 3‐position. We propose two mechanisms for the CoII‐catalyzed reaction: either (i) an N‐radical, derived from Selectfluor, acted as the C−H oxidant followed by radical rebound with CoIII−F; or (ii) a CoIV−(F)2 species was the C−H oxidant followed by radical rebound with CoIII−F. Our combined spectroscopic, kinetic, and chemical trapping evidence suggested that an N‐radical was not the active oxidant. We concluded that a CoIV−(F)2 species was the likely active oxidant and CoIII−F was the likely F‐atom donor to a carbon centered radical producing a C−F bond.

This research utilizes satellite data to analyze the land displacement in the region. The PS-InSAR technique utilizes long-term coherent radar measurements from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images to produce high-resolution maps of surface displacement, making it an effective tool for monitoring and assessing ground subsidence in regions with high urbanization and industrial activities. In this research, 166 Sentinel-1 images were taken in the study area between 2016 and 2021. All the images collected are in ascending path. For processing the Persistent Scatterer Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar (PS-InSAR) data, Sarproz software is used for analysis. According to the results, a high amount of subsidence was recorded in the urban part of the research area, where urbanization takes place. The high rate of cumulative displacement monitored in the study area is 12 mm/year. The remaining part of the study area show lower subsidence or no subsidence as compared to the urban part. According to the report of the Kanchipuram district, displacement is caused by a decrease in groundwater levels due to over-extraction of under groundwater. This study indicates that in the study area, major management planning should be implemented for using the groundwater.

Introduction/Objective The outbreak of COVID-19 has undoubtedly impacted all sections of the population across countries and continents. Here, we describe the additional challenges that Israeli adolescents had to face due to the pandemic and the ensuing lockdown, besides the difficulties posed by sociopolitical turmoil in Israel. In particular, the current cross-sectional study aimed to explore experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting lockdown among Israeli adolescents. Methods A sample of 306 Israeli adolescents (mean age 15.32 ± 1.81 years) was assessed on the level of social restrictions experienced, daily routines, and emotional climate (i.e., worries, negative affect, and anhedonia). Results Our results showed that while most participants (95.04%; 51.04% males) did not personally experience the infection, they reported worrying about their studies (43.14%) and about the health of relatives and friends (34.97%). Females reported being more isolated (t(292) =-2.77, p= .01), having higher negative affect (t(292) = -4.198, p= .02), and reported greater impact of the pandemic on their study (t(292) =-2.44, p= .02), finance (t(292) =-3.10, p= .002), and emotions (t(292) =-2.44, p= .02) than males. Both genders did not differ in their levels of anhedonia, which was low (t(292) = 1.27, p= .20). Conclusion Results underscore the impact of the pandemic on the academic and social lives of youth and the content of their worries. In the special context of Israel, a country that has undergone significant nationwide challenges, these results indicate the resilience of young people alongside elevated levels of worry and negative emotions.

In response to the growing emphasis on transitioning to clean, sustainable energy and the increasing global energy demand, the utilization of renewable resources has notably expanded. Among these resources, wind stands as a significant contributor. Presently, India relies on wind farms for over 25% of its renewable energy production. Considering the cost of installation, maintenance, and commitment of the Government of India to become carbon neutral by 2070, it is important to harness more and more wind energy. This underscores the significance of precise wind energy forecasting, which is crucial for optimizing schedules and enhancing the efficiency of wind farm operations. Accurate forecasting stands as the linchpin for unlocking the full potential of this plentiful renewable resource. The present study evaluates the performance of the hourly wind speed forecast of the National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF) Global Unified Model (NCUM-G) during the last 4 years (2019–2022). Considering the wind sites in the top six wind-rich states of India, the performance of the NCUM-G is evaluated using different statistical error measures. The results suggest that model forecast accuracy in the first 24 hours is reasonably good and decreases appreciably at higher lead times. Accuracy in terms of a difference in the forecast and observed wind speed for thresholds of 0.75, 1.0, and 1.5 m/s are 79, 87, and 95%, respectively, whereas the mean absolute error is less than ~1 m/s. Furthermore, the study indicates an enhancement in model performance and improved skill in 2022 compared to 2019. The study also assesses the effectiveness of bias correction in wind speed forecasts, leading to improved wind power forecasting, particularly at sites with higher forecast errors.

Biopsy is considered the gold standard for diagnosing brain tumors, but its invasive nature can pose risks to patients. Additionally, tissue analysis can be cumbersome and inconsistent among observers. This research aims to develop a cost-effective, non-invasive, MRI-based computer-aided diagnosis tool that can reliably, accurately and swiftly identify brain tumor grades. Our system employs ensemble deep learning (EDL) within an MRI multiclass framework that includes five datasets: two-class (C2), three-class (C3), four-class (C4), five-class (C5) and six-class (C6). The EDL utilizes a majority voting algorithm to classify brain tumors by combining seven renowned deep learning (DL) models—EfficientNet, VGG16, ResNet18, GoogleNet, ResNet50, Inception-V3 and DarkNet—and seven machine learning (ML) models, including support vector machine, K-nearest neighbour, Naïve Bayes, decision tree, linear discriminant analysis, artificial neural network and random forest. Additionally, local interpretable model-agnostic explanations (LIME) are employed as an explainable AI algorithm, providing a visual representation of the CNN's internal workings to enhance the credibility of the results. Through extensive five-fold cross-validation experiments, the DL-based majority voting algorithm outperformed the ML-based majority voting algorithm, achieving the highest average accuracies of 100 ± 0.00%, 98.55 ± 0.35%, 98.47 ± 0.63%, 95.34 ± 1.17% and 96.61 ± 0.85% for the C2, C3, C4, C5 and C6 datasets, respectively. Majority voting algorithms typically yield consistent results across different folds of the brain tumor data and enhance performance compared to any individual deep learning and machine learning models.

This work introduces, an optimized Dual Gate Vertical Junction Tunnel FET sensor (DG-VJ-TFET) to evaluate the quality of water based on dielectric modulation technique. DG-VJ-TFET sensor has a double cavity on either side of the gate oxide for sensing the biomolecules. The proposed device has been optimized in terms of oxide material, oxide thickness, channel thickness, and channel material. Furthermore, the optimized device is investigated as sensor to evaluate the quality of water. Tentative fabrication process of the DG-VJ-TFET is presented. Nanocavities of 6 nm were etched on both the sides of gate dielectric. The proposed structure showed a rectification ratio of 2 × 10⁴, SS of 26 mV/decade. Dielectric constant of different water biomolecules varies the transfer and output characteristics that suggests IOFF current to be the sensing metric of DG-V-TFET. Silvaco ATLAS TCAD tool has been utilized for numerical calculation process. The maximum sensitivity and ION/IOFF is observed for pure ice i.e., 57 and 8 × 10⁶, respectively, so DG-VJ-TFET presents strong candidature for evaluating the water quality.

Vegetation cover is critical in supporting our lives by maintaining many ecological and environmental services. As part of the vegetation cover, forests are the most essential components of the carbon cycle on the Earth. Canopy height is a critical piece of data needed for calculating the ecological and silvicultural variables of the forest. Since the forest canopy is the first/last frontier interacting with the atmosphere and incoming from space electromagnetic radiation, this study investigates using Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) to map canopy heights. A comparison of the Canopy Height Models (CHMs) with a reference CHM and Digital Terrain Model (DTM) was performed in this study. The investigated DEMs include SRTM, ALOS World3D30 (AW3D30) and WorldDEM™. Results show an underestimation of CHMs and significant variations between the DEMs used. Consistent for all DEMs, the spatial resolution of 30 m produced the CHMs’ RMSE of 15.35 m, 16.95 m, and 16.49 m for AW3D30, SRTM and WorldDEM™, respectively. In addition, the largest CHM bias was for the SRTM. The ratio between the obtained CHMs and the reference CHM can provide a first-hand method to estimate a suitable correction to the actual forest height. The study was conducted on a flat terrain covered by pristine rainforest in Brunei Darussalam, Borneo. The forest is evergreen, and the phenological cycle is barely recognizable throughout the year. These facts are essential for the research since the DEMs were collected at different months/ years.

This study investigates the temperature-dependent elastic, mechanical, thermal, and acoustic features of alkaline earth semiconductors calcium monochalcogenides CaX (X = S, Se, Te). First of all, the second- and third-order elastic constants have been calculated in the temperature range 0–500 K using the Born-potential model. The evaluated SOECs values were utilized to compute the mechanical constants at 0 K and 300 K. Selected materials in the present investigation have been found mechanically stable and brittle, in nature. The elastic anisotropy of the mechanical moduli has been presented using the 3D surface. SOECs have also been employed to perceive the acoustical wave velocities for longitudinal and shear modes of propagation and Debye mean velocities along <100>, <110>, and <111> directions. SOECs and TOECs were used to calculate the acoustic Grüneisen parameters. Further, the Debye characteristic temperature, thermal conductivity, specific heat, and energy density were computed for CaX. Finally, the direction-dependent ultrasonic attenuation due to phonon–phonon interaction and thermelastic relaxation process has been computed for CaX at room temperature. The results obtained have been validated with existing results that are accessible for the chosen materials.

The production of terahertz (THz) radiation is a swiftly advancing area with substantial ramifications for numerous scientific and technical uses, such as imaging, communication, and spectroscopy. This study examines the amplification of terahertz radiation in under-dense, collisional plasma when stimulated by Gaussian laser beams. We investigated the dynamics of the interaction between laser beams and non-uniform plasma using analytical analysis. The results of our study indicate that by optimizing the plasma and laser parameters, such plasma density, collisional frequency and transverse distance, we can significantly enhance the THz efficiency. The results illustrate the capability of Gaussian laser beams to customize plasma conditions and enhance the efficiency of THz radiation. This breakthrough creates new opportunities for the growth of high-power THz sources, which have potential uses in a range of high-resolution and non-invasive diagnostic approaches.

In this article an 8-port annular ring-shaped MIMO antenna for 5G and 5G advanced applications is presented. An annular ring on the radiating plane and novel isolator structure on the ground plane are etched over a Rogers RT/Duorid (5870 tm) substrate to achieve high performance antenna for mm wave applications. A systematic study is performed, and an optimized single port antenna (Design-4) is selected among Designs (1-4). The intended 8-port MIMO antenna resonates at 36.4 GHz and exhibits 6.1 GHz (34.2-40.3 GHz) wide bandwidth $|S_{11}| < -10 \, \text {dB}$ and 40 dB high isolation level. The proposed antenna covers a complete band of 5G NR-n260 which supports time division duplexing (TDD) mode. Moreover, a unique design of suggested antenna attains a high-level gain of 8.3 dB at 39 GHz and more than 85.2 % radiation efficiency. MIMO characteristics such as ECC, TARC, MEG and CCL are studied and found them in acceptable limit. Additionally, an approach toward massive antenna with 16-port for mmWave applications is also demonstrated. The proposed 16-port massive antenna with more than 22 dB isolation exhibits two bands: first band in 30-33 GHz for ports P9-P16 and second band in 33.5-40.9 GHz for ports P1-P8. A prototype of suggested 8-port antenna is fabricated, tested and validated and found it in close agreement of simulated results.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease marked by an excessive rise in blood sugar (glucose) levels caused by a partial or total absence of insulin production, combined with alterations in the metabolism of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. The International Diabetes Federation estimates that 425 million individuals globally had diabetes in 2017 which will be 629 million by 2045. Several medications are used to treat DM, but they have limitations and side effects including weight gain, nausea, vomiting, and damage to blood vessels and kidneys. Therefore, it is essential to identify anti-diabetic drugs that have less or no side effects. Hence, the current study employed in silico approaches to discover new DPP-IV inhibitors that might be associated with diabetes. Thirty-four (34) co-crystalized DPP-IV enzymes were found from the protein data bank and the co-crystal ligands were docked into the active-site 6B1E protein to find out the hit compounds. From the docking results, we found two hit compounds (5T4E and 4J3J) which were used to find out the analogs from the experimental drug database using the DrugRep software. According to the results, twenty (20) analogs were found from the experimental drug database with the similarity score of ≥ 0.790 and docked once again into the active site of the DPP-IV (PDB ID: 6B1E) enzyme. Interestingly, DB02226 showed the best binding affinity (−10.3 kcal/mol) and prime MM/GBSA (−68.73 kcal/mol) compared to the reference drug (co-crystal ligand; −7.4 kcal/mol and −47.49 kcal/mol, respectively). Additionally, DB02226 has shown excellent reactivity, efficacy, and structural stability in the binding region of target proteins in studies using MD simulation, MM/GBSA, DFT, and MESP analysis. These findings can be utilized to support further in vitro, in vivo, pre-clinical and clinical research rather than definitively confirming anti-diabetic effectiveness.

This study examines the cytological effects of chemical mutagen (EMS) treatment. Through cytological investigations across various meiotic phases, we observed that pollen mother cells (PMCs) exhibited desynaptic chromosomes, resulting in an elevated frequency of univalent at metaphase I compared to bivalents. Additionally, a notable increase in pollen sterility was observed in plants with induced desynapsis. These findings offer valuable genetic insights and highlight the potential for aneuploid production in mutation breeding programs. We conducted an analysis at a concentration of 0.4% EMS and observed a range of meiotic and post-meiotic abnormalities that significantly impacted the growth and development of the plant. Notably, we have observed a substantial reduction in normal pollen grain formation, indicating the potential for developing male sterile lines. EMS emerges as a potent mutagen, inducing significant cytological variations across various stages of PMC development. These findings offer valuable insights for plant breeders, facilitating the development of male sterile lines and enabling the manipulation of cytological variation in plant populations.