Universidade Estadual de Maringá

This article aimed to understand how governance structures and the search for value protection influence transaction costs in the relationship between dairy producers and processors in Paraná, Brazil. These aspects are treated by Transaction Cost Economics (TCE) and by Measurement Cost Economics (MCE). For data collection, 30 semi-structured interviews were conducted and Content Analysis was used for data treatment and results analysis. For the theory, the study contributed demonstrating that although the alignment between transaction attributes and governance structures contribute for value protection as proposed by TCE, in the absence of complete information, this alignment is still not enough to guarantee economic rights, as predicted by MCE. Empirically, it contributed suggesting the use of formal contracts and the importance of formal information available to milk producers and processors to improve their results in the activity. Thus, considering the governance structures in Paraná’s dairy AGS, it is predicted that even if the hybrid structure is adequate, under TCE view, due to its alignment with transaction attributes, MCE concepts help to explain why agents still need guarantee mechanisms. Those mechanisms, such as long-term relationships, normative instructions and informal agreements, attempt to protect value, given informational problems.

This paper studied the behavior of multidimensional and income poverty, as well as its determinants in Brazil, in addition to rural and urban areas, based on information from the 2019 National Continuous Household Sample Survey (PNADC). The Alkire-Foster methodology was used in the construction of a Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), in addition to the logit model to estimate the impacts of determinants related to household characteristics on poverty. The health and sanitation dimension was the one that contributed the most to the MPI, followed by the education and housing dimensions. Unidimensional poverty was greater than multidimensional and rural poverty was also greater. Among the determinants of poverty, being in households with non-white heads, younger, unmarried, unemployed, less educated and in the North and Northeast regions increased the chances of poverty. In addition, while female heads reduced the chances of multidimensional poverty, it increased the chances of the unidimensional one.

Resumo Este trabalho estudou o comportamento da pobreza multidimensional e de renda, bem como seus determinantes no Brasil, evidenciando as diferenças entre as áreas rurais e urbanas com base nas informações das Pesquisas Nacionais por Amostra de Domicílios Contínua (PNADC) de 2019. Foi utilizada a metodologia Alkire-Foster na construção de um Índice de Pobreza Multidimensional (IPM), além do modelo logit para estimar os impactos na pobreza de determinantes relacionados a características domiciliares. A dimensão saúde e saneamento foi a que mais contribuiu com o IPM, seguida da dimensão educação e condições habitacionais. A pobreza unidimensional foi maior do que a multidimensional, além disso, a pobreza nas áreas rurais foi também maior. Entre os determinantes da pobreza, estar em domicílios com chefes não brancos, mais jovens, não casados, desempregados, menos escolarizados e ser das regiões Norte e Nordeste aumentaram as chances de pobreza. Além disso, domicílios com chefes mulheres tiveram menores chances de pobreza multidimensional, embora mais chances de pobreza unidimensional.

As intoxicações configuram-se como problema de saúde pública em âmbito mundial. No Brasil, estima-se que 33% dos casos de intoxicação medicamentosa pertençam ao grupo de crianças menores de nove anos de idade. Analisar as notificações compulsórias por intoxicação em crianças de zero a nove anos no Estado do Paraná, entre os anos de 2016 e 2020. Por meio de um estudo epidemiológico, descritivo com abordagem quantitativa, referente aos casos de notificação por intoxicação em crianças no Estado do Paraná, no período de 2016 a 2020. Realizado análise descritiva e distribuição espacial dos dados. Por se tratar de dados secundários o estudo dispensou apreciação ética. Foram notificados 8.595 casos de intoxicação em crianças no período em estudo. Houve predominância da faixa etária de 1 a 4 anos (73,5 %), sexo masculino (54,9%) e da cor branca (73,1%). Os agentes tóxicos mais frequentes foram os medicamentos (45%) e os produtos de uso domiciliar (20,5%). Quanto ao tipo de exposição foi a aguda-repetida (93,6%), em que o desfecho foi cura sem sequela (94,8%). Os casos de intoxicações estão relacionados às crianças nas fases iniciais de vida, destacando que muitos acidentes podem ser evitados por meio de boas práticas de armazenamento de produtos.

Objetivo: identificar os fatores associados ao abandono da terapia antirretroviral entre adolescentes e jovens vivendo com HIV/aids durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Método: estudo caso-controle realizado entre 2020 e 2021 em Maringá, Paraná. Os casos foram: adolescentes e jovens (10 a 24 anos) diagnosticados com HIV/aids e que abandonaram o tratamento, enquanto o grupo dos controles foi composto por pessoas com características sociodemográficas semelhantes, diagnosticadas com HIV/aids, sem histórico de abandono de tratamento. O pareamento dos casos e controles foi por meio de conveniência, sendo quatro controles para cada caso. O instrumento de pesquisa apresentou variáveis sociodemográficas, características clínicas e outras, cuja associação com o abandono do tratamento foi analisada por meio de regressão logística. Resultados: 27 casos e 109 controles foram incluídos no estudo (proporção 1/4). A variável associada à maior chance de abandono foi idade próxima de 22,8 anos (ORaj.:1,47; IC95%:1,07-2,13; p=0,024). O uso esporádico de preservativo (ORaj:0,22; IC95%:0,07-0,59; p=0,003) e ter infecção oportunista (OR:0,31; IC95%:0,10-0,90; p=0,030) foram fatores de proteção. Conclusão: idade próxima a 23 anos na última consulta foi associada ao abandono da terapia antirretroviral. A presença de infecção oportunista e o uso de preservativo são fatores determinantes para continuidade do tratamento durante a COVID-19.

Objetivo: identificar los factores asociados al abandono de la terapia antirretroviral entre adolescentes y jóvenes que vivían con VIH/sida durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Método: estudio de casos y controles realizado entre 2020 y 2021 en Maringá, Paraná. Los casos fueron: adolescentes y jóvenes (10 a 24 años) diagnosticados con VIH/sida y que abandonaron el tratamiento, mientras que el grupo de controles fue compuesto por personas con características sociodemográficas semejantes, diagnosticadas con VIH/sida, sin historia de abandono del tratamiento. El emparejamiento de casos y controles se hizo por conveniencia, con cuatro controles por cada caso. El instrumento de investigación presentó variables sociodemográficas y clínicas, entre otras y la asociación con el abandono del tratamiento se analizó por regresión logística. Resultados: se incluyeron 27 casos y 109 controles en el estudio (proporción 1/4). La variable asociada con mayor probabilidad de abandono fue la edad próxima a 22,8 años (ORaj:1,47; IC 95%:1,07-2,13; p=0,024). El uso esporádico del preservativo (ORaj:0,22; IC 95%:0,07-0,59; p=0,003) y padecer una infección oportunista (OR:0,31; IC 95%:0,10-0,90; p=0,030) fueron factores protectores. Conclusión: la edad próxima a los 23 años en la última visita se asoció al abandono de la terapia antirretroviral. La presencia de infección oportunista y el uso de preservativos son factores determinantes para la continuidad del tratamiento durante el COVID-19.

Objetivo: examinar las repercusiones de la pandemia en el sistema familiar enfocándose en la perspectiva de familiares que han contraído y padecido COVID-19. Método: estudio exploratorio de enfoque cualitativo realizado con 27 personas que tuvieron COVID-19. Los datos se recolectaron por medio de entrevistas telefónicas que se grabaron en audio y estuvieron guiadas por un instrumento semiestructurado. El análisis se basó en un proceso inductivo respaldado por Análisis Temático Reflexivo. Resultados: la pandemia y el hecho de que un familiar contrajera la enfermedad fueron fuerzas impulsoras que generaron movilizaciones nuevas e intensas en el sistema familiar. Inicialmente, notaron repercusiones negativas como preocupaciones, temor, angustia, estrés, distanciamiento y aislamiento social. Con el paso del tiempo y empleando tecnologías para facilitar la comunicación, comenzaron a percibir repercusiones positivas como más cercanía, fortalecimiento de vínculos, desarrollo de nuevos roles y cuidado mutuo. Las familias también identificaron que recuperaban una posición de equilibrio, con retorno de cierto reajuste en la dinámica y el funcionamiento familiar. Conclusión: los profesionales de la salud deben admitir que la enfermedad por COVID-19 ha generado repercusiones en los sistemas familiares, además de proponer intervenciones que ayuden a las familias a hacer frente a este momento y a recuperar más fácilmente una posición de equilibrio para su buen funcionamiento.

Objective: to examine the repercussions of the pandemic on the family system by focusing on the perspective of family members who contracted and experienced COVID-19. Method: an exploratory study with a qualitative approach conducted with 27 individuals who had COVID-19. Data collection took place through telephone interviews that were audio-recorded and guided by a semi-structured instrument. Data analysis was based on an inductive process supported by Reflexive Thematic Analysis. Results: the pandemic and illness of a family member acted as driving forces generating new and intense movements in the family system. Initially, they noticed negative repercussions such as concerns, fear, anguish, stress, distancing and social isolation. As time progressed and by using technologies to ease communication, they began to perceive positive repercussions such as increased proximity, strengthening of ties, development of new roles and care. The families also identified recovery of a balanced position, with return of certain readjustment in family dynamics and functioning. Conclusion: health professionals need to recognize that the COVID-19 disease has imposed repercussions on family systems, proposing interventions that help families face this moment and more easily recover a balanced position for their functioning.

Objetivo: examinar as repercussões da pandemia no sistema familiar a partir da perspectiva dos familiares que contraíram e vivenciaram a COVID-19. Método: estudo exploratório com abordagem qualitativa realizado com 27 indivíduos que tiveram COVID-19. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de entrevistas telefônicas gravadas em áudio e guiadas por um instrumento semiestruturado. A análise dos dados baseou-se num processo indutivo apoiado na Análise Temática Reflexiva. Resultados: a pandemia e o adoecimento de um familiar atuaram como motores geradores de novos e intensos movimentos no sistema familiar. Inicialmente, perceberam repercussões negativas como preocupações, medo, angústia, estresse, distanciamento e isolamento social. Com o passar do tempo e com o uso das tecnologias para facilitar a comunicação, os familiares começaram a perceber repercussões positivas como maior proximidade, fortalecimento dos laços, desenvolvimento de novos papéis e cuidado. As famílias também identificaram recuperação de uma posição equilibrada, com retorno de certo reajuste na dinâmica e funcionamento familiar. Conclusão: os profissionais de saúde precisam reconhecer que a doença COVID-19 impôs repercussões nos sistemas familiares, propondo intervenções que ajudem as famílias a enfrentar esse momento e recuperar mais facilmente uma posição equilibrada para seu funcionamento.

Objective to analyze the spatial distribution of violence against older adults in the Brazilian South region before and in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Method an ecological study that analyzed reports of violence against older adults between 2019 and 2020, in Southern Brazil. Local empirical Bayesian rates, Moran’s Local Autocorrelation Index and Getis Ord Gi analysis were calculated. Results there was a reduction in the smoothed rate of violence against older adults. The high-high and hot-spot cities in 2019 became more violent in 2020; and cities with low prevalence became less violent in 2020. The highest COVID-19 fatality rates were also in those cities with the highest violence rates. Conclusion the data reinforces the complexity of violence and its worsening due to the pandemic. In addition, they contribute to decision-making in Nursing, highlighting the need to encourage new research studies on this theme. DESCRIPTORS: Violence; Older Adult Abuse; Spatial Analysis; COVID-19; Public Health Nursing.

We present a detailed derivation of the electromagnetic force density and pressure in linear dielectric media according to the so-called microscopic Ampère formulation, which considers the classical dipolar sources in matter along with the hidden momentum contribution. It is seen that, among the other formulations existing in the literature, our proposal is the only one universally compatible with the experimental works reported to date. A new radiation pressure equation for non-magnetic dielectrics under oblique illumination from p-polarized beams is also derived.

Objective To learn about the experiences of nurse entrepreneurs in building their careers and business trajectories. Method A descriptive and exploratory, qualitative study carried out with nurse entrepreneurs, recruited using the snowball technique. Interviews were conducted via Skype and audio-recorded between June and July 2021, which were transcribed and subjected to content analysis. Results 15 nurses participated. Three thematic axes were identified: “Entrepreneurship in nursing with the use of technologies”, which presented niches of activity and the use of technologies; “Desire to innovate even with fear of the new”, which reports feelings and motivations related to entrepreneurship, especially innovation; and “What nurses need to know before starting a business”, which presents the risks and benefits of entrepreneurship, as well as the skills needed by entrepreneurs. Conclusion The entrepreneurial experience presents challenges for nurses. Thus, encouraging knowledge about entrepreneurship makes it possible to strengthen autonomy and gain new opportunities in nursing. DESCRIPTORS Entrepreneurship; Nursing; Health Sciences, Technology, and Innovation Management; Creativity; Nursing Administration Research

Objective To learn about the experiences of nurse entrepreneurs in building their careers and business trajectories. Method A descriptive and exploratory, qualitative study carried out with nurse entrepreneurs, recruited using the snowball technique. Interviews were conducted via Skype and audio-recorded between June and July 2021, which were transcribed and subjected to content analysis. Results 15 nurses participated. Three thematic axes were identified: “Entrepreneurship in nursing with the use of technologies”, which presented niches of activity and the use of technologies; “Desire to innovate even with fear of the new”, which reports feelings and motivations related to entrepreneurship, especially innovation; and “What nurses need to know before starting a business”, which presents the risks and benefits of entrepreneurship, as well as the skills needed by entrepreneurs. Conclusion The entrepreneurial experience presents challenges for nurses. Thus, encouraging knowledge about entrepreneurship makes it possible to strengthen autonomy and gain new opportunities in nursing. DESCRIPTORS Entrepreneurship; Nursing; Health Sciences, Technology, and Innovation Management; Creativity; Nursing Administration Research

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment modality already used in several countries to treat invasive and topical diseases. In these treatments, the combination of a photoactive drug (PS), visible light, and molecular oxygen results in the formation of singlet oxygen, a type of highly reactive/cytotoxic oxygen species. Phthalocyanines incorporated into solubilization/monomerization systems are photosensitizing substances used in PDT, even given their high hydrophobicity. Its inhibitory capacity against microorganisms and its photodynamic action against various cancer cell lines have made it the protagonist of several scientific articles. This review article provides a brief overview of the concept of PDT and its potential use in the treatment of diseases - an emerging treatment modality in Brazil.

Objective To know the perspective of health professionals working in specialized care regarding the assistance offered to children with Congenital Zika Virus Syndrome in the Health Care Network. Method Qualitative study carried out in Campo Grande-MS through semi-structured interviews, between September and October 2020, with 12 professionals working in a reference service for people with physical and intellectual disabilities. Minayo’s thematic analysis and the theoretical subsidies of the care model for chronic conditions were used for interpretation. Results Assistance in the network is weakened by aspects related to access, monitoring and integration between different professionals/services. The potential involves the implementation of the referral and counter-referral system, the communication/integration between these services and the training of professionals. Final considerations The participants perceive that assistance is influenced by the availability of trained professionals to work in a network and the optimization of access and follow-up at different points of care. Descriptors: Zika virus; Children; Chronic disease; Continuity of patient care

Objective To know the perspective of health professionals working in specialized care regarding the assistance offered to children with Congenital Zika Virus Syndrome in the Health Care Network. Method Qualitative study carried out in Campo Grande-MS through semi-structured interviews, between September and October 2020, with 12 professionals working in a reference service for people with physical and intellectual disabilities. Minayo’s thematic analysis and the theoretical subsidies of the care model for chronic conditions were used for interpretation. Results Assistance in the network is weakened by aspects related to access, monitoring and integration between different professionals/services. The potential involves the implementation of the referral and counter-referral system, the communication/integration between these services and the training of professionals. Final considerations The participants perceive that assistance is influenced by the availability of trained professionals to work in a network and the optimization of access and follow-up at different points of care. Descriptors: Zika virus; Children; Chronic disease; Continuity of patient care

Sequential crops may be affected by herbicide residuals in the soil. In corn crop there are reports of problems when the crop is sown soon after application of ACCase-inhibiting herbicides. The aim of this study was to evaluate safety intervals for the application of ACCase-inhibiting herbicides before sowing corn in different soils. Two experiments were conducted in a greenhouse, and in the field conditions. In both, the experimental design were completely randomized in factorial scheme 6x4+1 (6 periods of application x 4 herbicides + 1 control) with five replications. The treatments were: haloxyfop-P-methyl (124.7 g ha⁻¹), clethodim – formulation 1 (192 g ha⁻¹), quizalofop-P-ethyl (100 g ha⁻¹) and clethodim formulation 2 (192 g ha⁻¹) in applications at 15, 10, 5, 3, 1 and 0 days before sowing in sandy and clayey soil. In the greenhouse, formulations based on clethodim were more safety in both types of soils, and safety intervals for clethodim-based herbicides were 5 days and greater than 15 days for quizalofop-P-ethyl and haloxyfop. Haloxyfop should not be applied on day of sowing in clay soil. In the field none of the treatments compromised the development and yield of the crop, even when applied on the day of sowing. Keywords clethodim; haloxyfop-P-methyl; quizalofop-p-ethyl; Zea mays

The objectives were to estimate the potential of S2 corn progenies for forage-related traits, and use of AMMI analysis to evaluate topcrosses compared to the classic analyzes. Progenies were crosses with four different testers: LG 6030, 2B688, 9.H3.33 and 53F.P37. Topcross hybrids were evaluated in four 9 x 9 simple square lattice design, during the 2017/18 season at Maringa, Parana State. Grain yield, forage fresh matter yield, and forage dry matter yield were measured. Classical approach was composed by variance components, general and specific combining ability, whereas AMMI analysis was performed for progenies x testers interaction, considering additive main effects and multiplicative effects. Considering the classical approach, testers LG 6030 and 2B688 better expressed the genetic variability between progenies for grain yield. AMMI analysis allowed the partitioning of the sum of squares in additive main effects and multiplicative effects, being a complementary result for the classical approach. Progeny 14 was selected due to higher general combining ability for grain yield, forage fresh matter and forage dry matter yield. Topcrosses 14x9.H3.33 and 14x2B688 were selected due to their higher specific combining ability, additive and multiplicative effects. The AMMI analysis was effective and helped in the interpretation of the results. Keywords Zea mays L.; testcrosses; diallel analysis; tester x progeny interaction

O presente estudo toma por objeto as práticas linguístico-discursivas de rappers, a partir da concepção da terceira onda da sociolinguística, acerca das interações entre a linguagem e o social, descrita por trabalhos como Eckert (2005; 2006). Para tanto, analisamos transcrições de entrevistas de quatro sujeitos, concedidas ao programa “Manos e Minas”, focalizando os marcadores discursivos e as escolhas lexicais realizadas. Para melhor compreender como a linguagem é utilizada na construção das práticas sociais desse grupo de falantes, analisamos também as representações discursivas desses depoimentos e os contornos identitários realizados.

As fake news têm se revelado um grande problema do mundo moderno pelo fato de se espalharem muito rapidamente pela internet e influenciarem muitas pessoas em assuntos como política, economia, ciência e saúde. No período da pandemia de covid-19, foi possível observar como as fake news podem ser danosas para a sociedade, levando à descrença nas vacinas por parte de muitas pessoas e ao uso de medicamentos ineficazes como forma de automedicação pela população. Dessa forma, é importante investigar características linguísticas dos textos que promovem a desinformação para encontrar padrões ou pistas que possam levar a uma maior compreensão sobre como as fake news são construídas. Neste artigo, procuramos apresentar duas estratégias linguísticas utilizadas na construção de fake news com a finalidade de manipular as informações.