Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University

Introduction. The article deals with the work of the Upper Volga hydroelectric power plants during the Great Patriotic War, when they were almost the only sources of power supply to Moscow and the Moscow region. In the historiography, this issue was touched upon, but in general, the publications are characterized by a fragmentary and descriptive nature. Methods and materials. The source base of the research is the published and unpublished normative-legal acts, scientific and technical documentation, reference and statistical data, memoir literature, and oral recollections. The work used historical-genetic, historical-comparative, and problem-chronological methods, as well as methods of grouping statistical data and interviewing. Analysis. It is shown that the USSR leadership gave the hydroelectric power plants on the Volga River an important defense significance, first of all, as uninterrupted sources of electricity. The statistical data on hydroelectric power generation by Ivankovskaya, Uglichskaya, and Rybinskaya HPPs in 1941–1945 are analyzed, taking into account the general indicators of electricity generation in the USSR. In 1941–1942, the Upper Volga hydroelectric power plants were located in the front line zone and operated under the most difficult conditions. The threat of seizure of the Ivankovsky hydroelectric power plant was especially acute. The Germans tried to cross the Ivankovskoye reservoir, but the hydraulic engineers released the water, and the enemy’s offensive was thwarted. An effective system of protection and camouflage prevented the enemy from stopping the hydroelectric power plants. Results. It is concluded that the Upper Volga hydroelectric power plants in 1941–1945 were primarily reliable sources of electricity for the population and military enterprises of Moscow and the Moscow region. In addition, they were important elements of defense lines during the Battle of Moscow. Thus, the Upper Volga hydroelectric plants became an important factor in the USSR’s victory in the Great Patriotic War.

This paper explores the Friedmann field equations within the framework of Lovelock gravity, a natural extension of Einstein’s gravity, focusing on both flat and open universes. Utilizing an approach based on independent Riemann tensor components, we derive generalized Friedmann equations for Lovelock gravity and categorize the solutions into Type I and Type II. We identify additional vacuum solutions in a flat universe and present a comprehensive solution for a pressure-free scenario in an open universe, both unique to Lovelock gravity. These findings provide new insights into the cosmological implications of Lovelock gravity and offer a foundation for further exploration into the universe’s evolutionary trajectory.

Historical memory refers to the way people create specific accounts not only for political occasions and heroic moments of the past but also for healthcare system, doctors, and medical practices. The image of Soviet medicine has been perceived within two discourses: as a part of collective memory about the Soviet era and as a part of modern medicine perception. Most of the time, the image of Soviet medicine, the main feature of which was its being free-of-charge, is often contrasted with modern medical practices, many organisational features of which have caused dissatisfaction among citizens. However, modern approaches to treatment are accepted to be superior to the Soviet ones. Different interpretations of the image of the Soviet medicine influence citizens’ trust in the modern healthcare system by percolating public consciousness. Overcoming the contradiction in the perception of the Soviet and modern healthcare systems could have a positive impact not only on attitudes towards health, but also on the formation of the civic consciousness of modern citizens, especially of younger generations.

The article contains a number of little-studied facts about the disgusting variety of Russian skopchestvo, which came to Russia from Greece and Bulgaria. It shows the spread of this religious culture in the 17th-18th centuries across the territory of Simbirsk and other provinces, deprived of the restraining framework of Christian commandments, trampling on the institutions of marriage, family values, morality, etc. The genesis, circumstances of the emergence and reasons for the spread of sectarianism and the Khlyst-skopchestvo process as a whole are shown, fragments of a meeting of the Ethnography Department of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society (1865) are presented, held on the example of the “Alatyr ship” or “Miliutina” faith as an antithesis to “Latinism”. The need to understand universal human values taking into account the skopchestvo ritual sphere of the Middle Volga region in the 17th century is substantiated. and religious dogmas of the past to solve modern problems of spiritual and moral education of the younger generation, the formation of strong social immunity, the formatting of the internal spiritual forces of society that have remained outside the field of vision of society and the scientific community of Russia for the settlement of future regional conflicts.

In this paper, we have investigated the phase space analysis in modified Galileon cosmology, where the Galileon term is considered a coupled scalar field, F(ϕ). We focus on the exponential type function of F(ϕ) and the three well-motivated potential functions V(ϕ). We obtain the critical points of the autonomous system, along with their stability conditions and cosmological properties. The critical points of the autonomous system describe different phases of the Universe. The scaling solution for critical points was found in our analysis to determine the matter-dark energy and radiation-dark energy-dominated eras of the Universe. In these scaling solutions, dark energy is typically introduced alongside another component, such as radiation or matter, and helps explain the transition between cosmological eras. The dark energy dominated critical points show stable behavior and indicate the late-time cosmic acceleration phase of the Universe. Further, the results are examined with the Hubble rate H(z) and the Supernovae Ia cosmological data sets.

A method to describe the hidden mass effect or dark matter has been proposed on the basis of a new general solution of the Poisson equation for the gravitational field strength in a continuous self-gravitating medium. This solution is a consequence of the theory of space and matter alternative to the general relativity. Conditions have been derived to distinguish between the cases where the obtained solution describes the classical Newtonian gravitational field and the cases where this solution leads to the hidden mass effect. The representation obtained for the gravitational field strength has been analyzed within the model of the dynamic equilibrium of disk galaxies and the possibility of describing the observed properties of the hidden mass effect within this approach has been discussed.

In the due course of the project Classification of Vegetation of the Russian Federation, a revision of the current diversity of Russia’s vegetation, including aquatic, is being carried out. It turned out that the types of some plant communities noted on the territory of the country have not yet been described, as well as the association with the dominance of Hydrocharis dubia. Based on the eleven complete geobotanical relevés from Russia and China, this paper describes a new association Hydrocharitetum dubiae ass. nov., attributed to the new alliance Hydrocharition dubiae all. nov. in the class Lemnetea O. de Bolòs et Masclans 1955. Hydrocharis dubia forms communities in the south of the Russian Far East (where it occurs at the northern border of the range) and in many subboreal-tropical regions of East and Southeast Asia.

Hydrilla verticillata L. has already formed an extensive secondary geographical range in the Nearctic, and new foci of invasion appear in the North of Eurasia. This species is common in the south of the Far East and Siberia and is considered to be autochthonous in this territory. New foci of invasion emerging in Siberia require the assessment of the status of this species in the region. Based on the results of the comparative analysis of the rbcL gene, nucleotide sequences have been found to be completely identical in all the samples studied. The results of the study of the trnL-trnF intergenic spacer region allowed establishing the phylogenetic affinity of the Siberian and Far Eastern populations. The samples obtained from the territory of Siberia and the Far East correspond to the C1 haplotype. Long-distance dispersal and the emergence of new foci of H. verticillata have occurred along major waterfowl flyways. The samples obtained from plants growing far apart from each other do not differ significantly, which indicates the limited exchange of genetic information and the predominance of vegetative propagation.

The first records for Russia of one species of siphonous yellow-green algae, ascomycete, and lichenicolous fungus, and the first records for regions of Russia: nine species of siphonous yellow-green alga for the Arkhangelsk, Astrakhan, Moscow, Volgograd regions, two diatom species for the Tyumen Region, nine species of basidiomycetes for the Novgorod, Tomsk regions, and the Republic of Tuva, three species of lichenicolous fungi for the Orenburg Region and Krasnoyarsk Territory, 23 species of lichens for the Arkhangelsk, Irkutsk, Murmansk, Sakhalin regions, Altai, Buryatia and Komi republics, Altai and Khabarovsk territories, 15 species of mosses for the Arkhangelsk, Magadan, Orel, Voronezh regions, Kamchatka Territory, Republic of Tuva, and St. Petersburg, one species of liverwort for the Krasnoyarsk Territory are presented. The data on their localities, habitats, distribution are provided. The specimens are kept in the herbaria ALTB, AR, H, IBIW, IRK, KPABG, LE, MAG, NSK, PTZ, PZV, SMR, SYKO, VU, in the diatom collection of the Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, the Tobolsk complex scientific station RAS or Vaucheria collection of the Laboratory for Algology at the Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters RAS. Sequences of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 nrDNA regions of some specimens of fungi and ITS1-2 nrDNA and trnL-F cpDNA of one liverwort have been deposited in the GenBank.

The assemblage of hymenopteran parasitoids associated with the invasive lime leaf miner, Phyllonorycter issikii (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) developing on the lime (Tilia cordata) was studied in the Perm Region and in the Republic of Bashkortostan during 2019. Sixteen species of parasitoids of Ph. issikii were recognized: Diglyphus isaea, Elachertus fenestratus, Hyssopus geniculatus, Pnigalio agraules, P. mediterraneus, Sympiesis dolichogaster, S. gordius, S. sericeicornis, Chrysocharis laomedon, Ch. nephereus, Ch. pentheus, Ch. pubens, Ch. pubicornis, Ch. submutica, Minotetrastichus frontalis (Eulophidae) and Pholetesor circumscriptus (Braconidae). Three species, Diglyphus isaea, Chrysocharis pubens and Ch. submutica (Eulophidae), were reported as parasitoids of the lime leaf miner for the first time. The roles the complex of parasitoids played in the mortality of the miner were negligible. The mortality ranged from 1.3±0.3 (Perm) to 23.7±3.3% (Tolbazy village).

Рассматриваются математические модели конвекции-диффузии-реакции, которые относятся к моделям тепломассопереноса и применяются при исследовании природных и техногенных процессов. Для данного класса моделей актуальной является задача идентификации как параметров самой модели, так и входящих в нее граничных условий по результатам измерений значений искомой функции в отдельных точках рассматриваемой области. Задачу усложняет наличие неполных измерений, искаженных случайными помехами. Решение заключается в разработке комбинированного двухэтапного метода идентификации, основанного на последовательном применении метода минимизации критерия идентификации безградиентного типа и рекуррентного метода оценивания неизвестных входных сигналов. Для применения указанных методов выполняется переход от исходной модели, описываемой уравнениями в частных производных, к дискретной линейной стохастической модели в пространстве состояний, в которой неизвестные граничные условия рассматриваются как неизвестные входные сигналы. В результате построены новые дискретные линейные стохастические модели конвекции-диффузии-реакции для трех разных типов граничных условий. Предложена общая схема процесса параметрической идентификации, включающая двухэтапную идентификацию неизвестных параметров математической модели и идентификацию неизвестных граничных условий. Для проверки работоспособности предложенного метода построены компьютерные модели конвекции-диффузии-реакции и выполнена реализация всех алгоритмов на языке MATLAB. Проведена серия вычислительных экспериментов, результаты которых показали, что разработанная двухэтапная комбинированная схема позволяет идентифицировать параметры исходной модели, значения функций, входящих в граничные условия, а также вычислить по неполным зашумленным измерениям оценки функции, описывающей процесс конвекции-диффузии-реакции. Полученные результаты могут быть использованы не только при исследовании процессов тепломассопереноса, но также при решении задач идентификации параметров моделей дискретных стохастических систем с неизвестными входными сигналами и при наличии случайных помех.

Introduction. The preservation of children’s health is an important state task, the success of which is largely determined by the socio-cultural context, traditions in the application of preventive measures and the provision of medical care. In this regard, it is indicative of the comparison of measures to preserve the health of schoolchildren in the “Russian schools” of the emigrant environment (on the example of schools in the Czechoslovakia and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia) and Soviet schools in the 1920s and 1930s in the conditions of the spread of infectious diseases. Materials and methods. The data sources were published reports of Russian educational institutions in exile, which contain information about the health of schoolchildren, data on the health of Soviet schoolchildren were obtained from collections of analytical works of the specified period. Results. The prevalence of infectious diseases in children among Russian emigration and in the USSR was comparable, with the exception of measles, cases of which were not recorded in emigrant educational institutions in the Czechoslovakia and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. As the main preventive measures, disinfection and examinations were carried out, vaccinations were made. The living conditions of emigrants contributed to the spread of tuberculosis, the incidence of which among children of emigrants was higher than among the European population. Soviet and emigrant doctors agreed that the fight against infectious diseases should develop at the level of organized collectives (schools, kindergartens). Conclusion. Thus, emigrant doctors largely followed the medical traditions and experience that had developed in pre-revolutionary Russia. Nevertheless, the living conditions of emigrants and the lack of funds became factors that reduced the effectiveness of preventive measures and medical care. An important difference was that the events in the Soviet Union were carried out within the framework of the state policy on health protection, and in the emigrant environment were of a local nature, determined as a rule by the capabilities of specific educational institutions.

The results presented in this study provide updated information on diversity and distribution of aquatic plants in West Georgia, mostly on new floristic records. During the studies in 2022 and 2023, two non-native species of South American origin were identified. Azolla filiculoides is reported for the first time for Georgia and southwestern Caucasus with its presence known in two coastal waterbodies in Adjara and Guria, however its status remains uncertain. Another non-native species, Elodea densa, which has been spreading in the region since the 1970s from the Batumi Botanical Garden, has become invasive and widely distributed along the coastal water bodies of the Kolkheti Lowland, often dominating in macrophyte communities. As the information on the distribution of E. densa in Georgia was highly generalized, additional records and field observations have been provided. Examination of herbarium materials from the region has also allowed to exclude from the flora of Adjara Elodea canadensis, a similar species previously reported in the Batumi Botanical Garden. Three additional species native to the Caucasus flora, Najas major, Potamogeton nodosus, and Zannichellia pedunculata, are reported for the first time for southwestern regions of Georgia. Najas major is a species new to the South Caucasus.

Introduction. The article on a wide archival base analyzes the process of forming urban public banks and investigating crimes in the banking sector in the 19th century. The article reveals the main reasons for crimes and abuses in the banking sector, which were caused, firstly, by the special status of city public banks, and secondly, by weak control over their activities by the city government bodies (city councils) in whose jurisdiction they were. The background of the emergence of commercial private and joint-stock banks in Russia is briefly described. The main area of research was related to investigations of criminal activities in the banking sector, the use of methods for solving crimes in the economic sphere existing at that time on the effectiveness of the investigation of criminal acts in the banking sector in the Simbirsk and Saratov province. Materials and Methods. The work widely used the historical and legal method, which made it possible to consider the investigative process in the banking sector through the prism of the evolution of the legislation of the Russian Empire on investigative bodies with the definition of socio-economic conditions affecting the course and effectiveness of investigations in the banking sector. Modernization theory was also actively used, which made it possible to determine the main directions of evolution of the work of judicial investigators during the rapid development of the credit and banking sector in the country during its socio-economic reform during the period of great reforms carried out by the government of Emperor Alexander II. Results. As noted in the above material, the disclosure of crimes committed by the management and management of city public banks were the most difficult to solve if we take the economic sphere as a whole. The authors reveal the reasons for the difficulties faced by the judicial investigators of the District Courts in investigating such crimes, created during the evolution of the system of joint-stock commercial banks in Russia, and also analyze the discussion that arose in the law enforcement environment among legal scholars about the most applicable and effective forms of investigative work in exposing such crimes. Discussion and Conclusion. The main reasons for the low overall performance in solving crimes in the credit and financial sector were the low general and specific economic qualifications of judicial investigators, as well as the erroneous policy of the management of the District Courts, which were sent by the least experienced specialists to investigate the most time-consuming in the investigation of economic crimes, and especially offenses in the banking sector. The authors point to a huge labor intensity in investigating such cases, when checking a huge number of reports, balance sheets and other financial documents required the involvement of a significant number of additional assistants qualified in the banking sector. Particular emphasis is placed on the fact that during the period under review, a system of moral and material incentives for specialists involved in investigative actions during the investigation of the most complex crimes was not established. There was a hidden reluctance of the city and provincial authorities to bring such investigations to the end, since such financial institutions could not be withdrawn from the financial turnover of provinces and cities for a long time, and their imminent bankruptcy and even temporary closure for the period of the investigation necessarily led to severe socio-economic consequences not only within the framework of a single city, but also the region as a whole. Some leaders of cities and urban dumas were afraid that the complete exposure and prosecution of criminal schemes would inevitably highlight their negative participation in the commission of these crimes. Huge difficulties in the investigation of such crimes were also caused by a misunderstanding on the part of the higher authorities of the complexity and public significance of the ongoing investigations, which required the judicial investigators accountable to them to complete the investigations of crimes in the banking sector as soon as possible, which inevitably affected the quality of the ongoing investigations.