The University of Sheffield

The NaZn13 type itinerant magnet LaFe13−xSix has seen considerable interest due to its unique combination of large magnetocaloric effect and low hysteresis. Here, this alloy with a combination of magnetometry, bespoke microcalorimetry, and inelastic neutron scattering is investigated. Inelastic neutron scattering reveals the presence of broad quasielastic scattering that persists across the magnetic transition, which is attributed to spin fluctuations. In addition, a quasielastic peak is observed at Q = 0.52 Å⁻¹ for x = 1.2 that exists only in the paramagnetic state in proximity to the itinerant metamagnetic transition and argue that this indicates emergence of a hidden mag the netic phase that drives the first‐order phase transition in this system.

The emPHasis‐10 is a health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) unidimensional measure developed specifically for adults with pulmonary hypertension. The tool has excellent psychometric properties and is well used in research and clinical settings. Its factor structure has not been examined, which may help to identity a complimentary approach to using the measure to examine patient functioning. We performed an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on a data set collected from 263 adults with PH recruited from a community setting. The EFA suggested the emPHasis‐10 consists of three underlying latent variables, which based on the loading of items, were termed “fatigue” (Items 3, 4, and 5), “independence” (Items 7, 8, 9, and 10), and “breathlessness” (Items 1, 2, and 6). All factors were found to have good internal consistency. “Independence” accounted for most of the variance (29%), followed by “breathlessness” (22%) and “fatigue” (19%). The CFA looked to confirm the fit of a three‐factor model. A higher‐order model was found to be the best fit consisting of HRQoL as a superordinate factor, for which the association between this factor and the 10 items was mediated through the three latent factors. Further analyses were performed testing the validity of the latent variables revealing all were significantly correlated with self‐reported measures of depression, anxiety, health‐anxiety, and dyspnea. Our analyses support the emPHasis‐10 as a measure of HRQoL, while also proposing the clinical utility of examining the three emergent factors, which could be used to glean additional insight into the respondent's functioning and inform care.

Aims Tea plantation soils have great potential for carbon (C) sequestration because of the perennial nature of tea plants. Long-term tea plantations can lead to soil acidification. However, how the dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and its molecular composition respond to tea plantation establishment remains unclear. Methods Amino sugars and lignin phenols were used as biomarkers for microbial necromass and plant lignin components to investigate the changes in their distribution to SOC across a tea plantation chronosequence (1-, 7-, 16-, 25-, and 42-year old), thus providing a holistic perspective of SOC formation and stabilization. Results Long-term tea plantation increased SOC content and the levels of amino sugars and lignin phenols, but reduced microbial biomass C despite an increase in dissolved organic C. Comparatively, the contribution of microbial-derived C to SOC was lower than that of plant-derived C. Despite the increased levels of amino sugars over the time-course, the proportion of bacterial-derived C in the SOC decreased, reflecting diluted contributions of bacterial residues to the SOC pool. Further, the decrease in soil pH and microbial biomass C over time resulted in shifts in the contribution of bacterial and fungal residues the pool, with an increase in the contribution of fungal residues. Conclusions These findings provide new insights into changes in SOC accumulation in long-term tea plantations, highlighting an increase in soil C sequestration associated primarily by the presence of lignin phenols. This build up is affected by abiotic (physical and chemical protection) and biotic factors including increased dominance of fungal residues inputs.

Household food insecurity is associated with both low income and high cost of living, it is a potentially better measure for consumption compared to income. We use data on food insecurity and income from 10 years of the Canadian Community Health Survey (2007–2017) of single-person households (n = 145,044) to estimate the probability of being food insecure at the Canadian poverty thresholds (Market Basket Measure thresholds, or MBMs), and determine the income required to reach that probability in each MBM region, aggregated by province and rural/urban status. A regression model shows the probability of being food insecure at the MBM is approximately 30% which we call the Food Insecurity Poverty Line (FIPL). The income required to meet the FIPL is substantially different from the MBM, sometimes 1.25 times the MBM. This implies that food insecurity is a potential sentinel measure for poverty.

We face increasing demand for greater access to effective routine mental health services, including telehealth. However, treatment outcomes in routine clinical practice are only about half the size of those reported in controlled trials. Progress feedback, defined as the ongoing monitoring of patients’ treatment response with standardized measures, is an evidence-based practice that continues to be under-utilized in routine care. The aim of the current review is to provide a summary of the current evidence base for the use of progress feedback, its mechanisms of action and considerations for successful implementation. We reviewed ten available meta-analyses, which report small to medium overall effect sizes. The results suggest that adding feedback to a wide range of psychological and psychiatric interventions (ranging from primary care to hospitalization and crisis care) tends to enhance the effectiveness of these interventions. The strongest evidence is for patients with common mental health problems compared to those with very severe disorders. Effect sizes for not-on-track cases, a subgroup of cases that are not progressing well, are found to be somewhat stronger, especially when clinical support tools are added to the feedback. Systematic reviews and recent studies suggest potential mechanisms of action for progress feedback include focusing the clinician’s attention, altering clinician expectations, providing new information, and enhancing patient-centered communication. Promising approaches to strengthen progress feedback interventions include advanced systems with signaling technology, clinical problem-solving tools, and a broader spectrum of outcome and progress measures. An overview of methodological and implementation challenges is provided, as well as suggestions for addressing these issues in future studies. We conclude that while feedback has modest effects, it is a small and affordable intervention that can potentially improve outcomes in psychological interventions. Further research into mechanisms of action and effective implementation strategies is needed.

Background Inequalities in access to palliative and end of life care are longstanding. Integration of primary and palliative care has the potential to improve equity in the community. Evidence to inform integration is scarce as research that considers integration of primary care and palliative care services is rare. Aim To address the questions: ‘how can inequalities in access to community palliative and end of life care be improved through the integration of primary and palliative care, and what are the benefits?’ Design A theory-driven realist inquiry with two stakeholder workshops to explore how, when and why inequalities can be improved through integration. Realist analysis leading to explanatory context(c)-mechanism(m)-outcome(o) configurations(c) (CMOCs). Findings A total of 27 participants attended online workshops (July and September 2022): patient and public members ( n = 6), commissioners ( n = 2), primary care ( n = 5) and specialist palliative care professionals ( n = 14). Most were White British ( n = 22), other ethnicities were Asian ( n = 3), Black African ( n = 1) and British mixed race ( n = 1). Power imbalances and racism hinder people from ethnic minority backgrounds accessing current services. Shared commitment to addressing these across palliative care and primary care is required in integrated partnerships. Partnership functioning depends on trusted relationships and effective communication, enabled by co-location and record sharing. Positive patient experiences provide affirmation for the multi-disciplinary team, grow confidence and drive improvements. Conclusions Integration to address inequalities needs recognition of current barriers. Integration grounded in trust, faith and confidence can lead to a cycle of positive patient, carer and professional experience. Prioritising inequalities as whole system concern is required for future service delivery and research.

Objectives To estimate 12‐month prevalence, persistence, severity, and treatment of mental disorders and socio‐demographic correlates in Qatar. Methods We conducted the first national population‐based telephone survey of Arab adults between 2019 and 2022 using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview and estimated 12‐month DSM‐5 mood and anxiety disorders and their persistence (the proportion of lifetime cases who continue to meet 12‐month criteria). Results The 12‐month prevalence of any disorder was 21.1% (10.4% mild, 38.7% moderate, and 50.9% severe) and was associated with: younger age, female, previously married, and with persistence of any disorder. Persistence was 74.7% (64.0% mood and 75.6% anxiety) and was significantly associated with secondary education or lower. Minimally adequate treatment received among those with any 12‐month mental disorder was 10.6% (74.6% in healthcare and 64.6% non‐healthcare sectors). Severity and the number of disorders significantly associated with each other and with treatment received (χ² = 7.24, p = 0.027) including adequate treatment within the mental health specialty sector (χ² = 21.42, p < 0.001). Conclusions Multimorbidity and sociodemographics were associated with 12‐month mental disorder. Treatment adequacy in Qatar are comparable to high‐income countries. Low treatment contact indicate need for population‐wide mental health literacy programes in addition to more accessible and effective mental health services.

Objectives To estimate lifetime prevalence, risk, and treatment for mental disorders and their correlates in Qatar's general population for the first time. Methods We conducted a national phone survey of 5,195 Qatari and Arab residents in Qatar (2019–2022) using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Version 3.3 and estimated lifetime mood and anxiety defined diagnoses. Survival‐based discrete time models, lifetime morbid risk, and treatment projections were estimated. Results Lifetime prevalence of any disorder was 28.0% and was associated with younger cohorts, females, and migrants, but lower formal education. Treatment contact in the year of disorder onset were 13.5%. The median delay in receiving treatment was 5 years (IQR = 2–13). Lifetime treatment among those with a lifetime disorder were 59.9% for non‐healthcare and 63.5% for healthcare; it was 68.1% for any anxiety and 80.1% for any mood disorder after 50 years of onset. Younger cohorts and later age of onset were significantly predictors of treatment. Conclusions Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in Qatar is comparable to other countries. Treatment is significantly delayed and delivered largely in non‐healthcare sectors thus the need for increased literacy of mental illness to reduce stigma and improve earlier help‐seeking in healthcare settings.

Background We provide an overview of Qatar's first epidemiological study on prevalence, predictors, and treatment contact for mood and anxiety disorders. Aims We highlight the importance of the three‐pronged study, its aims, and its key components. Materials & Methods The first component comprised a probability‐based representative survey of Qatari and non‐Qatari (Arab) adult males and females recruited from the general population and interviewed using the International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI version 3.3). The second component, a clinical reappraisal study, assessed concordance between diagnoses based on the CIDI and independent clinical assessments conducted by trained clinical interviewers. The third component comprised a resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging study of healthy survey respondents who were matched to patients with psychosis. Results 5000 survey interviews provided data on prevalence and treatment of common mental disorders. Clinical re‐interviews (N = 485) provided important diagnostic validity data. Finally, state‐of‐the art structural and functional brain markers for psychosis were also collected (N = 100). Discussion Descriptive epidemiological data were collected to inform future mental health priorities in Qatar and situates these within a global context. Conclusion The study fills important gaps in regional and global estimates and establish necessary baseline to develop comprehensive risk estimates for mental health in Qatar’s young population.

Objectives Lifetime DSM‐5 diagnoses generated by the lay‐administered Composite International Diagnostic Interview for DSM‐5 (CIDI) in the World Mental Health Qatar (WMHQ) study were compared to diagnoses based on blinded clinician‐administered reappraisal interviews. Methods Telephone follow‐up interviews used the non‐patient edition of the Structured Clinician Interview for DSM‐5 (SCID) oversampling respondents who screened positive for five diagnoses in the CIDI: major depressive episode, mania/hypomania, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and obsessive‐compulsive disorder. Concordance was also examined for a diagnoses of post‐traumatic stress disorder based on a short‐form versus full version of the PTSD Checklist for DSM‐5 (PCL‐5). Results Initial CIDI prevalence estimates differed significantly from the SCID for most diagnoses (χ12 ${\chi }_{1}^{2}$ = 6.6–31.4, p = 0.010 < 0.001), but recalibration reduced most of these differences and led to consistent increases in individual‐level concordance (AU‐ROC) from 0.53–0.76 to 0.67–0.81. Recalibration of the short‐form PCL‐5 removed an initially significant difference in PTSD prevalence with the full PCL‐5 (from χ12 ${\chi }_{1}^{2}$ = 610.5, p < 0.001 to χ12 ${\chi }_{1}^{2}$ = 2.5, p = 0.110) while also increasing AU‐ROC from 0.76 to 0.81. Conclusions Recalibration resulted in valid diagnoses of common mental disorders in the Qatar National Mental Health Survey, but with inflated prevalence estimates for some disorders that need to be considered when interpreting results.

How might feelings toward the future shape how urban climate adaptation happens? I explore this question through the exemplary case of Miami, Florida. Notably, "data-driven, transparent decision-making" on climate change features as a key norm and practice across the city's adaptation efforts-a stark contrast to its longstanding, highly opaque styles of governance. Drawing on theories of affect, anticipatory government, and technopolitics, I argue that the transparency-oriented techniques of Miami adaptation efforts are intended to: (1) generate positive orientations toward the city's climate-changed future, (2) secure attachments to the city, and (3) preempt unplanned adaptation: sudden, mass property devaluations that will crater the city's economy and Miami's ability to weather coming storms. But the positive, economy-securing affective responses that officials seek to engineer are provisional, and have prompted significant pushback and counter demonstrations of climate transparency among activists, residents, and expert publics. In tracing these developments, the paper advances knowledge on (1) the centrality of governing feeling when governing urban climate futures and (2) an emergent, affective sphere of urban climate politics whose features and fissures will become increasingly important in cities around the world. ARTICLE HISTORY

This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the critical process safety considerations inherent in hydrometallurgical metal recovery within the lithium‐ion battery (LiB) recycling process. As hydrometallurgy application in LiB recycling is still in the early stages of development, it is crucial to identify the hazards and provide safety recommendations. Hazards related to hydrometallurgy are identified and categorized in process, toxic, fire, explosion, corrosion, environment, storage, and transport hazards. Risk reduction measures are suggested using the hierarchy of control methodology to eliminate and reduce risks to as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP), based on UK regulatory framework.

Purpose To characterize the dependence of Xe‐MRI gas transfer metrics upon age, sex, and lung volume in a group of healthy volunteers. Methods Sixty‐five subjects with no history of chronic lung disease were assessed with ¹²⁹Xe‐MRI using a four‐echo 3D radial spectroscopic imaging sequence and a dose of xenon titrated according to subject height that was inhaled from a lung volume of functional residual capacity (FRC). Imaging was repeated in 34 subjects at total lung capacity (TLC). Regional maps of the fractions of dissolved xenon in red blood cells (RBC), membrane (M), and airspace (Gas) were acquired at an isotropic resolution of 2 cm, from which global averages of the ratios RBC:M, RBC:Gas, and M:Gas were computed. Results Data from 26 males and 36 females with a median age of 43 y (range: 20–69 y) were of sufficient quality to analyze. Age (p = 0.0006) and sex (p < 0.0001) were significant predictors for RBC:M, and a linear regression showed higher values and steeper decline in males: RBC:M(Males) = −0.00362 × Age + 0.60 (p = 0.01, R² = 0.25); RBC:M(Females) = −0.00170 × Age + 0.44 (p = 0.02, R² = 0.15). Similarly, age and sex were significant predictors for RBC:Gas but not for M:Gas. RBC:M, M:Gas and RBC:Gas were significantly lower at TLC than at FRC (plus inhaled volume), with an average 9%, 30% and 35% decrease, respectively. Conclusion Expected age and sex dependence of pulmonary function concurs with ¹²⁹Xe RBC:M imaging results, demonstrating that these variables must be considered when reporting Xe‐MRI metrics. Xenon doses and breathing maneuvers should be controlled due to the strong dependence of Xe‐MRI metrics upon lung volume.

Background The traditional HIV treatment cascade aims to visualise the journey of each person living with HIV from diagnosis, through initiation on antiretroviral therapy (ART) to treatment success, represented by virological suppression. This representation has been a pivotal tool in highlighting and quantifying sequential gaps along the care continuum. There is longstanding recognition, however, that this may oversimplify the complexity of real-world engagement with HIV services in settings with mature high-burden HIV epidemics. A complementary “cyclical” cascade has been proposed to represent the processes of disengagement at different points on the care continuum, with multiple pathways to re-engagement, although the feasibility of implementing this at scale has been uncertain. This study aimed to populate, refine, and explore the utility of a cyclical representation of the HIV cascade, using routine data from a high-burden HIV setting. Methods and findings This observational cohort study leveraged person-level data on all people living with HIV in the Western Cape (WC), South Africa, who accessed public health services in the 2 years prior to 31 December 2023. Programme data from disease registers were complemented by data from pharmacy and laboratory systems. At study closure, 494 370 people were included, constituting 93% of those of those estimated to be living with HIV in the province, of whom 355 104 were on ART. Substantial disengagement from HIV care was evident at every point on the cascade. Early treatment emerged as a period of higher risk of disengagement, but it did not account for the majority of disengagement. Almost all those currently disengaged had prior experience of treatment. While re-engagement was also common, overall treatment coverage had increased slowly over 5 years. The transition to dolutegravir-based regimens was dramatic with good virological outcomes for those in care, notwithstanding a clearly discernible impact of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on viral load (VL) testing. People currently engaged and disengaged in care are similar with respect to age and gender. Those who died or disengaged recently were previously distributed across a range of cascade statuses, and a substantial proportion of those newly initiating and re-initiating treatment were no longer on treatment 6 months later. The main limitation of this study was incomplete evidence of HIV testing, linkage to HIV-specific services, and out-of-facility mortality. Conclusions Using routine data, it was possible to populate and automate a cyclical cascade of HIV care that continuously captured the nonlinear care journeys of individuals living with HIV. In this generalised mature HIV epidemic, most people are treatment experienced. Disengagement is common and occurs at various points along the cascade, making it challenging to identify high-impact intervention opportunities. While historical HIV cascades remain valuable for target setting and service monitoring, they can be complemented with insights from more detailed cyclical cascades.

This article examines the military violence of land use and infrastructure. The analysis discusses the case of the British Army’s Royal Corps of Engineers in 1860s British Columbia and in Helmand, Afghanistan following the post-2001 invasion. It charts how across British colonial and liberal military projects, military infrastructure activities have mobilised towards the goal of capitalist development. Drawing analytic lines between the Royal Engineers’ activities establishing the settler colony and colonial capitalism in British Columbia and their role in imposing liberal social, political and economic norms in Helmand, the article puts forward an account of why, how and with what effect military violence can include things such as the felling of trees, the issuing of private land title, the use of topsoil for road fill or prohibiting local farmers from growing tall crops near a roadway. The central argument of this article is that we should conceptualise and understand military activities such as these as violence. This analysis develops understandings of violence within scholarship addressing coloniality, liberal war, settler colonialism; and land, territory and infrastructure. Beyond the immediate analysis of specifically military violence, this discussion has broader implications for understanding the nexus of infrastructure, land and violence.

This article presents the findings of an intervention aimed at promoting positive emotions in music performance, as positive emotions are intrinsically valuable and can have associated benefits. The intervention sought to help participants conceive performance in more meaningful, self-transcendent terms. This study investigated whether the intervention helped performers to change their approach to performance; whether an increase in meaningfulness and self-transcendence led to more positive performance-related emotions; and whether an increase in positive emotions resulted in higher perceived quality of the performance. Comparison of self-report measures pre- and post-intervention indicated that after the intervention, participants approached performance in a more meaningful, self-transcendent manner. Specifically, they were more focused on the value of music, privilege of performing, and benefits for the audience. They also reported more rewarding performance experiences: they reported more joy, engagement, and self-confidence; more inspiration and connection with their audiences; and less anxiety. In addition, they reported being able to give better performances. None of these changes were found with a randomly assigned wait list control group. We conclude that an intervention designed to change performers’ conceptions of the meaningfulness of performing can have beneficial impacts on the quality of that experience.

In this article, we explore the power and potential of democratic research methodologies in and beyond Critical Disability Studies research contexts. We centre two funded co-produced, participatory and arts-informed projects that have been co-designed and co-led with disabled young people and people living with chronic (respiratory) illness. We critically explore some key processes, which we suggest can mitigate forms of disablism and ableism inherent to research processes which traditionally make them undemocratic spaces of inequity. Our paper offers original analyses into the very notion of democratic research which have significant applications; driven as they are by the presence of disability. These include (i) Crip time - the recognition of (disabled) people’s need for flexible forms of time; (ii) virtual methods and intimacies as routes to equity in research leadership; and (iii) flexible and slow/er research approaches. We also draw upon the ways in which the Covid-19 global pandemic has reshaped methodologies and approaches to inquiry. We advocate that, as research communities, we must come together to keep hold of these new inclusive and hybridised ways of relating and engaging in what are problematically framed as “post-Covid” times. We conclude by emphasising the importance of always committing to disrupting power dynamics through centring flexibility, accessibility and inclusivity across our inquiry with marginalised others.