Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University

Objective. Genetic factors contribute to the development of metabolic syndrome and subsequent arterial hypertension (AH). The study of the T786C polymorphism of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene in arterial hypertension is important as its correlation with adipokine imbalance is a novelty area to find associations between hypertension development, obesity, and heredity. The purpose of the current study was to investigate serum adipokines levels, depending on the T786C polymorphism of the eNOS in patients with arterial hypertension. Methods. We examined 86 patients with arterial hypertension who underwent the determination of the T786C-gene promoter eNOS allelic polymorphism by PCR with electrophoretic detection. Additionally, the serum adipokines (resistin, leptin, adipoleptin, and ghrelin) levels were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results. In the patients with arterial hypertension, a significant increase in resistin level was found only in TC and CC genotype carriers of T786C, while adiponectin and leptin levels were significantly higher in all three genotypes (TT, TC, CC) compared to control healthy group. The most severe increase in the adipokine levels was observed in CC genotype, followed by TC geno-type. The antianorexic hormone ghrelin had an opposite trend, with the lowest levels found in CC, followed by TC, and TT genotypes of T786C promoter eNOS gene. Interestingly, ghrelin level in TT genotype patients was not statistically different from control healthy group. Conclusions. We demonstrated that CC and TC, compared with TT genotype carriers of the T786C polymorphism of the promoter eNOS gene, had significantly higher levels of all adipokines, except ghrelin, where an opposite trend was observed, which suggests their higher risk in development of more severe arterial hypertension with concomitant obesity, and other associated disorders.

The article examines the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into the educational process of programming in secondary school, which is becoming relevant against the background of the rapid development of technologies and the growing importance of programming as a key competence. The authors analyze modern approaches to learning that involve AI for automatic code generation and the challenges that teachers and students face when implementing these technologies. The focus is on ensuring students develop critical thinking, analytical skills, adaptability, and the ability to evaluate and improve automatically generated code. The study is based on a survey of 105 computer science teachers from Ukraine who have experience or are interested in applying AI in teaching programming. The results show that most respondents recognize the importance of developing students’ critical thinking skills, logical analysis, and understanding of algorithms generated by AI, as well as the ethical aspects of using artificial intelligence. The need to adapt traditional teaching methods to consider new opportunities provided by AI systems and prepare students to work in a dynamic technological environment was also revealed. The authors offer specific methodological recommendations for implementing AI in the educational process, mainly focusing on developing fundamental programming knowledge and not only on learning individual programming languages. They also emphasize the need to introduce new testing methods that concentrate on analyzing and optimizing AI-generated code and developing students’ analytical abilities. The article is a contribution to the development of effective methods of teaching programming that take into account modern technological challenges and opportunities opened by AI.

The nonlinear elastic properties of rubber cause a specific relationship between the pressure and volume in a rubber balloon. This is manifested by the fact that when the balloon is inflated, the pressure inside it increases sharply, and then gradually decreases as the volume increases. It is interesting to see what will happen to the pressure in a rubber balloon in a vacuum bell jar, when air is not pumped into the balloon, but is pumped out of the bell jar and the balloon expands. The study was conducted using an Arduino system for pressure measurement, the Tracker software for video analysis, and Google Sheets cloud service for mathematical calculations and plotting. This allows for the effective implementation of the STEM approach in education. This study is appropriate to use in the training of future masters-level physics teachers to form digital competence and competence in STEM education. In the future, they can use it as a learning project in the educational process during their professional activities.

The review article theoretically substantiates the peculiarities of the speech development of children with Down syndrome. Emphasized the importance of speech development as a key tool of socialization and cognitive activity of a child with Down syndrome, which helps to become part of a social group, improve self-esteem and reduce alienation. It is noted that the peculiarities of the speech of children with Down syndrome are manifested in a noticeable lag in the development of the child's active speech, which is accompanied by an insufficient level of understanding of the speech of others. The main characteristics of the speech of children with Down syndrome are revealed: physiological and anatomical features (muscle hypotonia, peculiarities of the structure of the oral cavity, difficulty breathing), delay in speech development (late speech development, difficulty in constructing sentences), pronunciation and articulation (problems with the articulation of sounds , monotony of speech), cognitive and communicative features (cognitive impairments, difficulties in understanding and reproducing speech, well-developed visual-spatial memory), individual progress. The main problems of speech development in children with Down syndrome are indicated, which are associated with a delay in both expressive and receptive speech, which affects the ability to learn and social interaction; peculiarities of articulation and phonetics (due to the hypotonia of the muscles of the face and oral cavity, children often have difficulties with the pronunciation of sounds and words, which makes it difficult to understand their speech), cognitive difficulties (intellectual disabilities can reduce the ability to master complex grammatical constructions and expand vocabulary), sensory integration. Prospects for further research are outlined: improvement of individualized approaches to a child with Down syndrome, taking into account his strengths; development of innovative technologies for speech development; research of alternative and additional communication; working out the algorithm and tools of early intervention in the speech therapist's work with a child with Down syndrome.

The paper presents the results of the study of bodies movement on a rough surface, which carries out longitudinal and transverse oscillations. The design of the inertial conveyor for reducing dynamic loads has been proposed. The dependences of the acceleration of the longitudinal oscillations of the chute and the speed of the transverse oscillations of the chute walls on dimensionless time τ=ωt have been obtained. As a result of the kinematic analysis of the mechanism of the reciprocating movement of the chute, the dependences of the movement, speed and acceleration of the chute of the inertial conveyor on the angle of rotation of the crank and its rotation frequency have been obtained. As a result of the conducted theoretical studies, it has established that when the chute of the inertial conveyor is given transverse oscillations during periods of time and when the load slides along the surface of the chute, the productivity of this vehicle significantly increases. The obtained dependencies can be used in the design of inertial conveyors with given technical and economic indicators.

The relevance of this research is underscored by the importance of studying sensitive visual content in the media and understanding how it is covered in journalism. This article aims to identify and analyze negative trends in the ethical handling of sensitive content, specifically regarding the photographic representation of farewell ceremonies for Ukrainian soldiers. The subject of the research is the ethical aspects of visual content in Ukrainian media. The analysis focuses on the importance of context, the possibility of documenting events through photography and its inherent subjectivity, the emotional weight a photograph carries, its impact on the viewer, the recording of human rights violations, and the ethical issues surrounding the coverage of farewell ceremonies for fallen soldiers. The research employs general scientific methods and techniques, including empirical and systematic analysis as well as analytical, comparative, and descriptive methods. The results of the study. The ethical principles of journalism have always been relevant. However, with the onset of the war in 2014 and the full-scale invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation in February 2022, these issues have become even more significant and have gained new meaning. To date, there is no comprehensive research in Ukraine addressing the ethical principles of journalism concerning the publication of visual materials concerning war victims. The ethical standards for publishing images of military funerals of those who died as a result of Russian aggression remain ambiguous. This topic requires serious reflection in today’s media environment, where sensitive content is frequently aired. It is crucial to explore and define the boundary between the necessity of using photographs to substantiate war crime evidence and the ethics of disseminating emotionally charged images in their original form. It has been noted that the media often do not take into account the potential impact of photos from the funerals of fallen soldiers on their audience. Some viewers may prefer not to see close-up images of soldiers in coffins. The research suggests that retouching such photos (e.g., blurring the face) would be a professional approach, as the depiction of farewell ceremonies can significantly affect the grieving process of the deceased’s relatives and loved ones. Thus, media images of military funerals should be presented to encourage thoughtful consideration rather than incidental shock or distress.

Historiographic works on the history of cinema play an important role in preserving knowledge about the development of this art form. They not only document the key stages of the evolution of cinema, but also provide an opportunity to analyze it as a cultural phenomenon that is closely intertwined with the history of mankind. Historiographic works on the history of cinema cover the study of the development of cinema as an art, a means of communication and an industry. They reflect various aspects of its formation: socio-cultural influences, technological breakthroughs, genre transformations and the role of cinema in a historical context. However, a thorough analysis of historiographic sources on the study of the history of the evolution of cinema in the context of considering the stages of the development of science and technology has not been carried out before. The aim of the study is to investigate the state, completeness and reliability of the study of the history of the development of cinema in the context of considering the stages of the development of science and technology, based on the analysis of historiographic sources, the achievements of predecessors, and modern methodology. The objective of this article is to analyze historiographical sources that consider the magic lantern, the camera obscura, and the shadow play as key precursors to cinema. The magic lantern, the camera obscura, and the shadow play were key milestones in the development of cinema, as they developed techniques for manipulating light and shadow, creating the illusion of movement, and projecting images. They became important precursors to cinema, providing the conceptual and technical foundations that allowed cinematic technologies as we know them today to emerge. All three devices actively used the manipulation of light and shadow to create visual effects that became the basis for cinema. Each of these devices allowed for technical innovations in the use of lighting, projections, and images that were later adapted in cinematic technologies such as projectors and motion pictures. All of these technologies helped popularize the idea of using optical effects and media for a mass audience, which was important for the emergence of cinema as an industry. Historiographical works devoted to the magic lantern, the camera obscura, and the shadow play focus on the study of these inventions as important precursors to cinema. They laid the foundations of visual art that uses the play of light and shadow, and influenced the development of technologies for creating the illusion of movement.

The article presents the results of a study on the content of the concept of "financial literacy" and the current state of the issue concerning the development of financial literacy as a key competency in the professional training of future primary school teachers. To identify the content component of future teachers' readiness to instill financial literacy in primary school students, methods of pedagogical observation during undergraduate and graduate student teaching practices, and content analysis of existing methodological materials for primary education were used to detect economic (financial) themes within the technological educational domain. The analysis of theoretical and methodological literature revealed that the concept of "financial literacy" as a key competency for citizens has the same content for both primary education recipients and future teachers, explained by the very idea of "literacy" as a foundational level of knowledge and competencies. Observations showed a low level of financial competence and interest in exploring financial-economic aspects among future teachers during their practical teaching sessions. It is anticipated that in the professional training of primary education teachers, financial literacy as a personally significant competency should be combined with readiness to develop financial literacy in students. Conditions for such training include the use of personalized, competency-based, and coaching approaches. Based on the content of the concept of "financial literacy," key principles for developing financial literacy in students have been formulated: transparency of information, volunteerism and charity, autonomy of the child's budget; gradual accumulation of financial experience; combination of financial awareness and critical thinking; experience formation through play;