Taibah University

Background Gender inequality has been prevalent in the history of medicine, specifically within surgical specialties. Although there have been advances, urology has remained overwhelmingly male-dominant, with slow growth in female recruitment. Objectives The study aimed to assess whether the gender influences selection of medical specialty, especially gender bias in urology. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among undergraduate medical students in Saudi Arabian medical schools to explore the influence of gender on urology specialty selection. Data were collected from November 2023 to June 2024 using a structured questionnaire administered electronically. A pilot study was conducted to evaluate the questionnaire’s reliability and clarity. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The questionnaire demonstrated acceptable reliability. Results The total study participants were 602 medical students. The dataset reveals a balanced gender representation, with males constituting 55.6% and females 44.4%. A substantial majority, 94.5%, expressed a definitive willingness to pursue further residency training following graduation, indicating a robust commitment to advancing their medical careers. However, while evaluating interest in urology, the statistics revealed a potential disparity, with only 43.2% affirmatively considering urology as a specialty, contrasted against 56.8% who would not. The study shows that the participants’ considering urology as a specialty has a statistically significant relation to gender ( P = 0.0001) as 72.3% of those who would consider the specialty were males compared to only 27.7% for females. The data also show a concerning trend where 21.8% of those uninterested in urology reported insufficient exposure during medical school as a deterrent, while others found the specialty to be embarrassing or simply uninteresting, accounting for 70.8% of the negative responses. Conclusion This study reveals a significant gender disparity in urology specialty selection among medical students. While the majority of students intend to pursue residency training, male students are significantly more likely to consider urology as a specialty compared to female students. Factors such as limited exposure and negative perceptions contribute to the underrepresentation of women in urology. Addressing these issues is crucial to achieving gender equality within the field.

The aim of this work is to build an efficient speed estimate method and a sensorless vector control system for an induction motor (IM) using a promised split-source inverter (SSI) configuration. A more straightforward method for tracking the rotor speed signal based on the motor's phase-axis relationship is derived in detail and processed with a regulated modified space-vector PWM (RMSPWM) technique. The adopted sensorless control system-based SSI is subjected to extensive analysis to ensure its observability, and the findings are corroborated by standard functional test results and parameter adjustments. Moreover, the experimental implementation of the designed SSI prototype is discussed and investigated. The results show the effectiveness of the proposed speed estimation method with the suggested RMSPWM scheme for SSI and its observability and robustness when compared to the conventional modulation topologies.

In present studies, six Schiff bases were prepared, characterized and evaluated for their anti-tumor activity against the colorectal cancer cell line SW-480. The test compounds were characterized by various physico-chemical techniques such as M. P., TLC, UV, FT-IR, elemental analysis, ¹H-NMR spectroscopy etc. and investigated for their non-covalent DNA binding potential. The electronic absorption and hydrodynamic studies expressed strong complementary evidence that the Schiff bases are binding between the narrow walls of the helical DNA grooves and were stabilized via electrostatic interactions through groove binding as the dominant binding mode. Moreover, these studies also revealed that the tested compound had significant non-covalent binding to chicken (ck) blood ds-DNA at blood pH (7.4) and body temperature 310 K: the calculated values of standard Gibbs free energy changes (ΔG = −RT ln Kf) for all compounds were negative which manifested the spontaneity of binding for all compounds. The cytotoxicity of the compounds was found through triplicate testing and the O. D. values were compared to find the percentage viability of the cells. The IC50 values of the compounds were estimated through dose-dependent curves. HSB3, HSB4 and HSB1 showed relatively potent anti-cancer activity with IC50 values of 7.0913 μg mL⁻¹, 17.1469 μg mL⁻¹ and 17.5254 μg mL⁻¹, respectively. The same compounds had also exhibited relatively better ds-DNA binding efficacy with binding constant values (9.1 × 10⁵, 3.5 × 10⁵ and 5.13 × 10⁴ respectively).

The electrohydrodynamic instability of perfect and leaky viscous dielectric fluids has been discussed when direct and alternating current fields are present and the porous medium is saturated. The dispersion relation is derived for the AC (alternating current) and DC (direct current) fields by employing the linear stability treatment with the perturbation amplitude’s time dependency and Floquet analysis, respectively. The stability discussion has been established according to the dispersion equation’s root-finding solution in the two cases under perfect and leaky dielectrics. The parameters effects on the system’s stability have been shown through a variety of numerical applications. It is observed that, in contrast to the direct current (DC) fields, alternating current (AC) fields act to dampen system instabilities. Moreover, when the interface is perfect-leaky dielectrics, the system is less stable than when it is leaky-leaky dielectrics. Also, the system is not influenced at the perfect-perfect interface for DC fields, but becomes more unstable at the perfect-leaky interface when a porous medium is present. Interestingly, the frequency as well as the ratio of viscosities has irregular effects on the stability. The medium permeability has a destabilizing impact on the model for all studied cases. By creating appropriate devices that regulate the model parameters, the current study may be helpful in enhanced oil recovery, fuel cells, emulsion separation, water filtration, and its desalination.

To address the risks associated with potentially inappropriate prescribing (PIP) in older adults, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of PIP in home health care patients in the Taif Health Cluster, Saudi Arabia. Using the Beers, STOPP, and START criteria, a retrospective analysis was conducted on 400 older adults aged 65 and over who received home health care between February and October 2023. Results indicated that 38.5% of patients had at least one PIP incident, with polypharmacy present in 80.6% of PIP cases. PIP was more prevalent among females and those aged 75 and older. Potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) were noted in 80.6% of cases, while potentially inappropriate omissions (PIOs) were recorded in 26.5%. The most frequent cause of PIMs was a lack of a clear indication, affecting 23.3% of total prescriptions. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin II receptor antagonists (AIIRAs) were commonly omitted in diabetic patients with renal disease. Findings highlight the need for regular prescription reviews to reduce PIP and improve patient outcomes.

Deep learning has proven capable of automating key aspects of histopathologic analysis. However, its context-specific nature and continued reliance on large expert-annotated training datasets hinders the development of a critical mass of applications to garner widespread adoption in clinical/research workflows. Here, we present an online collaborative platform that streamlines tissue image annotation to promote the development and sharing of custom computer vision models for PHenotyping And Regional Analysis Of Histology (PHARAOH; https://www.pathologyreports.ai/). Specifically, PHARAOH uses a weakly supervised, human-in-the-loop learning framework whereby patch-level image features are leveraged to organize large swaths of tissue into morphologically-uniform clusters for batched annotation by human experts. By providing cluster-level labels on only a handful of cases, we show how custom PHARAOH models can be developed efficiently and used to guide the quantification of cellular features that correlate with molecular, pathologic and patient outcome data. Moreover, by using our PHARAOH pipeline, we showcase how correlation of cohort-level cytoarchitectural features with accompanying biological and outcome data can help systematically devise interpretable morphometric models of disease. Both the custom model design and feature extraction pipelines are amenable to crowdsourcing, positioning PHARAOH to become a fully scalable, systems-level solution for the expansion, generalization and cataloging of computational pathology applications.

Background Indoor air pollution is a major public health concern, contributing to approximately 2.9 million deaths and 81.1 million disability-adjusted life years lost annually. This issue disproportionately affects underprivileged communities that depend on solid fuels for cooking. As a result, these communities suffer from heightened exposure to indoor air pollutants, which increases the risk of morbidity, mortality, and worsening health disparities. Objective This study investigates the association between socioeconomic status and mortality related to indoor air pollution across multiple countries. Methods Data from the 2019 Demographic and Health Survey, WHO, and World Bank were utilized to examine the impact of socioeconomic status on indoor air pollution-related mortality. The primary outcome was mortality associated with solid fuel use, with income quintiles as the independent variable. Linear and logistic regression analyses were applied to assess these relationships. Results Logistic regression analysis revealed a strong negative association where household income increases and indoor air pollution-related mortality significantly decreases. Specifically, Households in the highest income quartile showed a 22% reduction progressively in the odds of mortality risk compared to the lowest income quintile. Additionally, access to clean fuel correlated with a 0.59 times lower odds of mortality, highlighting the clean energy sources’ protecting effect. Conclusion The findings highlight the critical need to prioritize clean fuel access, particularly in low-income communities, to reduce indoor air pollution mortality. Policies should focus on increasing clean energy accessibility and supporting vulnerable populations through targeted subsidies and poverty alleviation programs to reduce indoor air pollution exposure disparities.

Objective The objective of this research is twofold: first, to ascertain whether insufficient sleep correlates with the occurrence of obesity and second, to explore whether interventions aimed at improving sleep patterns can mitigate weight gain in preschoolers. Methods A thorough search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane databases was conducted up to 9 th December 2019. For the first objective, prospective studies with a follow-up period of at least 1 year were included, assessing sleep duration at baseline alongside relevant outcome measures. For the second objective, intervention trials implementing sleep-focused interventions and measuring indicators of overweight or obesity were considered. Data extraction followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines. Results Children with shorter sleep durations were found to be at a higher risk of developing overweight or obesity, as indicated by a pooled analysis of 13 studies involving 42,878 participants (relative risk: 1.54; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.33–1.77; P < 0.001). In addition, there was a significant association between sleep duration and changes in body mass index (BMI) Z-score, based on the data from 10 studies across 11 cohorts with a total of 29,553 participants, showing a mean difference of − 0.02 units per hour of sleep (95% CI: −0.03 to − 0.01; P < 0.001). Moreover, four out of five intervention studies reported positive outcomes, demonstrating improvements in BMI (−0.27 kg/m ² ; 95% CI: −0.50 to − 0.03; P = 0.03) and BMI Z-score (−0.07 units; 95% CI: −0.12 to − 0.02; P = 0.006), suggesting that enhancing sleep quality may help reduce weight gain in pre-school children. Conclusion These results suggest that insufficient sleep duration is a significant risk factor for the development of obesity in pre-school children. In addition, intervention studies imply that enhancing sleep quality may be linked to a reduction in weight gain amongst these young children.

Background Undergoing circumcision, a surgical intervention, frequently leads to distressing pain and discomfort for individuals. Efficient pain management is vital in the context of circumcision, as patients often experience discomfort both before and after the procedure. To alleviate this pain, medical professionals utilise caudal nerve block and dorsal nerve block techniques, which target specific nerves to deliver relief. The primary goal of this study is to assess and compare the efficacy of these two methods in managing circumcision-related pain, thereby assisting healthcare providers in selecting the optimal approach tailored to their patients’ needs. Materials and Methods A thorough search of four electronic databases was conducted (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science) up until April 2024. We focused on identifying studies that assessed and compared the effectiveness of caudal nerve block versus dorsal penile nerve block (DNPB). We used the Risk of Bias 1 tool to evaluate the quality of evidence from these trials. The data from the studies we selected were systematically extracted and compiled into a standardised online spreadsheet, and the analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4. Results The search process revealed relevant nine articles of total sample size ( n = 553). Baseline characteristics showed no difference between the arms of each included study. Results of the meta-analysis showed a statistically significant difference favouring DNPB as it showed longer periods until analgesia rescue dose compared to caudal nerve block (mean difference = −58.94, 95% confidence interval [CI] [ −113.82, −4.06]) but with significant unsolved heterogeneity. In addition, regarding the number of analgesics use 24 h post-operative meta-analysis showed no statistically significant difference between both interventions pooled effect (risk ratio = 1.03, 95% CI [0.76, 1.41]) indicated by a P = 0.83. Data showed marked heterogeneity ( P = 0.04 and I ² = 64%) that could be solved by sensitivity analysis. Conclusions This systematic review and meta-analysis provide insights into caudal and DNPBs’ effectiveness in circumcision pain management. Both methods are comparable, but dorsal penile block offers faster analgesia and earlier walking. These findings help clinicians choose the best technique based on patients’ needs and potential benefits.

Background Percutaneous left atrial appendage closure (LAAC), which lowers bleeding risk and mortality, has been shown in multiple studies to be a safe substitute for oral anticoagulation (OAC) in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients. It has been demonstrated that in patients at high risk of bleeding, LAAC reduces bleeding more than OAC. The purpose of the current systematic review and meta-analysis is to compare the two therapy methods regarding bleeding risk as well as other safety and efficacious outcomes, as there is insufficient evidence to support the use of LAAC rather than direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in AF patients. Methods Using the following search strategy: ‘Left atrial’ AND ‘appendage’ AND ‘Atrial fibrillation’ AND ‘Anticoagulant’ OR ‘Anti-coagulant’ OR ‘Anticoagulation’, we searched PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus for eligible articles that should undergo the screening process to determine its ability to be included in our study. Results The use of LAAC in AF patients was associated with lower risk of bleeding compared to patients taking DOAC with OR of 0.67 (95% CI: 0.51, 0.87, P = 0.02), and decreased risk of cardiac mortality compared to DOAC with OR of 0.53 (95% CI: 0.39, 0.73, P < 0.0001). No significant differences were observed between LAAC and DOAC regarding all-cause mortality, stroke incidence and thrombosis or embolism with OR of 2.62 (95% CI: 0.14, 48.18, P = 0.52), 1.2 (95% CI: 0.18, 7.96, P = 0.85) and 1.03 (95% CI: 0.73, 1.46, P = 0.86), respectively. Conclusion The current meta-analysis contrasted various AF patient outcomes following the use of DOAC or LAAC. When compared to DOAC, the usage of LAAC was found to reduce the risk of bleeding and cardiac death. Regarding the incidence of all cause death, stroke risk and thrombosis or embolism risk, however, their findings were similar.

Background Central sleep apnoea (CSA) is a sleep-disordered breathing issue characterised by inadequate breathing episodes during sleep without respiratory effort. Disruptions in the central nervous system’s signalling to respiratory muscles cause inadequate ventilation and impaired gas exchange. CSA is rare in the general population but prevalent in heart failure patients. Treatment options include lifestyle changes, positive airway pressure therapy and pharmacological interventions. Adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV), a specialised form of positive airway pressure therapy, dynamically adjusts pressure based on the patient’s breathing patterns, providing tailored ventilation support for CSA patients. This innovative approach helps prevent apnoeas and hypopnoeas, ensuring the airway remains open during sleep. Methods We conducted a comprehensive search across four electronic databases (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science) up until March 2024, to identify pertinent studies evaluating the efficacy of adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV) in the treatment of CSA in patients with heart failure. The quality of evidence from trials was assessed using ROB1. Data from the included studies were extracted into a uniform online sheet and analysed using RevMan 5.4. Results Our search led to the identification of 9 studies involving a total of 3135 patients. The meta-analysis results demonstrated that ASV exhibited no statistically significant difference compared to controls regarding left ventricular ejection fraction (mean difference [MD] =2.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] [ − 0.29, 5.40] with P value of the overall effect of 0.08. Results showed significant heterogeneity ( P < 0.0001, I ² = 83%). Moreover, it showed no difference regarding left ventricular end-diastolic and systolic volumes (MD= −1.63, 95% CI [−10.09.6.82], with P = 0.70) and (MD= −0.97, 95% CI [−5.47, 3.79], with P = 0.69), respectively, with no detected heterogeneity. Conclusion In the first meta-analysis, assessing the cardiovascular outcomes of ASV in the treatment of CSA on patients with heart failure. ASV, although not significantly impacting key cardiac parameters or clinical endpoints, showed potential benefits in specific domains for certain heart failure subgroups; further research is needed to clarify its role in heart failure management and identify optimal patient populations for ASV intervention.

Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disorder affecting the central nervous system, causing significant morbidity worldwide. Teriflunomide, an oral immunomodulatory agent, has emerged as a promising therapy for MS. However, a comprehensive assessment of its safety and efficacy through a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) is lacking. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted up to 7 th March, 2024, in PubMed, Embase, WOS and Scopus. RCTs investigating teriflunomide’s safety and efficacy in MS patients were included. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed following predefined criteria. Meta-analysis was conducted to calculate pooled estimates of treatment effects and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results Six RCTs met the inclusion criteria, comprising 2654 participants. Teriflunomide significantly reduced the annualised relapse rate compared to placebo in both 7 mg (mean difference [MD]: −0.22, 95% CI [−0.29, −0.14], P < 0.0001) and 14 mg doses (MD: −0.25, 95% CI [−0.32,−0.17], P < 0.0001). However, there was no significant effect on disability progression assessed by the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) in either the 7 mg (MD: 0.25, 95% CI [−0.38, 0.88], P = 0.44) or 14 mg (MD:–0.44, 95% CI [−1.25, 0.37], P = 0.29) dose groups. Teriflunomide was associated with a higher incidence of hair thinning (risk ratio [RR]: 2.16, 95% CI [1.30, 3.59], P = 0.003) but did not significantly increase the risk of overall adverse events (RR: 0.89, 95% CI [0.65, 1.21], P = 0.44), serious adverse events (RR: 1.05, 95% CI [0.85, 1.29], P = 0.66), deaths (RR: 0.63, 95% CI [0.07, 5.51], P = 0.68), upper respiratory tract infections (RR: 1.81, 95% CI [0.97, 3.38], P = 0.06), or nasopharyngitis (RR: 1.53, 95% CI [0.86, 2.71], P = 0.14). Conclusion Teriflunomide demonstrates efficacy in reducing relapse rates but does not significantly impact disability progression in MS patients. While it is associated with a higher incidence of hair thinning, overall adverse events and serious adverse events are comparable to placebo. These findings support the use of teriflunomide as a treatment option for MS, emphasising the importance of patient monitoring for potential adverse effects.

Introduction Post-operative wound infections are dangerous occurrences that happen in various surgical operations. Negative Pressure Therapy (NPT) has been suggested as a method to diminish surgical site infections (SSIs). However, data concerning the effect of this intervention across different types of operations are still lacking. Objective This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of NPT in reducing SSIs following various surgical procedures. Materials and Methods A systematic review was conducted to identify all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) published between 2020 and 2023 that investigated the efficacy of NPT in reducing post-operative SSIs across different types of surgeries. The outcome measures included SSI incidences and adverse effects. Quality assessment and data extraction were conducted in accordance with the PRISMA flowchart. Results Our meta-analysis included 18 RCTs, encompassing a total of 7,898 patients across different surgical fields such as orthopaedic, gastrointestinal, hepatobiliary, cancer and gynaecology surgeries. The integrated data demonstrated a significant reduction in SSI incidence when comparing the results of NPT application against standard treatment (odds ratio = 0.53; 95% confidence interval = [0.39–0.73], P = 0.0001). This effect remained consistent when subgrouping the studies by different surgical procedures. The safety profile of NPT was found to be acceptable, with no significant increase in adverse effects such as wound dehiscence and hematomas, and a significant decrease in the incidence of wound seroma. Conclusions This meta-analysis supports the use of NPT in reducing SSI rates and endorses its application in post-operative care, particularly in cancer and gastrointestinal surgeries.

Background Sleeplessness or insomnia is another type of sleep disorder and is prevalent in a large part of the global population which interferes with normal daily activities and overall quality of life. Some of the treatments are directed to neurotransmitter systems such as GABA and melatonin receptor sites. Suvorexant, a recently developed orexin receptor antagonist, is a promising pharmacotherapeutic target; however the superiority over placebo of suvorexant deserves further investigation. Methods An extensive search of the bibliographic databases was done using the web sources such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of science, Cochrane and Google Scholar. Informed by the PICOT question, only RCTs based on peer-reviewed journal articles were collected, and only those that focused on suvorexant for insomnia patients specifically. Data analysis was carried out in R software version 4.2.2. Categorical data were presented using odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs for binary variables, while MDs with 95% CIs were used to compare the means of the four continuous variables at follow-up. Inter-study variability was determined using the Chi-square Cochrane test and the I-squared test. Publication bias was checked by Funnel plot and Egger’s regression test. Results The meta-analysis analyzed five, RCTs all together enrolling 1, 540 participants. Suvorexant showed a statistically significant improvement in TST, with a mean difference of 32.07 units (95% CI: 27.Seventy to 36.26 P < 0.0001, and WASO compared with placebo was also significantly shorter by a mean of − 27.92 (95% CI: − 30.33 to − 25.52) P < 0.0001. There was low level of heterogeneity (I² = 3.6 %) suggesting that all the studies pointed to similar conclusions. They found out that they did not observe publication bias. Conclusion Given the foregoing, let it be noted that suvorexant alleviates sleep debit and produces robust improvements in total sleep time and worst awake sleep time as compared to placebo. Overall, the results show that suvorexant is an effective treatment for insomnia although it appears that the degree of effectiveness varies somewhat. More studies are required to establish its continued efficiency and safety of, in addition to, evaluating its effectiveness in contrast to other kinds of insomnia therapies.

Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients now have significantly better clinical outcomes thanks to biologic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs that target tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 (IL-1) and IL-6 receptor; T cell costimulatory blockade therapies; B cell depletion therapies and the newer generation of kinase inhibitors. The aim of the current systematic review and meta-analysis is to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the use of different sarilumab doses in methotrexate (MTX)-unresponsive RA patients or who have inadequate response. Methods By adherence to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines, we conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis by searching for all eligible articles on PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus from inception till March 2024. We used the following search strategy depending on two main keywords: ‘Sarilumab’ AND ‘Rheumatoid arthritis’ OR ‘RA’. Results A statistically significant difference was obtained between those taking sarilumab and those taking placebo regarding the change from baseline of C reactive protein with mean difference (MD) of −17.29 (95% CI: −21.75, −12.84, P < 0.00001) with a statistically significant heterogeneity. Furthermore, there was a statistically significant difference between both groups regarding health assessment questionnaire disability index and pain scores as the sarilumab caused more reduction compared to placebo with MD of − 0.28 (95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.32, −0.24, P < 0.00001) and −11.2 (95% CI: −12.68, −9.72, P < 0.00001) with significant heterogeneity, respectively. Sarilumab caused more reduction in the number of swollen and tender joints compared to placebo with MD of −3.09 (95% CI: −3.52, −2.66, P < 0.00001) and − 5.41 (95% CI: −6.86, −3.97, P < 0.00001), with significant heterogeneity, respectively. Conclusion The current study showed that using different doses of sarilumab is associated with improved outcomes in RA patients who are unresponsive or have inadequate response to MTX in addition to the presence of comparable serious adverse events (AEs) between sarilumab and placebo. However, sarilumab was associated with more AEs that did not require drug discontinuation.

Background Acute coronary syndrome (ACS), comprising ST-elevation myocardial infarction, non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction and unstable angina, is a significant coronary heart disease subcategory causing one-third of deaths in individuals aged 35 and above. Risk factors for ACS include smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia and more. Diabetes mellitus, linked to cardiovascular (CV) disease risk factors, increases coronary artery disease (CAD) mortality risk by 2–4 times and negatively impacts post-myocardial infarction prognosis. Empagliflozin, an antidiabetic agent for type 2 diabetes patients, works by inhibiting sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2) in kidneys, reducing renal glucose reabsorption and increasing urinary glucose excretion. SGLT2 inhibitors like empagliflozin may lower CV event risks, reduce heart failure hospitalisations and improve cardiac function parameters. However, specific empagliflozin outcomes on diabetic patients with CAD need further meta-analysis investigation. Methods We conducted a comprehensive search across four electronic databases (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science) up until April 2024, to identify pertinent studies evaluating the effectiveness of empagliflozin in the treatment of type 2 diabetics with acute coronary syndrome. The quality of evidence from trials was assessed using the Risk of Bias tool 1. The data from the included studies were extracted into a uniform online sheet and analysed using RevMan 5.4. Results Our search led to the identification of four studies involving a total of 729 patients. The meta-analysis results demonstrated that empagliflozin had a statistically significant effect on patients’ HbA1C (mean difference [MD] = −0.19, 95% confidence interval [CI] [ − 0.39, 0.00]) and a statistically significant P = 0.05. In addition, empagliflozin could reduce body weight (MD = −2.46, 95% CI [−3.35, −1.57]) and systolic blood pressure placebo (MD = −9.25, 95% CI [−12.87, −5.62]). Results showed no heterogeneity. Conclusion This systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrate that empagliflozin effectively lowers HbA1C levels and body weight in diabetic patients. However, it does not significantly influence other factors such as estimated glomerular filtration rate, haematocrit, left ventricular ejection fraction per cent, fasting blood sugar, NT-proBNP levels, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, blood pressure, body mass index or rates of CV events, heart failure, CV death and liver injury. Overall, empagliflozin appears to have a favourable safety profile, showing no increased risk of adverse CV or liver-related events compared to a placebo.