Stockholm University

The chapter examines the nature of Islamic educational arrangements, showing some similarities and some differences throughout the approximately 40 countries where Muslims traditionally form majorities or important minorities. The similarities have to do with the features inherent in Islam: the idea of the Muslim community (‘umma); Sharia law; and the widespread desire among Muslims to have their children trained in Islamic moral values and norms. The chapter discusses the differences between the Muslim countries, which are related mainly to colonial experiences, the relative power of Muslim interests in each country, the type of state and public education system, and the type and degree of involvement in globalisation processes. The chapter concludes that the permanent presence of Islam in Europe, North America, and Australia has become a reality today. The difference between the Islamic values and identity, on the one hand, and the predominant cultures and value systems of the host societies, on the other hand, has made governments in the North attempt to keep a balance between integration and preservation of culture of origin.

The complex dynamics of protein expression in plasma during hyperacute HIV-1 infection and its relation to acute retroviral syndrome, viral control, and disease progression are largely unknown. Here, we quantify 1293 blood plasma proteins from 157 longitudinally linked plasma samples collected before, during, and after hyperacute HIV-1 infection of 54 participants from four sub-Saharan African countries. Six distinct longitudinal expression profiles are identified, of which four demonstrate a consistent decrease in protein levels following HIV-1 infection. Proteins involved in inflammatory responses, immune regulation, and cell motility are significantly altered during the transition from pre-infection to one month post-infection. Specifically, decreased ZYX and SCGB1A1 levels, and increased LILRA3 levels are associated with increased risk of acute retroviral syndrome; increased NAPA and RAN levels, and decreased ITIH4 levels with viral control; and increased HPN, PRKCB, and ITGB3 levels with increased risk of disease progression. Overall, this study provides insight into early host responses in hyperacute HIV-1 infection, and present potential biomarkers and mechanisms linked to HIV-1 disease progression and viral load.

The biogenic volatile organic compounds isoprene and α‐pinene are abundant over the Amazon and can be efficiently transported to the upper troposphere by deep convective clouds (DCC). We simulate their transport and chemistry following DCC updrafts and upper tropospheric outflow using a multi‐phase chemistry model with aerosol microphysics constrained by recent field measurements. In the lightning‐ and NO‐rich early morning outflow, organonitrates dominate the predicted ultra‐ and extremely‐low‐volatility organic compounds (ULVOCs+) derived from isoprene and α‐pinene. Nucleation of particles by α‐pinene‐derived ULVOCs+ alone, with an associated formation rate of 1.7 nm molecular clusters of 0.0006 s⁻¹ cm⁻³ and resulting maximum particle number concentration of 19 cm⁻³, is not sufficient to explain ultrafine aerosol abundances observed in Amazonian DCC outflow. When isoprene‐derived ULVOCs+ are allowed to contribute to nucleation, the new particle formation rate increases by six orders of magnitude, and the predicted number concentrations reach 10⁴ cm⁻³, consistent with observations.

Recent experiments and theoretical studies strongly indicate that water exhibits a liquid-liquid phase transition (LLPT) in the supercooled domain. An open question is how the LLPT of water can affect the properties of aqueous solutions. Here, we study the structural and thermodynamic properties of supercooled glycerol-water microdroplets at dilute conditions (χg = 3.2% glycerol mole fraction). The combination of rapid evaporative cooling with femtosecond X-ray scattering allows us to outrun crystallization and gain access to the deeply supercooled regime down to T = 229.3 K. We find that the density fluctuations of the glycerol-water solution or, equivalently, its isothermal compressibility, κT, increases upon cooling. This is confirmed by molecular dynamics simulations, which indicate that the presence of glycerol shifts the temperature of maximum κT from T = 230 K in pure water down to T = 223 K in the solution. Our findings elucidate the interplay between the complex behavior of water, including its LLPT, and the properties of aqueous solutions at low temperatures, which can have practical consequences in cryogenic biological applications and cryopreservation techniques.

Governance institutions such as the Arctic Council face ongoing (de)legitimation that impacts the broader legitimacy beliefs which enable them to govern effectively. Research has increasingly studied how different actors engage in legitimation and delegitimation that bolster or challenge legitimacy, but there has been limited study of the variation in the (de)legitimation practices of individual states and the reasons for this variation. This article studies variation in discursive (de)legitimation of the Arctic Council by the United States and China. It advances a theoretical argument for how this variation in (de)legitimation is driven by broader political developments. Using content analysis, it maps these two states’ (de)legitimation of the Arctic Council over a 12-year period and examines evidence for this theory. The article finds that both states vary considerably in their (de)legitimation of the Arctic Council over time. Changes in the intensity of their (de)legitimation are found to be linked to political developments including heightened security tensions, positive/negative shifts in environmental politics, and institutional changes. This contributes empirical evidence and new theoretical insights to the body of research about how different actors engage in (de)legitimation of global governance.

The aim of the present study was to compare risk factors for death by suicide and sudden violent death (SVD) among young people aged 10–25 years. Two target samples, 63 consecutive cases of youth suicide and 62 cases of SVD, were compared on potential risk factors differentiating the two groups from 104 controls. Data on psychiatric diagnoses, psychosocial factors, adverse childhood experiences, stressful life events, and coping strategies were collected in psychological autopsy interviews. Distinguishing for the suicide group was lower frequency of living in a steady relationship, adult psychiatric care, depression, autism spectrum disorder, being sexually assaulted, higher frequency of recent stressful life events, and lowest levels of adaptive coping. Distinguishing for the SVD group was a predominance of males, lower elementary school results, abuse of psychoactive drugs, being investigated or sentenced for criminal acts, conduct disorder or antisocial personality disorder. Common risk factors for both kinds of premature unnatural death included lower educational level, absence of work or studies, different forms of addiction, child and adolescent psychiatric care, borderline personality disorder, adverse childhood experiences, and less adaptive coping. Accordingly, there is a common ground of vulnerabilities, early adversities, and recent strains in life for both forms of premature death, but also substantial differences between these contrasting lethal developments. Prevention of both suicide and SVD should focus on adverse childhood experiences, learning difficulties, meaningful occupation, more adaptive coping, addiction, and treatment of borderline personality disorder. Suicide prevention should comprise promotion of adaptive stress management skills, depression prevention and treatment, and paying attention to young people with autism. SVD prevention should involve early response to learning difficulties, abuse of psychoactive drugs and delinquent behavior, and treatment of conduct disorder and antisocial personality disorder.

Aircraft observations have revealed ubiquitous new particle formation in the tropical upper troposphere over the Amazon1,2 and the Atlantic and Pacific oceans3,4. Although the vapours involved remain unknown, recent satellite observations have revealed surprisingly high night-time isoprene mixing ratios of up to 1 part per billion by volume (ppbv) in the tropical upper troposphere⁵. Here, in experiments performed with the CERN CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving Outdoor Droplets) chamber, we report new particle formation initiated by the reaction of hydroxyl radicals with isoprene at upper-tropospheric temperatures of −30 °C and −50 °C. We find that isoprene-oxygenated organic molecules (IP-OOM) nucleate at concentrations found in the upper troposphere, without requiring any more vapours. Moreover, the nucleation rates are enhanced 100-fold by extremely low concentrations of sulfuric acid or iodine oxoacids above 10⁵ cm⁻³, reaching rates around 30 cm⁻³ s⁻¹ at acid concentrations of 10⁶ cm⁻³. Our measurements show that nucleation involves sequential addition of IP-OOM, together with zero or one acid molecule in the embryonic molecular clusters. IP-OOM also drive rapid particle growth at 3–60 nm h⁻¹. We find that rapid nucleation and growth rates persist in the presence of NOx at upper-tropospheric concentrations from lightning. Our laboratory measurements show that isoprene emitted by rainforests may drive rapid new particle formation in extensive regions of the tropical upper troposphere1,2, resulting in tens of thousands of particles per cubic centimetre.

The paper introduces a method for creating a categorical generalized linear model (GLM) based on information extracted from a given black-box predictor. The procedure for creating the guided GLM is as follows: For each covariate, including interactions, a covariate partition is created using partial dependence functions calculated based on the given black-box predictor. In order to enhance the predictive performance, an auto-calibration step is used to determine which parts of each covariate partition should be kept, and which parts should be merged. Given the covariate and interaction partitions, a standard categorical GLM is fitted using a lasso penalty. The performance of the proposed method is illustrated using a number of real insurance data sets where gradient boosting machine (GBM) models are used as black-box reference models. From these examples, it is seen that the predictive performance of the guided GLMs is very close to that of the corresponding reference GBMs. Further, in the examples, the guided GLMs have few parameters, making the resulting models easy to interpret. In the numerical illustrations techniques are used to, e.g., identify important interactions both locally and globally, which is essential when, e.g., constructing a tariff.

Objective: This study examined the prevalence and long-term survival of atrial fibrillation (AF) in the older population. Methods: Data was recruited from the longitudinal SNAC study from baseline (2001–2004) for up to 10 years. Results: The population comprised 6,904 persons (59% women) (mean age 73.9 years). The prevalence of AF was 4.9% and increased with age. The hazard ratio (HR) for death in those with AF at baseline was 1.29 during the 10-year observation period. Cox regression analysis in persons with AF (n = 341) showed that men had a higher HR for death (1.57). CHA2DS2-VASc scores were significantly associated with death within 10 years (HR 1.29/score). Any form of anticoagulant use was reported in 146 (42.8%) and was significantly associated with survival (p = .031). Conclusions: The prevalence of AF in the general population was almost 5%, and it shortened life expectancy by nearly 2.4 years over a 10-year period. Despite the proven efficacy of OAC therapies, our results demonstrate that AF continues to be associated with increased mortality, especially among men, and that many older people are at high risk of developing a stroke because they do not receive appropriate anticoagulant therapy. These results emphasize the need for improved preventive and therapeutic modalities.

Friction plays a pivotal role in many phenomena of physical chemistry and has long been in the focus of research thereof. As a crucial parameter, frictions in membranes’ inner and/or outer surface can be minimized to reduce solvent inlet pressure and enlarge inner pore fluid flux, ideally reaching near frictionless transport of water at nanoscale. Inspired by the leaf structure of Tillandsia, a porous membrane with a rough surface and a hydrophilic inlet together with hydrophobic pore channels was designed and fabricated, based on covalent organic frameworks (COFs). Combined with COFs’ inherent highly oriented pore structures, the as‐made asymmetric membranes through chemical etching can minimize the solvent critical intrusion pressure and enable inner pore low friction water transport. Ultimately, obtained COF membranes succeeded in trapping fog from air and achieved a water harvesting rate (WHR) of 1570 mg cm‐2 h‐1, together with small molecular pollutants filtrated off in the meantime. Intriguingly, the synthesized asymmetric COF membranes illustrated unidirectional low friction water collecting and transporting features, the successful imitation of T. macdougallii. This work presents a practical strategy to construct functional porous membranes for low friction water collection and transport, and created a model paradigm to design fluid transporting pore channels.

Carmine is a red pigment made from dried cochineal, a scale insect that has been a source of brilliant scarlet reds in clothing and art for more than two millennia, with records dating back to 700 BC. Since the 16th century, it has been intensely traded all over the world and was one of the most important trade goods for the Spanish empire at its economic peak. Despite still being used on an industrial scale, with hundreds of metric tonnes produced annually, the exact molecular and crystal structure of the dyestuff remains undetermined. Notably, both modern-day commercial carmine and pigments prepared following historical recipes show strikingly similar diffraction patterns, indicating a common crystalline structure. Several model structures of carmine have been proposed, and so far spectroscopic measurements have hinted at a tetrameric complex containing the conjugate base of carminic acid, aluminium ions, and calcium ions. Considering its commercial and historical significance, determining the structure and composition of carmine would aid in both modern-day regulation and identification in historical samples. Here we show that the crystal structure of carmine can at last be determined using three-dimensional electron diffraction measurements. Our investigation reveals that carmine is indeed comprised of a tetrameric complex, that assembles into a nanoporous supramolecular structure with pore diameters of approximately 1.8 nm, held together by intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Our results establish a definite structure of carmine, unveiling a surprisingly complicated arrangement in a product that has been traded around the world for centuries. We anticipate that this study will prompt further investigations of age-old crystalline compounds and formulations using state-of-the-art electron crystallography methods, while also highlighting the serendipitous creation of a man-made supramolecular material that dates back thousands of years.

Background Drug use Disorder (DUD), the risk for which is substantially influenced by both genetic and social factors, is geographically concentrated in high-risk regions. An important step toward understanding this pattern is to examine geographical distributions of the genetic liability to DUD and a key demographic risk factor – social deprivation. Methods We calculated the mean family genetic risk score (FGRS) for DUD ((FGRS DUD ) and social deprivation for each of the 5983 areas Demographic Statistical Areas (DeSO) for all of Sweden and used geospatial techniques to analyze and map these factors. Results Using 2018 data, substantial spatial heterogeneity was seen in the distribution of the genetic risk for DUD in Sweden as a whole and in its three major urban centers which was confirmed by hot-spot analyses. Across DeSOs, FGRS DUD and s.d. levels were substantially but imperfectly correlated ( r = + 0.63), with more scattering at higher FGRS DUD and s.d. scores. Joint mapping across DeSOs for FGRS DUD and s.d. revealed a diversity of patterns across Sweden. The stability of the distributions of FGRS DUD and s.d. in DeSOs within Sweden over the years 2012–2018 was quite high. Conclusions The geographical distribution of the genetic risk to DUD is quite variable in Sweden. DeSO levels of s.d. and FRGS DUD were substantially correlated but also disassociated in a number of regions. The observed patterns were largely consistent with known trends in the human geography of Sweden. This effort lays the groundwork for further studies of the sources of geographic variation in rates of DUD.

Introduction The aim of the study is to estimate the association between bar density and nighttime emergency calls to the police. Methods We used a pooled cross‐sectional time‐series data set covering the Swedish 290 municipalities spanning the time period 2012–2021. As outcome we used nighttime emergency calls to the police and daytime emergency calls to the police as control variable. Bar density was measured as number of serving establishments licensed to serve alcohol after 1 am . The municipalities were classified into three socio‐economic (SES ) categories: low, middle and high‐ SES areas. We used survey data to estimate the prevalence of heavy episodic drinking ( HED ) for each of the three SES areas. We applied fixed‐effects modelling to estimate the association between bar density and nighttime police calls, implying that only within‐unit variation was exploited. Results Findings suggested that a 10% increase in bar density would result in a 0.46% ( p = 0.001) increase in nighttime police calls. There was a marked gradient in the bar effect across SES areas; in high‐SES areas the effect was not significant, while the effect was twice as strong in the low‐SES areas as in mid‐SES areas. We also found that the lower the status of the SES area, the higher the prevalence of HED. Discussion and Conclusions We found a significantly positive association between bar density and nighttime police calls. However, the association was markedly stronger in low‐ SES areas (which were also characterised by an elevated HED prevalence) than in high‐ SES areas (distinguished by a lower HED prevalence).

Background: The active mechanisms of change are unclear in early-provided exposure-based interventions for psychological trauma. This study aimed to address this gap by analysing weekly data from a randomised trial involving a 3-week therapist-guided online intervention based on prolonged exposure compared to a waiting-list control group. Method: The objective was to investigate whether changes in each of the four subscales of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist, fifth version (PCL-5; i.e. intrusions, avoidance behaviours, negative alternations in cognitions and hyperarousal) during the three-week intervention period mediated subsequent improvements in other post-traumatic stress symptoms at the controlled 1-month follow-up. We included baseline levels of both the mediator and the outcome as well as changes in the outcome from baseline to week 3 as covariates in a mediation model. Results: The results showed that reductions in avoidance during the intervention period mediated reduced symptom levels of intrusions, negative alternations in cognitions, and hyperarousal at week 7 (z-scores of indirect effect estimates = −0.12 to −0.07). No other PCL-5 subscales were found to be mediators of change. Conclusions: The results from this study highlight the importance of addressing avoidance behaviours in online exposure-based interventions provided in the early aftermath of trauma. Sensitivity analysis showed that the mediation effects were sensitive to assumptions related to mediator-outcome confounders, which could be considered a study limitation. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03850639.

The need for large-scale production of highly accurate simulated event samples for the extensive physics programme of the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider motivates the development of new simulation techniques. Building on the recent success of deep learning algorithms, variational autoencoders and generative adversarial networks are investigated for modelling the response of the central region of the ATLAS electromagnetic calorimeter to photons of various energies. The properties of synthesised showers are compared with showers from a full detector simulation using geant4. Both variational autoencoders and generative adversarial networks are capable of quickly simulating electromagnetic showers with correct total energies and stochasticity, though the modelling of some shower shape distributions requires more refinement. This feasibility study demonstrates the potential of using such algorithms for ATLAS fast calorimeter simulation in the future and shows a possible way to complement current simulation techniques.

In this paper, I examine how the King of Sweden, Carl XVI Gustaf, systematically consecrates the nation's business and corporate elites who have come to dominate Swedish society during the last decades concomitant with a fundamental transformation from traditional social‐democracy to neoliberalism, that is, a society characterized by the logic of corporations and markets. By promoting the business and corporate elites, the King contributes to strengthening their status and legitimacy in relation to other groups, while at the same time he reproduces his own elite status and image as a “corporate king.” In order to examine this dual elite legitimation, I have studied three major official duties in the King's official role as Sweden's head of state: (a) the awarding of the most prestigious royal medals to corporate leaders; (b) the invitation of these elites to official royal dinners; and (c) state visits, whereby the corporate elites are given a peculiar status in relation to other elite groups. Based on this unique data on the activities of a living monarch, I refute the common assumption among sociologists today that royals, and particularly monarchs, are powerless figures and therefore irrelevant as study objects. By consecrating business and its leaders, monarchs contribute to legitimizing neoliberalism, thus strengthening its hegemony, as well as their own standing. Hence, they are not only symbolic figures, but exercise real power as well.

Redefined transformative learning refers to learning that implies a change in the learner's identity, which includes cognitive, emotional, and social dimensions and is something all teachers, in this case migrant teachers, experience and negotiate when meeting a new educational context. “Who am I as a teacher in a new country?” migrant teachers ask themselves. To understand oneself as a teacher, one must identify and coordinate the past and present with a future direction, which causes migrant teachers to talk about a transformed professional identity with additional skills. This Element concerns migrant teachers' transformation, how they redefine their professional identity, and how to support this in teacher education.

Public support for Brexit has declined since the 2016 referendum. We argue that part of this decline is due to cohort replacement where many older voters (who support Brexit) have passed away, while younger voters (who oppose Brexit) have entered the electorate. Using a series of original YouGov surveys from 2016, 2018, 2020 and 2022, each representative of the UK electorate, we first demonstrate the large and stable differences in Brexit support between younger and older voters. Next, we employ demographic decomposition calculations to estimate that cohort replacement alone accounts for approximately one third of the decline in aggregate Brexit support in just 6 years (with two thirds of the decline being explained by within‐cohort changes). Furthermore, by combining our data on Brexit support with Office for National Statistics cohort projections up to 2030, we derive testable hypotheses about the pressure that cohort replacement will continue to put on Brexit support over the next decade across a wide range of potential scenarios. Altogether, our study demonstrates the powerful role that cohort replacement plays in shaping British (and European) politics in the post‐Brexit world.