State University of Medan

This study explores the relationships between Principal’s Leadership, School Management Practices, Teacher Motivation, and Teacher Performance. This study uses a quantitative methodology and takes the form of the questionnaires as the data collection instrument. The teacher served as the focus of this investigation, while the leadership and administration skills of junior high school principals served as the study’s target. This study employed using Smart Partial Least Squares (PLS) to analyze how these factors interact and influence educational outcomes. The research employed Smart PLS to model and evaluate the complex relationships between these variables, highlighting the significant roles of leadership and management in shaping teacher effectiveness and overall school performance. The findings reveal that Principal’s Leadership significantly enhances both Teacher Motivation and Teacher Performance, underscoring the critical role of effective leadership in inspiring and improving teacher performance. In contrast, School Management Practices were found to significantly impact Teacher Performance but did not significantly affect Teacher Motivation, suggesting that management practices alone may be insufficient to boost motivation levels among teachers. Teacher Motivation was identified as a key driver of Teacher Performance, emphasizing that motivated teachers are more likely to perform at higher levels. The study advocates for a comprehensive approach that integrates strong leadership, effective management practices, and targeted strategies to enhance teacher motivation and performance. The research provides valuable insights and guidance for educators and administrators aiming to foster a productive educational environment.

Reports regarding introduced fish species traded in Medan have never been reported, even though the invasive impact of several species has occurred, especially in Lake Toba, North Sumatra. This research aims to collect data on the introduced fish species traded in Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia. This research used a survey method by collecting data on introduced fish in 30 aquarium shops. The research was conducted from March to May 2024. The identified fish were then assessed for their frequency to determine their distribution percentage in aquarium shops in Medan. The results of the analysis showed that there were 55 species of introduced fish traded in Medan City which were classified into 46 genera, 29 families, 14 orders. The order Cichliformes dominates the number of species reaching 20%, followed by Cypriniformes 18%, Characiformes 13%, Siluriformes 13%, Osteoglossiformes 9%, Anabantiformes 6%, Cyprinodontiformes 5% and others 16% (species < 3%).

Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) is a significant environmental pollutant that adversely affects fish physiology, particularly liver function, which plays a critical role in detoxification and metabolism. The hepatosomatic index (HSI) is a reliable biomarker for assessing liver health under environmental stress. This study evaluated the effects of chronic POME exposure on the HSI of zebrafish (Danio rerio) to understand their physiological adaptations to POME contamination. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was applied, with three treatments (0 mL/L as control, 0.5 mL/L, and 1 mL/L) and four replicates. Statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA revealed no significant differences among treatments (p > 0.05), with HSI values ranging at 0.175–0.180 by day 28. Despite fluctuations during the study, such as an initial 20% increase in HSI in treatment A by day 7, the results indicate adaptive hepatic responses without significant toxic effects at the tested concentrations. These findings highlight the resilience of zebrafish to low concentrations of POME, underscoring the importance of HSI as a biomarker for sub-lethal toxicant effects. This study contributes to aquatic pollution management by providing insights into the ecological risks associated with POME and emphasizing the need for stricter wastewater discharge standards and policies to safeguard aquatic ecosystems.

An Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) for assessing cognitive load in Brain-Machine Interfaces (BMIs) is suggested to be developed and evaluated in this work. EEG characteristics and task-related metrics are only two examples of the pertinent input variables that the ANFIS model uses to forecast and evaluate cognitive load levels. In order to deal with the inherent imprecision and uncertainty in cognitive load data, fuzzy learning is utilised to convert discrete input values into fuzzy sets through the use of predefined membership functions. To represent the complex interactions between input variables and cognitive load, rule activation and inference mimic the cognitive process of integrating data from several rules. The resulting fuzzy output is then defuzzed using techniques like centroid or mean of maxima to yield an understandable and straightforward measure of cognitive burden. The efficacy of the ANFIS model in offering a comprehensive and precise assessment of cognitive load levels in BMIs is demonstrated. The ANFIS model has potential as a reliable and flexible method for evaluating cognitive stress in the context of brain-machine interfaces. The study shows superior performance over an existing KNN method with an accuracy of 90%, precision of 88%, recall of 82%, and sensitivity of 85%.

Pulmonary tuberculosis is a global health problem that could impact on productivity and quality of life. Prevalance of pulmonary tuberculosis was 929 meanwhile only 48.87% with taking medicine. The adherence of pulmonarytuberculosis patients in taking medication is the key for successfull tuberculosis treatment. The aims of this study to explore the perception of patients related to pulmonary tuberculosis and adherence medication. This is a qualitative study with a phenomenological approach. Data collection using in-depth interviews and then analyzed by content analysis. The informants in this study consisted of 10 tuberculosis patients. The results of this study found three themes, namely (1) Prolonged disease, (2) Disease transmission, (3) Adherence medication. It was concluded that a better understading about tuberculosis disease and adherence treatment could contribute to the succesfull of treatment. It was suggested that patient could be aware and encourage to take adherence medication.

This study was conducted to examine and analyze the effect of local revenue, general allocation funds, specific allocation funds, and capital expenditures on the level of regional financial independence with economic growth as a moderating variable. The research method used is quantitative research with a causality approach. The data used are secondary data from budget realization reports sourced from the DJPK and BPS portals. The sampling technique in the study was purposive sampling with a sample size of 44 districts/cities in 2018-2022. The data analysis technique used was panel data regression analysis using Eviews software. The results of the study indicate that local revenue has a positive effect on the level of regional financial independence. General allocation funds, Specific allocation funds and capital expenditures have a negative effect on the level of regional financial independence. Economic growth is able to moderate the effect of local revenue and general allocation funds on the level of regional financial independence. Meanwhile, economic growth is unable to moderate the effect of Specific allocation funds and capital expenditures on the level of regional financial independence. Keywords: Level of regional financial independence, Regional Original Income, General Allocation Fund, Special Allocation Fund, Capital Expenditure, Economic Growth.

This study explores the relationship between student readiness for online learning and its impacts on engagement, satisfaction, and academic achievement in Indonesian higher education. Using a mixed-methods design, the quantitative phase employed Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to reveal that online learning readiness significantly affects student engagement and satisfaction, though its direct effect on academic achievement is weaker. Engagement emerged as a key intermediary that enhances academic outcomes when students are well-prepared for online learning. Qualitative insights further highlighted the importance of technological competence and self-directed learning. The study emphasizes that fostering both technological and pedagogical readiness is crucial for enhancing engagement and satisfaction, thereby indirectly improving academic performance. These insights provide practical guidance for educators and policymakers to optimize online learning frameworks in similar contexts.

As an archipelagic tropical developing country, Indonesia is characterized by vast expanses of rural and isolated areas. This review aims to discuss water pollution and sanitation’s existing condition, health, and environmental impacts, alongside its management and challenges in Indonesia. The systematic review approach was utilized to ensure transparency and replicability, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria. Many water sources in Indonesia are contaminated by various pollutants such as heavy metals, microplastics, pesticides, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Moreover, the existing water and wastewater treatment plants cannot completely remove pollutants, including bacteria that cause waterborne diseases. The lack of proper sanitation facilities, including toilets and latrines, is not only reported in rural areas but also in peri-urban regions of Indonesia. This situation forces many to rely on unimproved water sources, such as river water, for their daily use and engage in open defecation, which may increase the risk of direct exposure to waterborne contaminants. Insufficient sanitation has been linked to significant public health issues in Indonesia, including maternal health complications, childhood stunting, and an increased incidence of waterborne diseases such as diarrhea. Based on the findings of this review, Indonesia still needs to improve its sanitation and water treatment facilities, as well as reduce pollution of the aquatic environment. This condition not only illustrates the condition of water and sanitation in Indonesia but can also be used as an illustration of how developing countries face various pollution and sanitation problems during the massive development and industry.

Higher order thinking skills (HOTS) play a crucial role in student success both academically and professionally. One of the internal factors that influence HOTS is trait thinking. The specific objective of this research is to find the HOTS prediction model for students and the main attributes of trait thinking that most determine HOTS. The ANFIS model was used to identify which of the known attributes can give an early indicator of the expected performance of HOTS. The experimental results reveal significant relationships between all trait thinking attributes to HOTS score.

Digital technology-based learning media is an effective tool in the development of modern education. Despite the potential, several schools have not fully implemented this tool in the learning process. For example, the competence of Indonesian students in mathematics is ranked 68th out of 81 participating countries in PISA 2022. Therefore, this study aimed to develop web-based comic in education for generation z or i-gen students using Indonesian cultural heritage. The study procedures were carried out based on the method proposed by Plomp as well as the development model. The results showed that learning media developed was valid with scores of 4.4 and 4.3 for practicality and effectiveness, respectively. In addition, 86.11% of students achieved Minimum Completeness Criteria (KKM), with 97.7% providing a positive response regarding Webtoon digital comic. The findings also revealed a significant increase in students' mathematical communication skills after the intervention, as evidenced by changes in each indicator. Based on these results, Webtoon digital comic had the potential to be developed for learning different materials and other subjects.

Postoperative pain management in spinal surgeries remains a challenge, and the erector spinae plane (ESP) block has emerged as a promising analgesic technique, offering significant benefits in pain reduction and opioid consumption. This prospective case series aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ESP block in patients undergoing elective lumbar surgeries. Patients aged 18 to 60 years undergoing surgeries of up to two levels were included, with bilateral ESP blocks performed in conjunction with general anesthesia before the start of surgery. Data were collected in the Post-Anesthesia Care Unit, at 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours postoperatively. The analysis included pain intensity, opioid use, and the occurrence of side effects. Results demonstrated that the ESP block provided satisfactory analgesia, with low morphine usage and no significant adverse effects. Postoperative pain was effectively controlled, with no prolonged hospitalization or block-related complications. Although this study is limited by its case series design, the findings suggest that ESP block may be an effective strategy for pain management in lumbar surgeries. Level of Evidence IV; Case series. Keywords: Surgical Procedures; Operative; Pain; Spine; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Analgesics; Opioid.

This study analyzes the translation methods in the lyrics of the song "Cintanya Aku" from Indonesian to English. In the process of translation analysis, the researcher uses the theory of translation methods based on Newmark's theory, namely word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation, semantic translation, adaptation, free translation, idiomatic translation, and communicative translation. This research uses descriptive qualitative method in analyzing the data. The problems discussed in this study are: 1. What is the meaning of the lyrics of the song "Cintanya Aku" into English? 2. What translation method is used by the translator to translate the lyrics of the song "Cintanya Aku" into English? Finally, the researcher found that the most dominant method which is used by the translator is Free translation. This free translation prioritizes the overall meaning and impact of the source text over a direct word-for-word translation.

Drug-resistant epilepsy in pediatric patients is associated with neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Vitamin D 25-OH exerts neuroprotective effects, while glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) are implicated in the mechanisms of neuroinflammation and epileptogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between vitamin D 25-OH, IL-1β, and GDNF levels with seizure severity and frequency in children with drug-resistant epilepsy. A cross-sectional study was conducted at Adam Malik Hospital, Medan, Indonesia, among children with drug-resistant epilepsy. Vitamin D 25-OH, IL-1β and GDNF levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Epilepsy severity was assessed using the Hague Seizure Severity Scale (HASS), while seizure frequency was assessed using the Global Assessment of Severity of Epilepsy (GASE). The present study identified a significant correlation between GDNF levels and epilepsy severity, as measured by the HASS score (r=0.318; p=0.006). However, no significant correlation was observed between vitamin D 25-OH or IL-1β levels and epilepsy severity or seizure frequency (p>0.05). IL-1β levels correlated significantly with GDNF levels (r=0.525; p=0.001), but IL-1β did not directly correlate with seizure frequency or epilepsy severity. In conclusion, GDNF levels significantly correlated with epilepsy severity, suggesting that GDNF may serve as a potential biomarker for assessing epilepsy severity. However, further studies investigating the role of GDNF as a potential neurotrophic factor in the pathophysiology of epilepsy and its possible application as a therapeutic target are important.

This study is focusing on analyzing digitalization phenomena for education purposes. The study also attempts to identify Indonesian government strategies in digital development. The study is conducted by using library study and documents analysis to find facts and information about digitalization phenomena and digital technology issues in Indonesia education. The results have shown that digitization in Indonesian education is progressing gradually. The fact that mobile devices and digital learning resources are so widely used in classrooms serves as evidence. Moreover, the Indonesian government has released several strategies that support digital development for education, including: (1) established digital road map; (2) developing digital infrastructure; (3) developing human resources; and (4) collaborating with educational startups. In conclusion, the Indonesian government is concerned toward several digital technology issues about utilizing the various potentials and strategy to provide access and support digital development in each Indonesia region.

Introduction and importance Tubercular Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory syndrome (TB-IRIS) is defined as the worsening of existing disease or new tuberculosis lesions during anti-tuberculosis therapy after excluding drug resistance, adherence issues, secondary infection, and malignancy. Ventriculitis is a rare and detrimental complication of cerebral tuberculosis. Here, we report a case of ventriculitis as a manifestation of TB-IRIS. Case presentation A 46-year-old male presented to the emergency department with a decline in consciousness for four days prior to admission. He experienced a progressive headache accompanied by intermittent high-grade fever over the past week. He was diagnosed with rifampicin-sensitive pulmonary tuberculosis three months prior and was treated with a fixed-dose combination of anti-tuberculosis (ATT) regimen. His HIV test result was negative. A non-contrast computed tomography (CT) scan revealed ventriculitis and hydrocephalus. The patient subsequently received ATT and corticosteroids, along with external ventricular drainage (EVD) to alleviate intracranial pressure and address the intraventricular infection. Regrettably, the patient's condition progressively declined, resulting in his demise on the seventh day post-admission. Clinical discussion TB-IRIS is primarily characterized in individuals with HIV/tuberculosis coinfection; however, it does not exclude that TB-IRIS may occur in immunocompetent conditions. Tuberculous ventriculitis is a manifestation of CNS TB-IRIS, characterized by significant morbidity and mortality. The fundamental principle in managing ventriculitis is to control both the inflammation and the infection and reducing intracranial pressure. Conclusion This particular case does not significantly enhance the management of CNS-TB-IRIS; however, it does bring attention to the potential occurrence of this condition in immunocompetent patients.