Saratov State University

The article presents the peculiarities of the pathological process occurring in the dental alveoli of jaw bones in mesocephalic dogs of the older age group (10-15 years old) subjected to lifetime tooth extraction. The study was conducted on the basis of the Department of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Sanitary Examination of Saratov State University of Genetics, Biotechnology and Engineering by N.I. Vavilov and the Department of Anatomy and Histology of Animals named after Prof. A.F. Klimov of Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology – MVA by K. I. Skryabin. The object of the study were dogs with mesocephalic head shape (n=15) at the age of -15 years. Upper and lower jaws served as the material for the study. The method of anatomical dissection was used in order to obtain the head skeleton for further cranioscopy, which included evaluation of the alveolar process on both jaws. Based on the results of the study, it was found that regardless of the localization of the jawbone, all pathological processes in its dental alveoli had the same character of course. It was revealed that the structural changes in tooth loss were primarily characterized by filling of the cavity with spongy bone substance, which grew out of the interplate space of the jaw bones. Due to the filling of the alveolar cavity, the cancellous bone replaced the vestibular compact bone plate of the alveolar process on both jawbones. The obtained data are basic for improvement of classical and development of new methods of differential diagnostics and methods of extirpation in dentistry of small pets.

Introduction. Mathematical modeling in food technology plays a key role in solving many theoretical and practical problems. At the stage of creating new recipes, it becomes one of the effective methods that allows reducing the time and costs of development, reducing the scope of testing, guaranteeing the required quality of the finished product and increasing the competitiveness of products. The research focuses on the bakery product recipe with the addition of whole grain sorghum flour. Grain sorghum of the Bachelor variety is zoned in the Saratov region. It has a high yield of 2.5-3.5 t / ha. It tolerates high temperatures and moisture deficiencies well, and it is resistant to diseases and pests. The nutritional value is due to the high content of protein and starch. The goal of the research was to develop the ratio of recipe components in a bakery product with the addition of whole-grain flour from grain sorghum. The studies were conducted sequentially. 1.The demand for fortified bakery products of consumers in the Saratov region using a questionnaire was studied. 2. The recipe for bakery products with whole-grain flour from grain sorghum using regression analysis was developed. This method made it possible to determine the regression dependence, study the properties of parameter estimates when proposing probable characteristics of facts and random errors of the model. Using linear regression, a linear function of porosity, specific volume, mass fraction of moisture, and vitamin P content was found. The result of the research was the solution to the problem of modeling the relationships between the selected variables and predicting the values of the dependent variable based on the model, which made it possible to compile a matrix of studies of fortified bakery products with whole grain flour from grain sorghum.

New diagnostic techniques have drawn the attention of experts worldwide due to the consistent rise in oncological disorders. While there has been significant advance in our understanding of tumor biology and clinical intervention strategies, there is still need for improvement in cancer diagnostic procedures, particularly with regard to early diagnosis. Tumor marker-based noninvasive studies are a major avenue for cancer diagnosis. Certain chemicals that are specific to each form of tumor can be found in blood at certain amounts. Despite the fact that a positive result in the determination of tumor markers does not always indicate the presence of a malignant formation, a detailed examination is prescribed based on a positive result. Special attention should be paid to the use of heat shock proteins (HSP) in diagnostics, which perform the function of molecular chaperones. HSPs belong to a family of highly conserved intracellular proteins involved in protein folding in response to stress or heat. Clinical oncology may use HSPs’ aberrant expression and/or subcellular location, which are present in a variety of malignancies, as a marker. This chapter includes information on diagnostic techniques as well as the global significance of early cancer diagnosis. The primary roles of chaperones in the human body are discussed, along with the potential applications for them in cancer diagnostics.

Subject. The article addresses systemic problems that impede the country's food security in the face of sanctions pressure. Objectives. The focus is on identification of patterns of sustainable development of agriculture, assessment of the industry's capabilities to counteract negative exogenous factors. Methods. The study draws on systems analysis. Results. The paper determines signs of agricultural stability from the standpoint of the theory of self-organizing dynamic systems. The model of sustainable development of agriculture assumes a balance of economic, social, and environmental components, but the priority is given to the economic component, which determines the efficiency of the industry. Conclusions. Digitalization and transition from a linear model of functioning to the principles of a circular economy will contribute to increasing the sustainability of agricultural development.

p style="text-align: justify;"> Objective. To identify the role of commitment to various forms of social activity in the expression of student youth identities and their consistency. Background. Social activity is the sphere of socialization of young people. Therefore, in the process of its implementation, various socio-psychological formations of the individual are formed. One of the most important is social and personal identity, considered in this study as the effects of social activity. The most important task is to study the role of involvement in various forms of activity in the formation of social identity and the stability of the personal role identity of young people. Such scientific knowledge will allow to establish the potential of social activity in the formation of youth identity. Study design. The factor structure of social identity and the relationship between types of identity and forms of social activity were studied. To establish the types of identity, factor analysis was used, the presence and nature of the relationship were recorded through correlation and regression analyses. Participants. 442 residents of Russia (average age 21,8; 33,5% men, 66,5% women). Measurements. Questionnaire, including 18 scale questions, meaningfully describing the forms of social activity (R.M. Shamionov, etc.); 17 categories of social identity, identified on the basis of preliminary piloting; methodology of stability of personal-role identity (E.A. Petrash, V.B. Nikishina). Results. Various categories of social identity form 4 enlarged groups (types) based on factor analysis. Various forms of social activity of young people form 4 enlarged groups (types) based on factor analysis: identity – personal, Internet-user, political and civil-family identity. The effects of combinations of different forms of social activity is the formation of a particular type of social identity. Forms of social activity explain from 21% to 36% of variations in social identity. The most pronounced relationship between the stability of personal-role identity was found with civic identity. C onclusions. The inclusion of students in certain forms of social activity can contribute to the formation of various types of identity and achieve a certain level of them. It is also established that the consistency of personal-role identity is positively conditioned by religious and family-household activity, and protest, spiritual and leisure forms contribute to its decrease.</p

The physicochemical and adsorption properties of granular sorbents based on natural bentonite and modified sorbents based on it have been studied. It was found that modification of natural bentonite with iron (III) polyhydroxocations (mod. 1_Fe_5 GA) and aluminum (III) (mod. 1_Al_5 GA) by the “co-precipitation” method leads to a change in their chemical composition, structure, and sorption properties. It is shown that modified sorbents based on natural bentonite are finely porous (nanostructured) objects with a predominance of pores measuring 1.5–8.0 nm, with a specific surface area of 55–65 m2/g. Modification of bentonite with iron (III) and aluminum compounds by the “co-precipitation” method also leads to an increase in the sorption capacity of the obtained sorbents with respect to bichromate and arsenate anions and nickel cations by 5-10 times compared with natural bentonite. The obtained sorption isotherms were classified as Langmuir type isotherms. Kinetic analysis showed that at the initial stage the sorption process is controlled by an external diffusion factor, i.e. refers to the diffusion of sorbent from solution into a liquid film on the surface of the sorbent. Then the sorption process begins to proceed in a mixed diffusion mode, when it limits both the external diffusion factor and the internal diffusion factor (the diffusion of the sorbent to the active centers through the system of pores and capillaries). To determine the contribution of the chemical stage to the rate of adsorption of bichromate and arsenate anions and nickel(II) cations with the studied granular sorbents, kinetic curves were processed using the equations of chemical kinetics (pseudo-second-order model). As a result, it was found that the adsorption of the studied anions by modified sorbents based on natural bentonite is best described by a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. It is shown that the use of natural bentonite for the development of technology for the production of granular sorbents based on it has an undeniable advantage, firstly, in terms of its chemical and structural properties, it is easily and effectively modified, and secondly, having astringent properties, granules are easily made on its basis, which turn into ceramics during high-temperature firing. The result is a granular sorbent with high physical and mechanical properties. Since bentonite is an environmentally friendly product, the technology of recycling spent sorbents is also greatly simplified.

Vacuum electron devices operating at sub-THz frequencies require miniaturized high-frequency electromagnetic interaction structures manufactured using high-precision micromachining technologies. In this article, we present the results of microfabrication of 2-D planar microstrip periodic slow wave structures (SWSs) on dielectric substrate using magnetron sputtering and laser micromachining. A multistage optimized process that allows a substantial improvement of the fabrication accuracy is presented and discussed in detail. A batch of V-band meander-line SWS circuits is fabricated. Characterization of the fabricated structures by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrates dimensional deviation less than 5$\mu$m. Experimental investigation of cold-test electromagnetic parameters shows good transmission and reflection characteristics.

Current study presents an advanced method for improving the visualization of subsurface blood vessels using laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI), enhanced through principal component analysis (PCA) filtering. By combining LSCI and laser speckle entropy imaging with PCA filtering, the method effectively separates static and dynamic components of the speckle signal, significantly improving the accuracy of blood flow assessments, even in the presence of static scattering layers located above and below the vessel. Experiments conducted on optical phantoms, with the vessel depths ranging from 0.6 to 2 mm, and in vivo studies on a laboratory mouse ear demonstrate substantial improvements in image contrast and resolution. The method’s sensitivity to blood flow velocity within the physiologic range (0.98–19.66 mm/s) is significantly enhanced, while its sensitivity to vessel depth is minimized. These results highlight the method’s ability to assess blood flow velocity independently of vessel depth, overcoming a major limitation of conventional LSCI techniques. The proposed approach holds great potential for non-invasive biomedical imaging, offering improved diagnostic accuracy and contrast in vascular imaging. These findings may be particularly valuable for advancing the use of LSCI in clinical diagnostics and biomedical research, where high precision in blood flow monitoring is essential.

Introduction . Diagnostics of blood circulation in skin microvessels and oxidative metabolism of biological tissue allows predicting the presence of microcirculatory disorders in the body, assessing their severity and monitoring therapy. The use of a functional test related to the change in the position of the entire human body in space is a well-known method for studying the functions of the autonomic nervous system and diagnosing cardiovascular diseases. Purpose . To study a set of parameters characterizing oxidative metabolism and dynamics of blood microcirculation in the finger during a sequence of tests with the change in the position of the upper limb using fluorescence spectroscopy and laser Doppler flowmetry. Materials and Methods . The study was conducted on a group of volunteers consisting of 10 people aged 21–40 years. The LAZMA PF device (Russia), implementing the methods of laser Doppler flowmetry and fluorescence spectroscopy, was placed on the pad of the middle finger. Each volunteer’s microcirculation parameters were measured in two arm positions: «at heart level» and with the limb vertically raised in the «up» position. Blood flow oscillations were continuously measured during all stages: three times in two positions. Results . A change in the limb position from the «at heart level» to «up» state leads to a decrease in the average values of microcirculation indices by 12 perfusion units (p. u.) and oxidative metabolism by 7 relative units (r. u.) with a simultaneous increase in the NADH coenzyme by 3 r. u., i.e. there is a unidirectional change in the microcirculation and oxidative metabolism parameters and an oppositely directed change of the NADH coenzyme values. According to the results of NADH coenzyme measurements, based on the analysis of statistical data, a statistically significant difference was found between the «at heart level» and «up» arm positions. This difference was not revealed only in the first cycle of the study, the reliability of p was greater than 0.05, between the arm positions 1–2, when the arm was «at heart level» and then raised «up». It was also found that with each new measurement cycle, the probability value of p for NADH indicators steadily decreased with a change in the arm position, at a significance level of p<0.05. The probability value of p became statistically significant starting from the second cycle of the study. Based on the results of oxidative metabolism indicator measurements, it was found that the probability value of p had a statistical significance of p<0.05 at each change of arm position in each cycle. Conclusion . The studies have shown that in order to obtain reliable information about the results of the limb position test, it is not enough to perform one-time measurements of the microcirculation indicator or the oxidative metabolism of biological tissue using laser Doppler flowmetry. The position of the limb and its change leads to significant changes in microcirculation and oxidative metabolism indicators, which should be taken into account when conducting medical and physiological studies

This study involved 72 volunteers divided into two groups according to the apnea–hypopnea index (AHI): AHI>15 episodes per hour (ep/h) (main group, n=39, including 28 men, median AHI 44.15, median age 47), 0≤AHI≤15ep/h (control group, n=33, including 12 men, median AHI 2, median age 28). Each participant underwent polysomnography with a recording of 19 EEG channels. Based on wavelet bicoherence (WB), the magnitude of connectivity between all pairs of EEG channels in six bands was estimated: Df1 0.25;1, Df2 1;4, Df3 4;8, Df4 8;12, Df5 12;20, Df6 20;30 Hz. In all six bands considered, we noted a significant decrease in symmetrical interhemispheric connections in OSA patients. Also, in the main group for slow oscillatory activity Df1 and Df2, we observe a decrease in connection values in the EEG channels associated with the central interhemispheric sulcus. In addition, patients with AHI>15 show an increase in intrahemispheric connectivity, in particular, forming a left hemisphere high-degree synchronization node (connections PzT3, PzF3, PzFp1) in the Df2 band. When considering high-frequency EEG oscillations, connectivity in OSA patients again shows a significant increase within the cerebral hemispheres. The revealed differences in functional connectivity in patients with different levels of AHI are quite stable, remaining when averaging the full nocturnal EEG recording, including both the entire sleep duration and night awakenings. The increase in the number of hypoxia episodes correlates with the violation of the symmetry of interhemispheric functional connections. Maximum absolute values of correlation between the apnea–hypopnea index, AHI, and the WB synchronization strength are observed for the Df2 band in symmetrical EEG channels C3C4 (−0.81) and P3P4 (−0.77). The conducted studies demonstrate the possibility of developing diagnostic systems for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome without using signals from the cardiovascular system and respiratory activity.

Photonic-based methods are crucial in biology and medicine due to their non-invasive nature, allowing remote measurements without affecting biological specimens. The study of diatoms using advanced photonic methods remains a relatively underexplored area, presenting significant opportunities for pioneering discoveries. This research provides a comprehensive analysis of marine diatoms, specifically Nitzschia sp., across varying salinity levels, integrating fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), combined photoacoustic and fluorescence tomographies (PAFT), and ultrastructural examinations using transmission electron microscopy. Key findings include a systematic shift in the mean fluorescence lifetime from 570 ps at 20‰ to 940 ps at 80‰, indicating functional adaptations in chlorophyll molecules within light-harvesting complexes. At 60‰ salinity, anomalies are observed in the development of silica valves and polysaccharide layers, suggesting abnormalities in valve morphogenesis. Lipid droplets within the cells display a minimum diameter at 40‰, indicating metabolic adjustments to osmotic stress. The intensity of both fluorescence and photoacoustic signals increases with increasing salinity levels. These insights enhance understanding of the ecological implications of salinity stress on diatom communities and pave the way for future research on leveraging the unique adaptive mechanisms of microalgae for environmental monitoring and sustainable biotechnological applications.

p>The processes taking place in society require strengthening the interaction of people belonging to different social groups. However, there are frequent cases of manifestations of prejudice, prejudice, including lukism, sexism, ageism, xenophobia and other types of discriminatory attitudes that undermine productive interactions at different levels. Everyday stressors can act as a trigger for discriminatory behavior towards representatives of out-groups. The purpose of this study is to analyze everyday stressors and social frustrators as predictors of a general discriminatory attitude. Hypothesis - stressors and affects are stronger predictors of the emotional and behavioral components of discriminatory attitudes. The study involved 700 people of both sexes (men — 322 (46%), women — 376 (54%) aged M=22.43 SD=8.23. The method of components of a general discriminatory attitude was used (R.M. Shamionov, V.K. Abutalipova, 2024), a questionnaire of everyday stressors (M.D. Petrash, O.Yu. Strizhitskaya, L.A. Golovey, S.S. Savenysheva), a questionnaire on the level of social frustration, developed by (L.I. Wasserman, B.V. Iovlev, M.A. Berebin). Results. As a result of regression analysis, it was found that from 5 to 17% of the variance of the components of the discriminatory attitude is due to stressors and from 4 to 15% to affects. A common predictor of all components of a discriminatory attitude is the stressor "tense and conflicted relationships". Negative affects are unconditional predictors of the emotional and behavioral components of a discriminatory attitude.</p

The article examines the problematic aspects of the regulation and use of metaverses as a digital form of existence of an alternative reality for human activity. Scientific approaches to understanding metaverses are explored, their features are highlighted, and problematic aspects of legal regulation are identified. Attention is focused on the need to build metaverses on the concept of partial centralization with the imposition of mutual responsibility on the individual and the state.

We prove a dual Boas type result about connection between the integral behavior of a function in infinity and a generalized uniform smoothness of its deformed Hankel transform with parameter $\kappa \ge \kappa _0$, where $k_0$ is the special constant from (1/4, 1/2). Also we give the conditions of weighted integrability for such transforms of functions from generalized integral Hölder-Lipschitz classes that extend previous ones by Elgargati, Loualid and Daher and Kumar, Restrepo and Ruzhansky. A Titchmarsh equivalence type theorem in corresponding $L^2$ space is proved for deformed Hankel transform.

The aim of this study was to develop a combined technology of plasmon photothermal therapy and photodynamic therapy of transplanted cholangiocarcinoma PC-1 in rats. For photodynamic therapy, rats were intratumorally administered with indocyanine green diluted in polyethylene glycol at a ratio of 1 : 100 at a dose of 2 mg/kg. For plasmon photothermal therapy, gold nanorods diluted in polyethylene glycol (400 μg/mL) were intratumorally injected in a volume of 30% of the tumor volume. At 1 h after injection, the tumor was percutaneously irradiated with a diode infrared laser with a wavelength of 808 nm at a power density of 2.3 W/cm2 for 15 min. The animals were removed from the experiment 72 h and 21 days after therapy. Morphological studies of the tumor were performed on sections stained with standard and immunohistochemical methods. A significant increase in tumor temperature was noted, up to 60.0 ± 4.1°C with combined plasmon photothermal and photodynamic therapy. After 72 h, pronounced necrotic changes were observed in the tumor tissue and intact tumor cells were observed only on the periphery of the tumor. At 21 days after therapy, a significant inhibition of tumor growth was noted; the inhibition index by tumor mass was 77.4%.

Photobiology is rapidly developing field of basic and applied research. The Russian Society for Photobiology (RSP) promotes creative activity and communication of researchers and practitioners in photobiology and related disciplines. The X Congress of the RSP took place in September 2023. The article provides definitions of photobiology, biophotonics, photobiotechnology, and bioluminescence. The history of the RSP is described in brief. The program and results of the X Congress are reviewed, including a summary of articles that are based on reports at the Congress and are the closest to biophysics.