Sakarya University of Applied Sciences

Water tightness is a critical concern for tunnels during both construction and operation. In industry, ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) gaskets are commonly used at tunnel joints to prevent groundwater infiltration. This study investigates the influence of physical and mechanical properties, particularly about filler content, on the waterproofing performance of EPDM segmental gaskets. EPDM compounds with carbon black (CB) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) fillers were prepared using an internal mixer and hot press, followed by various physical, mechanical, morphological, and water-tightness tests. The hardness of the compounds ranged from 68 to 71 Shore A, while densities varied from 1.16 to 1.28 ± 0.04 g/cm3, indicating no significant change with different filler amounts. However, tensile strength decreased from 12.7 to 6.3 MPa, and elongation-at-break values dropped from 415 to 294% as filler loading increased. Compression sets rose from 9.7% to 49.6% with higher filler content. Stress-relaxation tests revealed that stress losses increased when filler quantities exceeded 50%, with formulations containing less filler exhibiting superior performance. Water-tightness tests showed that the compound with lower filler content could withstand up to 28 bar of water pressure with a 6 mm offset, while the compound with higher filler content only tolerated 10 bar with a 2 mm offset. Morphological analysis indicated a more homogeneous distribution in compounds with lower levels of fillers. Therefore, EPDM–CB–CaCO3 compounds with lower filler content may be preferred in tunnel segmental joints, offering improved water tightness and mechanical performance.

The proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) are among the most promising technologies for efficiently converting hydrogen into electricity with minimal emissions. Significant advancements have been made in enhancing the performance, durability, and cost-effectiveness of PEMFC. However, these cells still face challenges related to performance degradation over time. Therefore, this study focuses on voltage prediction, which is one of the most important key factors for assessing fuel cell performance and extending its lifetime. This study combines the chimpanzee optimization algorithm (ChOA) with long short-term memory (LSTM), stacked LSTM, and bidirectional LSTM (BiLSTM) networks to predict performance degradation in PEM fuel cells. Initially, features from the PEMFC time-series data are reduced using the ChOA to select the most informative ones. These selected features are subsequently input into the corresponding LSTM networks to enhance the accuracy of PEMFC performance degradation predictions. The experimental results in terms of root mean squared error (RMSE) indicate that the ChOA variants—specifically, ChOALSTM, ChOAStackedLSTM, and ChOABiLSTM—achieved prediction accuracies of 0.012, 0.014, and 0.007 on the IEEE PHM 2014 DATA Challenge dataset, respectively. The comparative and statistical results obtained from the proposed ChOABiLSTM model demonstrate its superior accuracy and robustness compared to its variants and other state-of-the-art algorithms.

This study focuses on investigating the tensile strength of specimens produced using the Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) method with Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) material. The objective of the research is to evaluate the effect of different production parameters on the mechanical properties (tensile strength) of the specimens. Three different infill densities (20, 50, and 80%) and three different infill patterns (3D Infill, Linear, and Hexagon) were used as production parameters. Additionally, as a unique aspect of this study, silicone was filled into the voids formed due to infill density in the specimens, along with the production parameters. The tensile specimens were produced with both the top and bottom layers left open. Similarly, specimens were also produced with only the top layer open while keeping the bottom layer closed. In this way, the specimens were filled with silicone from the open side. The experimental design was conducted using the Taguchi method. Subsequently, variance analyses were performed to determine the effects of the production parameters and the infill material (silicone) on the tensile strength of the specimens. Regression analysis was carried out to derive the formula for tensile strength in relation to the process parameters. It was observed that in specimens filled with silicone and with both top and bottom layers open, tensile strength increased as infill density increased, with the highest tensile strength recorded at 13.61 MPa (Hexagon, 80%). For specimens with only the top layer open, tensile strength also increased with higher infill density, with the highest tensile strength recorded at 16.79 MPa (3D Infill, 80%). Regarding the effect of silicone filling, an improvement of approximately 2% in tensile strength was observed. When all specimens were examined, the findings indicate that the optimal parameter combination for achieving the best mechanical performance is 3D Infill with 80% infill density.

In this study, a brass matrix composite with additives such as ZrO2 and SiC was fabricated using the spark plasma sintering (SPS) method. While determining the sintering parameters for the SPS production method, brass samples were produced at two different temperatures, 780 °C and 850 °C, and two different dwell times of 10 and 30 min. The XRD patterns supports the production of SiC and ZrO2-doped brass matrix composite with peaks of ceramic additives and the main matrix phase. As a result of OM and SEM images showing the homogeneous distribution of the reinforcements in the matrix were obtained. Samples containing 10% ZrO2 and SiC were successfully delivered and the reinforcements increased hardness values, and wear resistance increased many times compared to the pure sample. Samples with and without additives were successfully produced with an average relative density of 99.2% and 98.4% density, respectively. The SPS method is a promising method to improve mechanical properties (wear resistance, hardness, etc.) and microstructure of ZrO2 and SiC-reinforced brass matrix composites.

The Varroa destructor represents a significant threat to honey bees, leading to substantial yield losses and declines in colony health. Defense behaviors, including grooming (auto and allogrooming), serve as crucial mechanisms against Varroa infestations, yet the genetic basis of these behaviors remains elusive. This study examines the expression levels of hymenoptaecin (hym), neurexin-1 (AmNrx1), and CYP9Q3, potentially associated with defense behavior, in colonies of the Muğla honey bee ecotype (Apis mellifera anatoliaca) subjected to a Varroa selection program. Worker bees from 23 control groups and 23 colonies under selection were evaluated by using qPCR analysis. Results reveal a significant upregulation of hym, AmNrx1, and CYP9Q3 genes in the selected group, with fold changes of 2.9, 2.95, and 3.26 respectively compared to controls (p < 0.01). This suggests that selection against Varroa induces alterations in gene expression linked to Varroa exposure behaviors. These findings advocate for the potential use of hym, AmNrx1, and CYP9Q3 genes in preselection for future Varroa-resistant programs in honey bees. Supported by previous studies, these genes may facilitate the establishment of populations with enhanced defense behaviors, such as autogrooming and allogrooming.

This study focuses on enhancing lithium‐sulfur (Li−S) battery performance by using nickel(II) oxide (NiO), as polysulfide adsorbent to mitigate the shuttle effect. Polysulfides have been shown to effectively adsorb onto the hydrophilic surfaces of polar metal oxides and thus suppress this effect. In this work, a NiO – reduced Graphene Oxide/Sulfur (NiO‐rGO/S) hybrid composite paper was developed for use as a binder‐free, flexible cathode. The characterization of the composite films was done through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TG), field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEG‐SEM), energy dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) and x‐ray diffraction (XRD). To test adsorption of polysulfides by NiO, ultraviolet‐visible (UV‐Vis) spectroscopy was applied. Electrochemical performance tests of CR2032 cells were also conducted by cyclic voltammetry (CV), charge‐discharge tests, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The NiO‐rGO/S cathode, particularly the one containing 2 % NiO, exhibited remarkable performance. It delivered an initial discharge capacity of 1230 mAh g⁻¹, maintaining 1029 mAh g⁻¹ after 300 cycles, with a high capacity retention of 83.1 %. This suggests that the NiO‐rGO/S hybrid composite is a promising candidate for improving the efficiency and lifespan of Li−S batteries.

Background Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn has typical stacked umbels and medicinal value; however, the lack of an effective tissue culture system for P. praeruptorum has limited the large-scale propagation of its seedlings. Results We systematically established an in vitro regeneration system for P. praeruptorum using young leaves and stems as explants. Tissue culture plantlets were successfully obtained within 123 and 90 d of somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis, respectively. Combined plant growth regulators (PGRs) were optimized to promote efficient plant regeneration at each stage of the culture process. Specifically, embryogenic callus induction was superior in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L 6-benzyladenine (BA) and 2.0 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). For somatic embryonic development, the highest differentiation rates were achieved using BA, 2,4-D, and 6-furfuryl aminopurine (6-KT). Induction of organogenesis resulted in the highest differentiation rates and proliferation coefficients of buds in MS medium supplemented with BA and α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Moreover, regeneration of P. praeruptorum seedlings was achieved by adjusting the BA and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) concentrations in 1/2 MS medium. Conclusion Our results provide a technical system for the rapid propagation of P. praeruptorum, which can facilitate germplasm improvement, resource conservation, and further genetic transformation of Peucedanum species.

The B4C-reinforced Ni–P composite coatings were synthesized on low-carbon steel via ultrasonic-assisted electrodeposition. The optimal condition for producing co-electrodeposited Ni–P coating is to investigate the effects of concentrations of B4C on the morphology, microstructure, surface roughness, hardness, elastic modulus, friction, wear, and electrochemical properties of the composite coating. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) were used to analyze the surface microstructure, crystallite size, morphology and composition of coating and content and distribution of the particles. The nanohardness and reduced elastic modulus of B4C-reinforced Ni–P depositions was characterized by the nanoindentation technique. The friction and wear mechanism of the composite coatings was discussed in detail. The electrochemical properties of samples were studied via open circuit potential (OCP), potentiodynamic test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in the 3.5% NaCl media. The experimental results indicated the highest elastic modulus and nano hardness (147 GPa and 6,92 GPa and the lowest wear rate (3.18 X 10–8 mm3 /Nm) and average coefficient of friction (0,35) for coatings deposited at 20 gL−1. Moreover, the corrosion resistance is significantly improved; this is shown via the low corrosion current density (Icorr value of 1.48 × 10–3 A/cm2), the high corrosion potential (Ecorr value of – 0.56 V), best corrosion rate (1.36 X10−5 mpy) and maximum Rct of 181.8 kΩ cm2. These results are attributed to the uniform distribution of the B4C into nickel coating and the grain refinement effect of electrodeposited Ni–P coating. The formation of the B4C core–shell structure on the coating surface improved the interfacial bond between the matrix and the ceramic particle, improving wear resistance and anti-corrosion performance.

In the present study, it is aimed to produce titanium boride layer on Ti6Al4V substrate by a simple, cheap and efficient method of pack boriding process. Pack boriding process was conducted out at 1,000, 1,100, and 1,200 °C in argon atmosphere for 6, 8, and 10 h to see the effect of both temperature and the time on boride layer. The presence of both TiB 2 and TiB borides was confirmed by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) and the XRD (X-ray diffraction analysis). SEM studies indicated that the morphology of boride layers has dense and layered nature and having a maximum layer thickness of approximately 16 µm. The hardness of boride layer, measured by Vickers indentation method, was over 2000 HV. It was found that formation of borides has parabolic nature for process temperatures and times. Kinetic studies showed that boride layer abide the parabolic growth law. Diffusion activation energy for boron in total boride layer (TiB 2 and TiB) during the pack boriding process was calculated as 77.402 kJ mol ⁻¹ .

Objective. While smartphones provide convenience to individuals, they also cause many problems. One of these problems is smartphone addiction, known as nomophobia. The aim of our study is to investigate the impact of nomophobia on anxiety and quality of life among students in the Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation.. Methods. The study included 211 students enrolled at Sakarya University of Applied Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation. Participants completed a data collection form to provide their demographic characteristics. They also completed the Turkish Nomophobia Scale to assess nomophobia levels, the Beck Anxiety Scale to evaluate anxiety levels, and the SF-36 Quality of Life Scale to measure their quality of life levels. Results. In our study, the nomophobia scale score was found to be 77.28. The distribution of the nomophobia scale according to the cut-off points is 30% mild, 45% moderate, and 25% extreme. We identified a statistically significant relationship between nomophobia and anxiety (p < 0.05). Additionally, there was a statistically significant association between nomophobia and quality of life parameters, excluding vitality/energy, mental health, and social functioning (p < 0.05). However, no statistically significant relationship was found between anxiety and quality of life. Conclusion. The anxiety levels of nomophobic individuals increase in parallel with their nomophobia, leading to a decrease in their quality of life. Necessary information should be provided and awareness should be raised in order to prevent nomophobia, which is especially common in the young population.

Rationale Mental health literacy enables adolescents to acquire information that will accompany them in their future lives and to define their attitudes and behaviors. Aims and Objectives This study evaluated the Turkish validity and reliability of the Universal Mental Health Literacy Scale for Adolescents (10–14 years). Methods This is a methodological, correlational, cross‐sectional, and descriptive study. The study was conducted with 223 adolescents. Data were collected by ‘Information Form’ and ‘Universal Mental Health Literacy Scale for Adolescents.’ Exploratory Factor Analysis, Confirmatory Factor Analysis, and Pearson Correlation analysis were used to assess the validity and reliability of the UMHL‐A. Results Item Content Validity Index (I‐CVI) scores ranged from 0.94 to 0.96, while the Scale Content Validity Index (S‐CVI) was 0.95. For ‘Help‐seeking and Stigma dimensions’ χ ² /df = 3.347, NFI = 0.804, IFI = 0.854, TLI = 0.778, CFI = 0.849, RMSEA = 0.103. For ‘Knowledge of Mental Health and Knowledge of Mental Illnesses dimensions’ χ ² /df = 1.959, NFI = 0.731, IFI = 0.847, TLI = 0.774, CFI = 0.837, RMSEA = 0.066. The internal consistency and time stability were affirmed by a Hotelling T‐square value of 15.241 and an F‐test result of 27.793. Conclusions This study reveals that the Turkish validity and reliability of the Universal Mental Health Literacy Scale for Adolescents is a valid and reliable tool for assessing mental health literacy among adolescents. The UMHL‐A scale is a valid tool to evaluate critical aspects of mental health literacy in adolescent populations and can be used in both research and clinical practice in mental health education and intervention. It is recommended that the Turkish version of the Universal Mental Health Literacy Scale should be used to determine resilience in adolescents.

Rationale This study was performed to determine the difficulties experienced by the parents of children with autism. Methods A qualitative method was used to determine the difficulties experienced by the parents. The sample of the study consisted of parents with 24 children with autism who met the inclusion criteria. The data were analysed by the MAXQDA qualitative data analysis programme in accordance with Colaizzi's seven‐stage method. Results Total of 5 themes and 29 codes were gathered in line with the data obtained from the interviews. Five main themes of the interviews emerged; emotions experienced by parents; adaptation to family life; difficulty in social relationships; limited opportunity for entertainment/activity and financial difficulty. Parents whose income were less than or equal to their expenses particularly stated that they had economic difficulties in the transportation of their children to places such as hospitals/schools/special education. Conclusion In accordance with the findings of this study, it was determined that almost all of the parents with a child diagnosed with autism experienced sadness, denial, shock, depression, self‐blame in the period when their children were first diagnosed, and later accepted the disease. In addition, it was detected that parents had difficulties in family relations, social relations, entertainment/activity and economic aspects.

This study analyzes the Pazarcik and Elbistan earthquakes, which occurred on February 6, 2023 and are among the most destructive seismic events of the 21st century. Since the greatest damage was seen in Hatay in these earthquakes centered in Kahramanmaras, the study aims to contribute to the field of earthquake engineering by evaluating the seismic data obtained from these regions. In the first part of the analysis, peak ground accelerations (PGA) recorded at the stations in Kahramanmaras and Hatay were examined and these data were compared with the DD1 (maximum considered earthquake) and DD2 (design basis earthquake) design levels of the Turkish Building Earthquake Code (TBEC 2018). In addition, the effects of ground properties and proximity of faults on seismic records obtained from various stations were evaluated by examining the PGA distribution spatially. The impacts of factors such as the near-fault effect, directivity effect, ground amplification effect and impulse-like motions were determined by examining the peak ground accelations, peak ground velocities, peak ground displacements and spectral accelerations. The study uses NGA-West2 Ground Motion Prediction Equations (GMPEs) to evaluate peak ground accelerations in stiff soil and to consider impulse and directivity effects. In addition, the applicability of USGS Vs30 maps in Turkiye is evaluated by comparing with AFAD data. These comprehensive analysis provide critical insights from a structural safety perspective on how seismic characteristics change with ground properties and proximity to earthquake sources.

Background Intensive care units (ICUs) are one of the high-risk working areas in terms of musculoskeletal disability and ergonomic risks including the environment and posture factors. Correct posture technique is often ignored by nurses working in these units. This study was conducted to determine the effect of posture regulation training on work-related musculoskeletal disorders, fatigue level and job performance in nurses working in ICUs. Methods This quasi-experimental study with one-group pretest-posttest design included 64 intensive care nurses. The nurses received posture regulation training in three different sessions. The post-test was administered four months after the posture regulation training. Results The nurses reported to frequently have aches, pains and discomfort in the neck, upper back and lumbar regions. After the posture regulation training, their level of pain, ache and discomfort in the neck, right and left shoulder, upper back, lower back and right/left foot areas decreased significantly (p < 0.05). The posture regulation training reduced the levels of behavior/severity and affect, which are sub-dimensions of fatigue, and increased the level of contribution to work, which is a sub-dimension of job performance (p < 0.05). Conclusion The posture regulation training decreased the level of symptoms in the neck, shoulder, upper back, lower back and foot regions of intensive care nurses and partially improved their fatigue level and job performance. Therefore, posture regulation training should be added to in-service training programs and permanent measures should be taken for ergonomic risks in ICUs.

The rapid urbanization has enhanced the demand for innovative solutions to improve soft soils, prompting the integration of fibers as a sustainable reinforcement strategy to enhance tensile strength. However, effective utilization hinges on the optimal selection of fiber type, soil composition, and environmental conditions. Recognizing the complexity of these interactions, this study employs machine learning to analyze a comprehensive dataset comprising 858 samples derived from laboratory tests, encompassing 19 factors that influence soil-fiber behavior. Utilizing advanced meta-heuristic optimization algorithms—Equilibrium Optimizer, Marine Predators Algorithm, and Manta Ray Foraging Optimization—alongside a decision tree model, the research aims to uncover optimal reinforcement strategies for fiber-reinforced clays. The results reveal that basalt fiber emerges as the most effective reinforcement, while the study highlights the limitations of fiber reinforcement in high-plasticity clays. By addressing a notable gap in the literature regarding the application of optimization techniques to such extensive datasets, this research not only advances understanding in soil-fiber interactions but also promotes environmentally sustainable approaches to soil reinforcement, paving the way for future innovations in geotechnical engineering.

The research was carried out during the 2015–2017 in an organic certified hazelnut (cv. ‘Çakıldak’) orchard established at 6 × 5 m spacing with ‘ocak’ system (multi-stemmed bush) in Samsun, Türkiye. The aim was to determine effects of plant density on nut traits, nut yield, cluster distribution, kernel oil content, fatty acid composition, total phenolics content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC) and total antioxidant activity (TAA) in ‘Çakıldak’ hazelnut cultivar. Plant density (D) in orchard was arranged as 5 (D5), 6 (D6), 7 (D7), 8 (D8), 10 (D10), 12 (D12) and 14 (D14) plants per ocak, respectively. The highest nut yield per hectare was achieved with 2344 ± 129.1 kg in D14, and the highest nut yield per plant was determined with 534 ± 2.0 g in D8. Depending on the plant density, nut weight, kernel weight and kernel ratio ranged from 2.06 ± 0.01 g (D10) to 2.26 ± 0.02 g (D8), 1.18 ± 0.02 g (D10) to 1.27 ± 0.01 g (D8) and 55.10 ± 0.55% (D14) to 57.47 ± 0.40% (D7), respectively. The number of nuts per cluster also varied between 2.24 ± 0.03 and 2.41 ± 0.08. ‘Çakıldak’ kernels contained oil between 58.0 ± 0.02% (D14) and 63.5 ± 0.40% (D8). TPC was determined between 9.10 ± 0.64 and 13.09 ± 0.76 mg GAE g⁻¹. TFC varied from 8.62 ± 0.06 to 13.17 ± 0.32 mg QE 100 g⁻¹. TAA was measured between 39.05 ± 1.24 and 70.27 ± 2.13 mmol TE kg⁻¹ by FRAP test and between 25.54 ± 1.49 and 37.37 ± 0.12 mmol TE kg⁻¹ by DPPH assay. Results indicated that nut traits, nut yield, oil content, fatty acids, TPC, TFC and TAA were affected by plant density in Çakıldak cultivar.

Ongoing exploration focuses on synthesizing and characterizing coordination compounds to improve the design of nonlinear optical (NLO)‐based materials. In this regard, to examine spectral and static/frequency–dependent linear/NLO parameters, the new Zn (II) complex {[Zn(6‐MePyAld)2(Cl)]; 6‐MePyAld: 6‐methylpyridine‐2‐carboxaldehyde} was synthesized and characterized by using ¹H and ¹³C NMR, mass (LC‐HRMS), powder XRD, and FTIR spectra. The electronic features of synthesized complex were investigated by considering the TD‐CAM‐B3LYP/ and TD‐M06L/6‐311G(d,p)//LanL2DZ levels of time‐dependent density functional theory (TD‐DFT). Moreover, the theoretical linear optical (LO), second‐, and third‐order NLO susceptibility tensors/polarization (χ⁽¹⁾/P⁽¹⁾, χ⁽²⁾/P⁽²⁾, χ⁽³⁾/P⁽³⁾) parameters for the Zn (II) complex were computed using the DFT/M06L and DFT/CAM‐B3LYP levels. The external electric field (E), polarization (P), and electric displacement (D) values of the Zn (II) complex were also calculated using the same DFT levels. To investigate microscopic LO (isotropic polarizability <α(0;0)>/<α(−ω;ω)>, and anisotropic polarizability (∆α (0;0)/∆α (−ω;ω)) and second‐/third‐order NLO (<β(0;0,0)>/<β(−ω;ω,0), <β(−2ω;ω,ω)>/<γ(0;0,0,0)>/<γ(−ω;ω,0,0)> and <γ(−2ω;ω,ω,0)>) parameters for the Zn (II) complex, the DFT/M06L and DFT/CAM‐B3LYP levels in the gas phase were used. The ∆α (0;0), ∆α (−ω;ω), <β(0;0,0)>, <β(−ω;ω,0)>, and <β(−2ω;ω,ω)> for Zn (II) complex were computed at 17.288 × 10⁻²⁴, 21.782 × 10⁻²⁴, 14.692 × 10⁻³⁰, 466.80 × 10⁻³⁰, and 210.79 × 10⁻³⁰ esu, respectively, by using the DFT/CAM‐B3LYP level. Moreover, the <γ(0;0,0,0)>/<γ(−ω;ω,0,0)> and <γ(−2ω;ω,ω,0)> in the gas phase computed at the DFT/CAM‐B3LYP level for Zn (II) complex were obtained at 129.74 × 10⁻³⁶, 3997.6 × 10⁻³⁶, and −886.60 × 10⁻³⁶ esu, in turn. According to the CAM‐B3LYP level, the <γ(0;0,0,0)> value is 8.65 and 18.53 times higher than the values of para‐nitroaniline (pNA) and urea, respectively. The obtained static/dynamic β and γ values of Zn (II) complex are greater than those of urea and pNA. Zn (II) complex exhibited remarkably microscopic second‐order and particularly third‐order NLO features. It is predicted that our study will shed light on NLO materials that might be used in telecommunication and optoelectronics.

Recently Sakarya Province of Turkey, with its unique mixed socio-cultural structure has often become home to reported violence cases. The aim of this paper is to identify the effects of economic hardship, football games and COVID-19 curfews on violence against women in Sakarya, between 2021 and 2022. This period covers both the COVID-19 curfews and curfew-free times. Using the novel data obtained from a government agency that aims to combat violence against women, this paper particularly tests the underlying factors behind various types of violence, i.e. sexual, economic, physical, psychological and stalking using a multinomial logit model. Findings suggest that the costs of living crisis during the recent periods contributes to a higher risk of violence against women, especially in populated regions where higher crime and migration rates were observed. Local football events and curfews seem to have increased the incidence of violence. The results highlight larger reported violence cases against women in 2022, that can be attributed to easier access to public authorities and increased media campaigns of governmental agencies. We add to the literature first by examining a novel data from a unique province of Turkey that include official reported violence cases. Second we underline the roles of COVID-19 curfews and local football events which are not widely addressed in literature in addition to a popular reason, i.e. economic hardships. Third, we distinguish violence types of physical, economic, sexual, and psychological violence in addition to stalking, and observe determinants for each type of violence.

This study investigated the effect of pollen storage on viability and germination in ‘Foşa’, ‘Kara’, ‘Kalınkara’, ‘Mincane’ and ‘Palaz’ hazelnut cultivars (Corylus avellana L.). Pollen was kept at room temperature (22 °C), +4 °C and −18 °C, and on the 7th, 14th, 21st, 30th, 45th, 60th, 75th, 90th, 105th and 120th day, pollen viability was determined according to triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) and acetocarmine tests. Pollen germination was assessed at 15 and 20% sucrose according to the agar method. The highest viability at +4 °C was determined in ‘Mincane’ (64.67%) on the 7th day of storage, and the lowest was determined in ‘Palaz’ (11.50%) on the 120th day of storage in the TTC test. The highest pollen viability at −18 °C was determined on the 7th day in ‘Foşa’ (71%), and the lowest was determined on the 120th day in ‘Palaz’ (19%). Cultivar × temperature, cultivar × time and temperature × time interactions were found to be significant in the acetocarmine test. The highest germination was detected in ‘Kara’ (55.23%) with 15% sucrose and in ‘Mincane’ (73.8%) with 20% sucrose in pollen stored at −18 °C. Based on the analysis of pollen viability and germination during storage, it was determined that the ‘Foşa’ and ‘Mincane’ were among the most suitable cultivars. As the storage period rose, there were reductions in viability. However, it was found that pollen held at −18 °C had a longer viability compared to pollen stored at +4 °C. Pollen germination was found to be greater when exposed to 20% sucrose compared to 15% sucrose.

Object detection and segmentation architectures like YOLO have increased accuracy and speed, making them more practical in medical applications, including polyp identification for medical imaging and diagnosis. However, accurately defining segmentation boundaries to train a YOLO model for medical diagnosis requires considerable manual effort. This study developed a new method for automatically generating labels from ground-truth masks to process datasets for training YOLO-based segmentation algorithms. The developed method offers a simple interface for users to readily sample segmentation masks in datasets into labels compatible with the YOLO format. The technique involves performing contour extraction while processing labeled masks to ensure that the resulting contour information represents the object boundaries and makes it possible to map them according to the YOLO format. The efficiency of the method has been shown via training YOLOv5, YOLOv7, and YOLOv8-based models. Comparative results on the polyp segmentation dataset show successful improvements using YOLO-based segmentation over the literature.