S B Jain Institute of Tech. , Mgmt., & Reserch, Nagpur

Wind power is the cleanest electricity and currently the second largest source of power among the renewable energy sources. It has many environmental and socioeconomic benefits, such as reduction of greenhouse gas emission, positive impact on public health and job opportunities. Many developing economies with high wind density are aggressively installing wind turbines. Hence, governments are adopting wind energy to improve energy matrix. China is the largest producer of wind power and manufacturer of the technology in the world. Other developing countries like India and Brazil are among the top ten countries in terms of installed capacity. The levelized cost of wind electricity has been decreasing significantly for both onshore and offshore wind power. However, there are some disadvantages of wind power, such as casualty of birds and bats, noise pollution, visual effects, adverse impact on marine fishery and mammals, and negative consequences on land ecosystem. In order to reap the benefits of wind energy in developing countries especially in 2030 and beyond, sustainability should be attained through economies of scale, minimizing environmental hazards, and attaining greater public support.

Energy is the driving force for the socioeconomic development of every country. Energy security at the national level is entirely dependent on energy availability at all times. With a population of around two billion, South Asia is considered one of the world's most vibrant regions because of its size, geographic location, and historical and cultural diversity. However, the energy security challenges of this region are the main hurdle behind its socioeconomic development. This research work has investigated energy security challenges and consequences for this region's sustainable development. The present work discusses a pragmatic assessment of energy security challenges for South Asia, such as policy, accessibility, infrastructural skills, and economic, external, and environmental difficulties. The energy resources, supply mix, access to power, and cooking fuels have been explored in depth. Finally, the details of energy security challenges faced by these developing countries and the effective energy policies and actions are discussed, based on the threat to availability, affordability, efficiency, and energy resource stewardship.

We are experiencing a new era of Internet of things (IoT), where many electronic devices surrounding us are interconnected by a network. The emerging of IoT also sheds new light on the concept of "Status Notifier". NodeMCU is an open source Lua based firmware and development board specially targeted for IoT based applications. It includes firmware that runs on ESP8266 Wi-Fi from the hardware which is based on the ESP module. This proposed design uses web application platform for collecting and visualizing data and updating it on LCD display. The retrieval of data from apache server is conducted using NodeMCU and ESP8266 microcontroller board. With this smart project we can also monitor the humidity and temperature of a particular office room. However to the best of our knowledge literature lacks research focusing on digitization of communication in public departments introduced in IoT through interactions among different devices supporting a smart architecture. To do so, we make a Status Notifier IoT architecture that enables user to get updates regarding availability from authority figures

In this paper, an attempt has been made to develop a smart device that can assist women when they feel unsafe. This smart device will be clipped to the footwear of the user and can be triggered discreetly. On tapping one foot behind the other four times, an alert is sent via Bluetooth Low Energy communication to an application on the victim’s phone, programmed to generate a message seeking help with the location of the device attached. The results obtained were analysed using Naïve Baye classifier. In such situations, the aid of a safety device that will inform the victim’s family members or the authorities (in severe situations) may help women feel safer, confident and reduce the chances of harassment.

Solar air heaters are the most cost-effective method of converting solar energy into heat and are used for room heating, crop drying, and other industrial uses. However, they suffer from poor thermal efficiency. The leading cause behind the poor performance of solar air heaters is heat losses from its different parts. Researchers have used various innovative methods to improve solar air heaters thermal performance by reducing heat losses using energy storage material. The present work demonstrates the state-of-the-art review of different solar air heaters loaded with sensible heat storage materials. This investigation has found that integrating sensible heat storage systems such as pebbles, sand, metal chips, oil and gravels with solar air heaters effectively reduces heat losses and increases thermal efficiency. This study revealed that Therminol-55 gave better efficiency than engine oil. For blacked pebble stones, free convection solar air heater provided better efficiency than forced convection. The cement gave better thermal efficiency than concrete. Gravels integrated with iron chips showed more efficiency than used alone. Pure iron chips contributed maximum efficiency compared to other metal chips. The desert sand furnished better efficiency compared to different types of sand. The overall best performing sensible heat storage material is found as a mixture of desert sand and granular carbon having the highest thermal efficiency of 80.05%; however, the lowest performance is demonstrated by cement with 9.5% of thermal efficiency.

Different types of conventional heat transfer fluid have been synthesized according to different thermal application for energy conservation. The recent advancement in last two decades have been found by using nanofluid. The nanofluid are modified heat transfer fluid which uses the dispersed nanoparticles within the fluid to enhance the thermo physical properties. The experimentation in the paper shows the development of Al2O3 based nanofluid for the refrigeration application and the effect of nanoparticle concentration on different thermo physical properties of nanofluid. The base fluid in the experiment used are polyester oil (POE) and mineral oil (MO) which are commonly used as compressor lubrication oil in a refrigeration system. The synthesis of nanofluid was carried using two step method with different weight percentage concentration of 0.02%, 0.04%, 0.07% and 0.1%. The experiment followed for the determination of thermal conductivity, viscosity and specific heat. Use of Hamilton model for thermal conductivity and brinkman model for viscosity has utilized and compared against the experimental observation. The highest gain in the thermal conductivity by almost 57% noted in by using the 0.1 wt% of Al2O3 nanoparticles with mineral oil with slight increment in the viscosity. All the synthesized nanofluid were found to be stable as well as without agglomeration.

The project is to create affordable and easy to set up touch interface on any flat surface. The project mostly uses commonly available items that most people should have access to. Main part of this project is "runtime" application that uses two neural networks: vision based and sound based. Vision based neural network is used to track pointer on the screen. Sound network is used to detect events such as knocking on screen that will be recognized as mouse click and scratching that will be recognized as moving cursor with left mouse button pressed. Considering that the overall cost of this project is abysmal compared to commercially available touch boards, I think that it can be used for educational purposes in poorer or developing countries. We have used Open CV, Qtcreator, TensorFlow. It also can be used to digitize content of traditional "analog" blackboard.

The three-phase fault detector and analyse system is designed to differentiate the type of fault occur in power system, enhanced with the Internet of Things (IoT) by using the combinations of Arduino and Wi-Fi module. All sorts of electrical substation that supply the electric to the users like industrial or residential may have some failures due to fault that may be temporary or permanent. However, due to problems like system take a longer time to detect the type of fault and also required manually to reset off the fault make the existing protection system not efficient in supply energy to consumer. The system can be used three single phase transformers those are wired in star input and star output also three transformers are connected in star input and delta output that having 240 volts input and 12 volts output. Then, ESP NodeMCU is used as controller and also act as device that connect to the IoT system when fault is detected. The devices then link with the Blynk application User will get the i notification from Blynk application when the fault is occurred Using these devices, user could find automatically after a short-lived interruption in a provisional fault from the tripped situation in case of eternal fault.

Cryptocurrency is now a major digital currency all over the globe and many countries are officially accepting this money as it is not regulated by any bank or government still some people find it difficult to understand and some find it risky to invest. Even in India a lot of people are unaware of this currency. This project is to create a website that will create awareness and will help new user who want to invest, sell, buy crypto currency by giving them all the historic data as well as latest live data and detailed statistic, with help of Rapid API prediction of market rate as well as keep them updated by providing latest live news on each crypto currency.

Blockchain technology has been related to the Internet of Things for a long time. Many obstacles stand in the way of widespread adoption of IoT applications. Security dangers and data privacy remain the top concerns, according to many studies and research. These issues are well-known, and solutions are available in the IT sector. Standard IT Security solutions, on the other hand, cannot be applied to IoT for a variety of reasons, ranging from device kinds to sheer device quantities. Unfortunately, security is typically overlooked in the IoT area, as it is in any other business, and most resources are given to application development and device hardware.This research technique featured decentralised blockchain-based authentication as well as an enhanced traffic management architecture. The benefits of blockchain security may be used to create secure virtual zones where objects can identify and trust one another, thanks to our technique. We may use our method in a wide range of IoT applications without requiring any specific hardware. Compared to centralised networks, our decentralised networks are much more well-organized. In terms of how it connects with other systems, each node in the network acts as an autonomous decision maker. Additionally, a secured layered architecture is proposed where the distributed directory is a convention of reproduced, shared and synced digital data dispersed throughout the whole blockchain network so that all network members would have a version of the directory themselves. It also ensures secure data storage for the device setup, which includes data from physical sensors.

Water pollution is one of the biggest threats to our surroundings. To supply good quality of water it is important to monitor the quality of water. So, we are designing a cheap and time consuming water pollution monitoring system. The system comprises of different sensors which is used to measure the physical and chemical parameters of the water. The parameters such as temperature, pH, turbidity, TDS sensor of the water can be measured. The measured values from the sensors are provided to Arduino, it reads the data and provide the results. Finally, the sensor data gets appended in the file and can also be viewed on Arduino serial monitor.

Cancer is a heterogeneous disorder comprising various types and sub-types. Early detection, screening, and diagnosis of cancer types are necessary for facilitating cancer research in early diagnosis, management, and the evolution of successful therapies. Existing methodologies were only able to classify and diagnose a single variety of cancer based on a homogeneous dataset but more focused on predicting patient survivability then cure. This research defines a machine learning-based methodology to develop an universal approach in diagnosis, detection, symptoms-based prediction, and screening of histopathology cancer, their types, and sub types using a heterogeneous dataset based on images and scans. In this architecture, we use VGG-19 based 3D-Convolutional Neural Network for deep feature extraction and later perform regression using a random forest algorithm. We create a heterogeneous dataset consisting of results from laboratory tests, imaging tests and biopsy reports, not only relying on clinical images. Initially, we categorize tumors and lesions as benign or malignant and classify the malignant lesions into their sub-types, detecting their severity and growth rate. Our system is designed to predict risk at multiple time-points, leverage optional risk factors if they are available and produce predictions that are consistent across mammography machines. We found the classification accuracy for categorizing tumors as cancerous to be 95% whereas the accuracy for classification of malignant lesions into their sub-types to be 94%..

Conventional solar still owns poor efficiency and low distillate output, hence not found commercially popular for domestic and industrial applications. The present work demonstrates the improved design of solar still with stepped-corrugated absorber plate for higher energy efficiency and yield. During experimentation, the productivity of stepped-corrugated and conventional solar still is found as 2.50 kg/m2 per day and 0.90 kg/m2 per day, respectively. The energy efficiency of stepped-corrugated and conventional solar still is found as 33.33 and 18.67%, respectively. From this exertion, it is concluded that the stepped-corrugated still has better yield and efficiency as compared to the conventional still.

The propensity to increase the machining performance of various electric discharge machining (EDM) processes is becoming more and more prominent by many researchers. The exploitation of vibration to the workpiece, tool, and dielectric fluid in various mediums like fluid and gas, the addition of additives to dielectric medium examined by the researchers. The results of the research show a significant improvement in the process in terms of enriched material removal rate (MRR), reduced tool wear, and quality finish. This research article reviews the application of vibration to the electrodes, dielectric medium, and the use of different additives in a dielectric medium in various EDM processes. The review of various vibration-assisted techniques, powder mixed EDM, and their impact on output performance parameters have been described. Literature suggested that the exploitation of vibration to the electrodes enhanced the output process parameters in terms of higher MRR, minimum tool wear, and superior surface quality due to optimum flushing performance of contaminants from the gap. The application of vibration also reduced the short-circuiting, increased discharge frequency, and stabilizes the machining process. The literature on adding additives in various EDM processes also reported a significant improvement in the machining performance by reduced short-circuiting thereby reducing insulating characteristics of the dielectric medium. Based on the review the research opportunities for researchers for further research have been identified to strengthen the capabilities and capacity of various EDM processes.

South Asia is one of the most important regions in the world for its large population base, vast natural resources, significant geographic positioning, vibrant culture and rich history. Made up of eight countries: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka—South Asia is home to almost a quarter of the world population. South Asian countries are facing severe energy and environmental challenges that are affecting their broader socio-economic developments, technological advancements, and national security. The chapter discusses the energy and environmental scenario of South Asia. Details of each country in terms of energy resources, supply mix, access to electricity, and cooking fuels have been discussed. Emerging trends and renewable energy developments are also reflected. The environmental scenario of the region has also been presented taking into account the implications of climate change. The perspective of the region in terms of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) has also been discussed.

Energy scarcity, waterborne diseases, and drinking water shortages are the three significant and fundamentally interlinked factors that are strongly influencing the social and economic growth of developing countries. The deficiency of safe drinking water contributes to many waterborne diseases, causing the demise of several people annually and hampering the growth of society. Desalination processes are often energy-intensive and expensive. Several developing countries facing energy deficiency are forced to build desalination plants to fulfill the demand for potable water. The energy required for desalination is fulfilled by importing oil, which is an additional economic burden on countries that are already paying high oil import bills. Burning a massive quantity of oil is the foremost cause of environmental degradation. The objective of this chapter is to explore the nexus among the energy, drinking water and the people's health in developing countries by using the assessment of several worldwide published reports and papers. This study identifies that community facing energy crises usually be deficient in safe drinking water services; consequently, they suffer from infirmity, which increases economic burden through the loss of work productivity. With a deficient cash reserve, the community is incapable of fulfilling the demand for energy and safe drinking water. The chapter concludes that energy, drinking water, and health nexus administration is essential for economic growth, sustainable development and energy security of developing countries.

This analysis is conducted to test sensitivity of the developed integrated model for reliability and maintenance decisions for fleet system. Sensitivity analysis is an important analysis to justify the model sensitivity considering the different model parameters. The parameters of integrated model are mean time in transportation delay, maintenance, and repair time at depot and at original equipment manufacturer. Sensitivity analysis of integrated model parameters is carried out to establish the minimum fleet maintenance life cycle cost. This analysis uses maintenance equipment cost, transportation cost and consumable cost. In this analysis, the different failure rates of the component approach are used i.e., Constant Failure Rate CFR and Time-dependent Failure Rate (TDFR). Therefore, to calculate the time to failure of the parts, Exponential distribution and Weibull distribution are used, respectively. The result shows that consumables cost, and transportation cost are sensitive for integrated model.

Solar still is a cost-effective device to convert saline water into potable water using cleaner energy to tackle drinking water scarcity and waterborne diseases in rural and remote areas of developing countries and meeting the goal of sustainable development. For many decades, researchers have investigated the most energy-efficient and productive solar still designs to make them commercially viable for industrial and domestic applications. This paper presents the state-of-the-art review of the solar stills, based on techno-economic analysis to investigate the most economical and productive solar still design. From this study, it is observed that in case of the passive solar still, still with trays and internal mirrors is found as the most economical design (CPL=0.0021 $), and the solar still with Fresnel lens is found to be the most productive design (9.22 L/m² per day). Similarly, for active solar still, double-slope, single-basin solar still with flat plate collector is the most economical design (CPL=0.0078 $). Single-slope, single-basin still connected with two solar-dishes is the most productive design (13.63 L/m² per day). For the hybrid and miscellaneous solar still, low concentrating photovoltaic-thermal solar still is the most economical design (CPL=0.0013 $). Spherical solar still with parabolic reflector is the most productive design (8.25 L/m² per day). Comparing all the available solar still designs, it has been found that the low concentrating photovoltaic-thermal solar still is the most economical design. The cascade solar still with flat plate collector is the most productive design of the solar still. It is observed that the parabolic concentrator type tubular solar still with 4.71 L/m² per day productivity and 0.033 $/L cost of water production is the optimal solar still design. These identified designs can further be investigated for their commercialisation to achieve faster penetration of solar still technology in society.

This paper examines energy, drinking water and health nexus in India, and its consequences for the environment and economy. To establish this nexus, K-means cluster analysis and Davies–Bouldin validation index are employed to group 32 Indian states and union territories. The classification was performed based on 16 criteria, and the number of optimal clusters arrived at is 8. The nexus between energy, drinking water and health must be cautiously dealt with to ensure the social and economic growth of the nation. The criterion analysis of the states within these clusters indicates that states and union territories facing energy crises are usually deficient in safe drinking water services; consequently, people of those regions suffer from ill-health, which increases the economic burden on people through the loss of work productivity. With a deficient cash reserve, the communities are incapable of fulfilling the demand for energy and safe drinking water. However, while installing desalination plants to fulfil the need for safe drinking water, their environmental impact must be taken into account, as these systems have high energy consumption and significant environmental impact. HIGHLIGHTS This work examines energy, drinking water, and health nexus in India, and its effects on climate change.; States/union territories facing energy crises are usually deficient in safe drinking water services. Consequently, people suffer from ill-health, which increases their economic burden.; With a deficient cash reserve, the communities are incapable of fulfilling the demand for energy and safe drinking water;

COVID-19 pandemic has a catastrophic consequence globally since its first case was detected in December 2019, with an aggressive spread. Currently an exponential growth is expected. If not diagnosed at the proper time, COVID-19 may lead to death of the infected individuals. Thus, continuous screening, early diagnosis and prompt actions are crucial to control the spread and reduce the mortality. In this paper we focus on developing a Medical Diagnosis Humanoid (MDH) which is a cost effective, safety critical mobile robotic system that provides a complete diagnostic test to check whether an individual is infected by Covid-19 or not. This paper highlights the development of a system based on Artificial Intelligence for Medical Science, where humanoids can navigate through desired destinations, diagnose an individual for Covid-19 through various parameters and make a survey of a locality for the same. The humanoid uses the concept of real time data sensing and processing through machine learning produced by various sensors used in the context.