Quaid-i-Azam University
  • Islamabad, Pakistan
Recent publications
Currently, the world is facing challenges in accessing information on the web. Each second, millions of bytes of data are generated. Easy internet access has shifted users’ tendency towards online information retrieval systems. Notably, web search engines can retrieve relevant information from immense piles of available data. However, accessing web content can be a challenging task for blind users. Blind Web Users (BWUs) interact with web search engines via assistive technologies to retrieve web documents to satisfy their information needs. The assistive technologies, including screen readers, voice-overs, Braille, etc., aid BWUs in information exploration. The assistive technologies exploit list-based structures to access web search documents. In addition, web search engines can only partially employ assistive technologies to explore and navigate the search documents linearly. The web search documents presented in ranked linear lists could be inconvenient to reach, particularly for BWUs. In this research, we propose a nonlinear exploration approach and multimodal design that allow BWUs to explore and navigate non-linearly the search documents. The proposed nonlinear representation comprises interactive tree-based document categories and follows cognition rules to enable web search results exploration and navigation. We also provide an interactive interface design via the Search Results Exploration Tool for BWUs (SERB) targeting multimodal (textual and acoustic) queries and interactions. The approach is instantiated on an actual data set of Wikipedia web documents. Furthermore, the proposed exploration approach and multimodal interface design are evaluated via diverse standard usability tests to ensure usability and effectiveness.
The spread of infectious diseases remains a significant threat to global health and stability. A crucial aspect of controlling and mitigating the impact of these diseases is a thorough understanding of their dynamics. This study thoroughly examines a discrete-time epidemic model’s stability and bifurcation characteristics, considering both vaccination and vital dynamics. From studying the stability of fixed points, we have derived the conditions for how the system responds to parameter changes and the circumstances needed for profound disease control. Additionally, our investigation of the bifurcation occurrences provides a clearer picture of the relationship between small parameter changes and qualitative changes in system behaviour. Our study of a one-parametric bifurcation and a codimension two-parameter bifurcation mainly illustrates the complex interactions between various parameters and their effects on the system’s dynamics. We also show how crucial chaos control is in modelling epidemics, and we apply the hybrid control method to control the chaos in the model. Managing chaos in the system is essential for preventing the spread of infectious diseases and ensuring long-term disease control. Our numerical simulations support our findings.
The aim of this study is to explore the role of academic leadership and adaptive leadership on organizational readiness for change. During times of pandemic, adaptive leadership has emerged as a vital leadership discipline along with academic leadership due to uncertainty and sensitivity of situation. In addition, demand of innovative behavior has also increased over the years particularly during Covid-19. The study has been carried out in Higher Education Institutions of Pakistan where the data was collected from deans, directors and head of departments in two phases. Quantitative research strategy was opted for the study. Survey research design was followed to respond objectives of the study. The purpose behind the selection of senior academicians is to draw empirical results from the perspective of all the heads of their relevant departments. The data was collected from seven public sector universities across Pakistan. About 251 responses were found valid. Covariance based SEM was used to analyze the data. Analysis reveals a positive and direct relationship between academic and adaptive leadership and organizational readiness for change and similar results were found by placing innovative behavior as a mediator leading to the acceptance of all developed hypotheses. This study is unique in nature and has implications for leaders in academia in terms of unleashing the potential toward uncertain situation in higher education institutions. Study’s major limitation include less representation of the Pakistan as whole country as it included Punjab province only for data collection.
The presence of arsenic (As) in croplands causes phytotoxicity in wheat and contaminates the food chain by accumulating in the grains. Thus, the use of tolerant genotypes might be the best solution to alleviate As stress. However, limited information is available regarding the potential of wheat genotypes particularly exposed to arsenite. To fill this gap, the study aimed to investigate the impact of arsenite on the accumulation and translocation of As in a dose–response manner. The research further highlighted the impacts of arsenite on growth, chlorophyll, oxidative stress induction, and modulation of antioxidants. A total of four genotypes (SKD-1, MexiPak, Pak-13, and FSD-08) were exposed hydroponically to arsenite treatments (0, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg/L) for 21 days using the cigar method. Morphological traits (germination index, vitality index, relative lengths, and biomass), chlorophyll, As accumulation, oxidative stress indicators, and antioxidants were measured. The study revealed that SKD-1 accumulated slightly more As in roots (90.43 ± 1.30 µg/g) but translocated less to shoots (80.23 ± 2.44 µg/g) compared to other genotypes. On the other hand, Pak-13 and FSD-08 showed the highest translocation factor (0.94) with the highest impact on their growth. With the help of linear modeling and multivariate analyses, a dose-dependent increase was observed in terms of As accumulation. SKD-1 genotype showed better germination and vitality index along with higher shoot as well as root length compared to others. Furthermore, the SKD-1 genotype showed less malondialdehyde (0.811 mmol/g) compared to Pak-13 (1.243 mmol/g). On the other hand, antioxidants (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase) showed better activities in SKD-1 to alleviate arsenite stress compared to Pak-13 and FSD-08. Hence, the use of tolerant genotypes like SKD-1 has the potential to deliver safer grains for human consumption and sustainable yield.
This research aims to find the best model for predicting the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardized Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) in the future. The study estimates SPI and SPEI at different time scales, ranging from 1 to 48 months. To predict drought, Random Forest (RF) models are used based on lag times of 1–12 months for the estimated drought indices (SPI and SPEI). Accuracy and error metrics like Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), root-mean-square error (RMSE), producer accuracy (PA), user accuracy (UA), and Choen’s kappa are used to assess the models. The NSE values for the SPI at varying time scales (1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 48 months) indicate that Bahawalpur, Rawalpindi, Murree, and Sargodha stations have the highest NSE values of 0.1148, 0.5868, 0.8302, 0.9196, 0.9516, 0.9801, and 0.9845, respectively. Similarly, the RMSE values for SPI at these time scales show that Bahawalpur, Rawalpindi, Murree, and Sargodha stations have the lowest RMSE values of 0.6187, 0.6094, 0.4091, 0.2865, 0.2275, 0.1594, and 0.1106, respectively. The NSE and variance explained for SPI and SPEI at a 1-month time scale were found to be poor, but they improved as the time scale increased. On the other hand, the RMSE values for SPI and SPEI at a 1-month time scale were found to be high but decreased with longer time scales. The stations that exhibit the highest values of the NSE for the SPEI at various time scales (1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 48 months) are Rawalpindi, Jhelum, Murree, Mianwali, Rawalpindi, and Sargodha, respectively. These stations have NSE values of 0.0784, 0.6074, 0.8353, 0.9225, 0.9542, 0.9760, and 0.9896, respectively. Similarly, the stations with the lowest RMSE values for SPEI at these time scales are Sargodha, Murree, Murree, Murree, Murree, and Sargodha, with RMSE values of 1.002, 0.5909, 0.3993, 0.2626, 0.2132, 0.1546, and 0.0941, respectively. The analysis reveals a distinct pattern indicating that stations situated at higher elevations exhibit a more pronounced correlation between the SPI and SPEI indices in comparison to stations at lower elevations. Notably, Murree, Jhelum, Sialkot, and Rawalpindi demonstrate a statistically significant and strong correlation between the SPI and SPEI. Overall, the results show that SPEI is a better drought index for classifying and monitoring meteorological drought in stations with lower elevations. However, in stations with higher elevations, the selected indices provide similar information, but with some differences.
ABSTRACT: This study investigated the synthesis, character�ization, and in silico analysis of novel N-acetamide ketamine derivatives aimed at evaluating their analgesic, anesthetic, and antidepressant properties. The synthesis commenced with the preparation of chloroacetylamide derivatives, which were sub�sequently reacted with ketamine hydrochloride, yielding 16 derivatives k1 to k16. These compounds were characterized through H1 NMR, C13 NMR, mass spectroscopy (EIMS), and elemental analysis, followed by an assessment of their physicochemical properties. The analgesic efficacy of all of the synthesized derivatives was evaluated using the acetic acid-induced writhing test via intraperitoneal administration. The best-performing molecule was further evaluated for analgesic (acetic acid-induced writhing test, tail suspension test (TST), and hot plate test) and anti-inflammatory (carrageenan-induced paw edema) activities. For antidepressant effects, all derivatives were compared with ketamine in a lipopolysaccharide-induced model of depression in mice through the forced swimming test, open field test (OFT), sucrose preference test (SPT), and TST. It was observed that among all the derivatives, molecule k1 demonstrated comparable analgesic activity to ketamine. Further, compound k1 also exhibited the highest antidepressant potential during the forced swimming test, OFT, SPT, and TST. k1 was further compared with ketamine for their activities intraperitoneally and orally where k1 exhibited comparable antidepressant effects to ketamine. Henceforth, the psychomimetic potential of k1 was evaluated through loss of righting reflex and Y-maze tests. Very interestingly, these tests indicated approximately no psychomimetic activity of k1 compared to ketamine intraperitoneally and orally. Finally, molecular docking studies were conducted targeting the NMDA receptor at the JC09 ketamine binding pocket (PDB ID: 7EU7), where all synthesized derivatives exhibited significant binding affinities relative to ketamine. These findings suggest that the newly synthesized N-acetamide ketamine derivative k1 possesses promising pharmacological profiles, warranting further exploration. KEYWORDS: ketamine, acetamides, antidepressant, analgesic, anesthetic, psychomimetic
A sequence of new 5‐aryl/heteroaryl‐2,2‐dimethyl‐1,3‐dioxane‐4,6‐dione derivatives were synthesized by condensing Meldrum's acid and triethyl orthoformate with differently substituted aromatic and heteroaromatic amines in good to excellent yields. The chemical structures were characterized by spectroscopic techniques and the synthesized entities were evaluated for chymotrypsin and urease inhibition. Interestingly, among the synthesized derivatives, compound containing 5‐nitropyridin‐2‐yl ring exhibited dual inhibition activities with IC50 value (8.67 ± 0.1) close to the control (Chymostatin:8.24 ± 0.11) against chymotrypsin; and (29.21 ± 0.98) close to the control (Thiourea:21.25 ± 0.15) urease in µM concentration. Further, molecular docking analysis was performed on the 3D crystal structure of Jack bean urease protein and a serine proteinase α‐chymotrypsin with synthesized ligands, to observe the binding interactions. All the synthesized compounds docked well into the active sites of the proteins, the most active compound showed H‐bonding interaction with amino acid HIS A 594 residue through carbonyl oxygen of dioxane ring and CME A 592 through oxygen of nitro group against 3La4 urease protein, while against chymotrypsin, it revealed the hydrogen bonding between amino acids: SER C 217, GLY C 216, and SER C 190. The role of pharmacophore was evaluated using the diverse substituents on aromatic/heteroaromatic rings, and on the basis of that SAR was developed.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) poses a significant and escalating global health burden, with a strong association with long-term complications, including cardiovascular disease and nephropathy. Optimal management strategies aim not only to achieve glycemic control but also to mitigate these complications. Liraglutide, a Glucagon1 Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, has been shown to provide multifaceted benefits, particularly in reducing cardiovascular risk. This study evaluates the real-world effectiveness of liraglutide, alone and in combination with Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors and Sodium Glucose Linked Transporter (SGLT-2) inhibitors, in managing T2DM. To assess the impact of liraglutide, both as monotherapy and in combination with DPP-4 and SGLT-2 inhibitors, on glycemic control, weight management, and long-term cardiovascular outcomes in a real-world cohort of patients with T2DM. A retrospective analysis was performed on 313 adult T2DM patients who received liraglutide for a minimum of 6 months. Clinical data collected included Glycosylated Haemoglobin (HbA1c), body mass index (BMI), weight, Low-density Lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and renal function markers e.g. eGFR and creatinine. Subgroup analyses examined the effects of liraglutide in combination with DPP-4 inhibitors and SGLT-2 inhibitors. Long-term cardiovascular and renal outcomes were projected using the UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) model. Repeated measures ANOVA was employed to assess statistical significance in pre- and post-treatment changes. Patients demonstrated significant reductions in HbA1c (− 1.1%; from 8.9% to 7.8%, p < 0.01), BMI (− 1.6 kg/m2, p = 0.03), and weight (− 3.3 kg, p < 0.05). Liraglutide combined with DPP-4 and SGLT-2 inhibitors yielded further improvements in glycemic control and weight reduction. The UKPDS model projected a 9.8% reduction in the 5-year risk of myocardial infarction and a 12.1% reduction in heart failure incidence among patients receiving SGLT-2 inhibitors. Additionally, the model predicted a 6.5% reduction in the risk of nephropathy progression, highlighting the combined therapy’s protective effects against diabetes-related complications. Liraglutide, especially when used in combination with DPP-4 and SGLT-2 inhibitors, significantly improves glycemic control and promotes weight reduction in patients with T2DM. UKPDS projections further suggest that this combination therapy substantially reduces the long-term risks of cardiovascular events and nephropathy, underscoring its potential as a comprehensive therapeutic approach in T2DM management.
Dahi, a traditional yet underexplored fermented milk product from Pakistan, harbors diverse lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that have potential as probiotics. These bacteria could be used for therapeutic purposes, beneficial modulation of gut microbiota, and in the formulation of functional foods and feeds. This study aimed to isolate and characterize probiotic LAB from dahi, assess their survival in simulated gastrointestinal conditions, and evaluate their safety and probiotic potential, both phenotypically and genotypically. A total of 143 isolates from 37 samples were evaluated for probiotic traits, including acid and bile tolerance, antibacterial activity, cholesterol-lowering capacity, and antioxidant activity. The strains were also tested for antibiotic sensitivity and safety through in vitro tests and genomic analysis. A multi-strain probiotic consortium was developed and tested for enhanced functionality. Out of 143 isolates, 62 LAB strains were identified. These strains demonstrated significant survival under acidic (pH 2) and bile conditions. Antibacterial activity against pathogens ranged from 51 to 88%. The strains exhibited high cholesterol removal (up to 98%) and antioxidant activity (up to 76%). Genomic analysis revealed the presence of key probiotic-related genes, including those for acid resistance, bile salt hydrolase, and adhesion. All strains were sensitive to EFSA-recommended antibiotics and exhibited no hemolytic or DNase activity, confirming their safety. The multi-strain consortium showed superior probiotic potential and survival in simulated gastrointestinal conditions. LAB strains isolated from dahi possess strong probiotic potential, confirmed through in vitro and genomic safety assessments. The multi-strain consortium holds promise for applications.
Water contamination has become a significant global issue in recent decades, with pollutants, such as heavy metals, acids, organic solvents, and pharmaceutical waste contributing to environmental degradation. Various techniques are employed for treating pharmaceutical wastewater, but metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are gaining increasing attention due to their unique properties. MOFs offer exceptional porosity, modular structures, high crystallinity, customizable chemical components, large specific surface area, simple functionalization, and numerous active sites. These coordination compounds consist of poly-nuclear metal nodes and organic linkers, forming highly porous structures. This review focuses on MOF-based membrane separation techniques, including membrane filtration (MF), nanofiltration, organic solvent nanofiltration, ultrafiltration (UF), microfiltration, forward osmosis, reverse osmosis, membrane pervaporation, and membrane distillation, along with their mechanisms for removing pharmaceutical waste. MOFs have shown great promise in enhancing membrane performance by improving adsorption capacities, increasing water flow rates, and optimizing membrane properties. Integrating MOFs with materials like graphene oxide, titania, and silica has further improved their performance. Additionally, green synthesis methods are being developed to create eco-friendly MOFs for sustainable wastewater treatment. MOFs demonstrate effective adsorption capacities for various contaminants, including antibiotics, such as tetracycline, nitroimidazole, and quinolone. Functionalizing MOFs with specific groups has been shown to further enhance their adsorption efficiency. Overall, MOFs offer significant potential for advancing pharmaceutical wastewater treatment and addressing global water contamination challenges.
This study introduces the environmentally friendly synthesis of Ag2O, TiO2, and Ni-doped SnO2 nanoparticles (NPs) and their application in detecting and removing bromothymol blue (BTB) dye from wastewater. The unique electronic properties and quantum size effects of NPs allow them to surpass conventional materials. Characterization of the synthesized nanoparticles was conducted through spectroscopic and voltammetric techniques. TiO2 NPs, in conjunction with amine-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (NH2-fMWCNTs) enhanced the sensitivity of the transducer, while electrochemical impedance spectroscopy confirmed effective charge transport through the designed sensing platform. The sensor was found to exhibit the qualities of repeatability, specificity, and reproducibility, achieving a detection limit of 0.1 nM for BTB dye. For wastewater purification from BTB, Ag2O NPs were employed as a photocatalyst and the photocatalytic degradation monitored with electronic absorption spectroscopy revealed a 92% degradation of BTB dye within 30 minutes. Furthermore, Ni-doped SnO2 NPs were utilized for the adsorptive removal of the dye, demonstrating a maximum adsorption capacity of 90.90 mg g⁻¹. The adsorption mechanism adhered to the Langmuir model at lower BTB concentrations and the Freundlich model at higher concentrations, with kinetics aligning with the intra-particle diffusion model. This research underscores the promise of electrocatalytic and photocatalytic nanomaterials as scalable, sustainable, and eco-friendly approaches to combat water pollution.
Background Consistent and timely access to antibiotics is a hallmark of an antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) and can be achieved through good procurement practices. However, flawed procurement modules result in poor antibiotic supply management within health facilities of low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), including Pakistan, exacerbating antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This study seeks to understand hospital pharmacists’ perspectives on the antibiotic procurement process, its efficiency in ensuring consistent access to antibiotics, and the role of clinical pharmacists in rational procurement. Methods Semi-structured interviews with 24 purposively selected hospital pharmacists from secondary healthcare facilities in Punjab, Pakistan, were conducted utilizing a qualitative case study methodology. Data analysis was conducted using MAXQDA 2024 software, following a thematic analysis technique using a codebook approach to thematic analysis. Results The study identified five central themes: (1) The state of antibiotic use in hospitals is characterized by a lack of antibiotic use policy, resulting in mostly empirical and irrational prescribing practices. (2) Medicine availability significantly influences prescribing decisions, often taking precedence over clinical needs. (3) The procurement process, although structured, is flawed owing to rigid adherence to the Standard Medicine List (SML). (4) Rationality in procurement is compromised by disregard for AMR, with decisions driven more by cost and demand than clinical evidence. (5) The clinical acumen of pharmacists is underutilized in procurement due to multifarious barriers. Conclusion Antibiotic procurement is the mainstay of implementing an ASP in hospitals. This study elucidates significant policy, practice, and education gaps regarding antibiotic use and procurement in Pakistan. There is a critical need for comprehensive antibiotic policies, including a revision in SML, enhancing pharmacist authority in procurement decisions, more rational prescribing, and ensuring access to antibiotics through more informed and data-driven processes to combat AMR effectively.
A substantial rise in pollution due to population growth, industrialization, and urbanization has led to water contamination over the past few years, especially in developing countries. Dye-loaded effluents are often discharged into water reservoirs without any treatment, posing a significant threat to the sustainability of the environment and public health. Hence, it is imperative that researchers explore methods to effectively detect and eliminate dyes from waterways and suggest tangible solutions. With this consideration, the current work presents an efficient, cost-effective, eco-friendly, and sustainable approach for the detection of water pollutant (eosin yellow: EY) and its elimination from water. The voltammetric detection of EY was carried out on a transducer fabricated with carboxyl-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes, while its removal was carried out using green-synthesized cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs). Under optimized conditions, the designed sensor detected EY up to a 1.24 nM limit of detection. CeO2 NPs were prepared using Cassia fistula leaves for the photocatalytic removal of EY from wastewater. The phytosynthesized CeO2 NPs were analyzed by X-ray diffraction analysis, photoluminescence spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. These synthesized CeO2 NPs having a band gap of 3.24 eV were applied for the photocatalytic breakdown of EY under direct sunlight. Results revealed 99% removal of EY by CeO2 NPs from wastewater of pH 5. The findings of the current work emphasize the significance of nanosensor and nanomaterials-based photocatalysis for the detection of water contaminants and for devising a sustainable and environmentally benign remedial plan for water purification.
A novel depiction of generalized Campanato space with variable exponents is presented, illustrating how the boundedness of fractional integrals and its commutators can offer an innovative understanding of generalized Campanato space with variable exponents.
Root chicory (Cichorium intybus var. sativum) is a plant of significant economic value within the Asteraceae family, traditionally utilized for its medicinal properties and as a coffee substitute. Chicory roots are experiencing renewed interest due to their high fiber content, diverse phytochemicals, and associated health benefits. A comprehensive literature review was conducted using reputable search engines to assess current knowledge, commercial applications, and recent biotechnological advancements aimed at enhancing yield. Chicory roots are notably rich in inulin and various phytochemicals, including sesquiterpene lactones, making them valuable across multiple industries such as food, medicine, cosmetics, and textiles. Advances in biotechnological techniques have been developed to boost the yield of chicory root extracts, with the safety of these extracts having been confirmed by both the FDA and the European Union. This review explores both traditional and emerging uses of chicory roots, underscores recent biotechnological progress, and outlines future research directions. Key areas of focus include the phytochemical composition of chicory roots, methods for inulin extraction, and the extensive applications of chicory roots in nutrition, medicine, and other industries with future recommendations. Graphical abstract
The current study investigated the geometry, design and solid angle impacts on full energy peak efficiency (FEPE) of NaI(Tl) detectors for a line source. A line source is fabricated using 99mTc solution filled in a borosilicate glass tube of inner diameter 3 mm, tube wall thickness 2.5 mm and length 12.7 cm. The FEPE is measured for the fabricated linear source using 2″×2″ NaI(Tl) cylindrical detector at various source-detector distances. The experimental setup is simulated in GEANT4 and the computed FEPE values are compared with experimental values. The absolute error of 5% is observed between computed and measured FEPE values. Utilizing the advantages of MC simulations, the impact of numerous source parameters such as source length, diameter, source-detector distance, glass tube thickness and lead shield effects on FEPE are investigated to optimize the fabrication process of linear sources. A case study for current investigation has been analyzed by considering absolute FEPE of the NaI(Tl) system for a syringe filled with radioactive solution. This study provides an insight for the fabrication of standard linear sources by analyzing different source parameters and hence, may serve as a guideline to prepare standard linear sources for the calibration of radiation detectors.
The sodium manganese oxide phase was synthesized by an ion-exchange process in the glovebox using LiMn2O4 electrodes. For this process, LiMn2O4 cathodes were discharged at specific voltage values that correspond to the redox reaction values in cycling voltammetry measurements and then the cell was disassembled, and the cathode was used for Na-ion cell by Na metal. The newly assembled cell was discharged to 1.5 V for the ion-exchange process. To understand the mechanism during the ion-exchange process, the cells were disassembled in each redox voltage during the charging and discharging of the cell for structural analysis. The XRD patterns of each electrode were analyzed by Rietveld refinement and the possible reaction mechanism for the ion-exchange process was investigated. It was found that there are λ-MnO2, Li2MnO3, and NaMn2O4 phases in the electrodes which formed at different cut of voltages. According to Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy measurements, the presence of Na–O bands was confirmed the successful ion-exchange within the materials. Structural properties were further examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy combined with Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis dot mapping and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis, supported by X-ray diffraction experimental results. The electrochemical performance of the ion-exchanged electrodes was investigated by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, galvanostatic cycling, and C-rate measurements. The results showed that there was a significant change in the redox reaction mechanism by the ion-exchange process. According to galvanostatic measurements, the ion-exchanged electrodes showed better performance up to 50 cycles, but a phase change in the electrodes during the cycling caused a sharp decrease in capacity. Ex-situ XRD analysis after 100 cycles revealed the formation of the Na2Mn3O7 phase which is electrochemically inactive, and it has Mn⁴⁺ ions in the structure. The results suggest that the ion-exchange mechanism is a successful method, but the crystal structure has a crucial role in the cycling process of the cells. Graphical abstract
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4,543 members
Jamil Ahmad Malik
  • National Institute of Psychology
Q. A. Naqvi
  • Department of Electronics
Jafir Shirazi
  • Department of Microbiology
Hizb Ullah
  • Department of Animal Science
Naveeda Qureshi
  • Department of Animal Science
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Islamabad, Pakistan
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Dr Muhammad Ali