Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais

Trypanosomatids are obligate flagellated parasites, with the genera Leishmania and Trypanosoma acting as etiological agents of significant diseases such as leishmaniasis and Chagas disease. Although ecological studies have increasingly highlighted the role of bats as potential reservoirs of these parasites, the diversity of trypanosomatids in urban bat populations remains poorly understood. This study investigates the occurrence and diversity of Trypanosomatidae in bats from Mangabeiras Municipal Park (MMP), an urban park in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, a region of ecological interest due to the prior detection of Leishmania in sand flies. A total of 56 bats representing seven species were captured, and 149 biological samples (blood, tissues, and organs) were analyzed using NNN/LIT culture medium. Contamination was reported in 32.2% of the samples, while 67.8% yielded negative results with no growth of trypanosomatids. Detection of trypanosomatids was achieved using the V7V8 Nested-PCR technique, revealing positive results in nine bats: Artibeus lituratus (Leishmania infantum, Trypanosoma sp. Neobat 3), Anoura caudifer (Trypanosoma sp. Neobat 4), Carollia perspicillata and Glossophaga soricina (Leishmania infantum), Sturnira lilium (Trypanosoma sp. Neobat 3), and Platyrrhinus lineatus (mixed infection with Leishmania infantum and Leishmania braziliensis). The integrity of the extracted DNA was confirmed through the amplification of cytb and gamma-actin genes. By expanding knowledge of trypanosomatid diversity in urban bats, this study highlights the ecological and epidemiological relevance of bats as hosts and underscores the need for targeted surveillance to assess their role in pathogen transmission dynamics.

Purpose: To assess the cost of traffic accidents in Brazil and the impact of age/location. Methods: All patients admitted to a Brazilian hospital due to traffic accidents from January 2012 to December 2022 and cost of hospital services were obtained from the Department of Information Technology of the Unified Health System. Demographic data were collected in the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics database. Parametric and nonparametric data were analyzed. The Kruskal-Wallis’ test and a post-hoc test were used for data comparison. The ARIMA linear regression method for trend estimation. Results: In Brazil, 1.6 million individuals were involved in traffic accidents between 2012–2022, resulting in a cumulative hospital expenditure of US$38 million. The average hospital admission cost during this time was US$ 239.66, but no correlation was found between the cost per capita and driver population density increase. Hospitalization in the Midwest/South was higher. Conclusion: The economic impact of traffic accidents on the Brazilian public health system is significant. With a high number of victims admitted annually and evident regional and age-related disparities, there is a clear need for comprehensive and cost-effective healthcare strategies. Key words Accidents, Traffic; Costs and Cost Analysis; Global Health; Health Policy; Wounds and Injuries

This overview is focused on the book reflecting research results on the fundamentals of the theory of multicriteria (multiobjective and multiattribute) decision-making under conditions of uncertainty. The facet of uncertainty is formalized based on a possibilistic (not probabilistic) approach. These results are based on the fuzzy set theory and its fusion with other branches of mathematics of uncertainty. The overview identifies the crucial arguments behind the ultimate need for this theory, reflects the book’s primary objectives, identifies the key possibilities delivered by the presented book's results, and elaborates on real-world problems solved by applying the findings reported in the book. The thorough critical analysis summarizes the advantages and limitations of the main results covered by the book.

Objectives This study aimed to investigate occupational factors associated with depression among Brazilian workers, using data from the 2019 National Health Survey Methods a cross-sectional study with 52,475 participants. Depression was measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) (scores >9). Occupational exposures assessed included night work, chemical handling, noise exposure, sun exposure, and handling urban waste. Logistic regression models were used to estimate crude and adjusted Odds Ratios (ORs) for the association between occupational factors and depression, with analyses stratified by gender. Results The prevalence of depression was 11.0% (women:15.8%; men: 5.7%). For women, significant risk factors included night work, chemical handling, noise exposure and prolonged sun exposure. For men, significant risk factors included night work and chemical handling. Conclusion Depression is prevalent among Brazilian workers, with specific occupational exposures associated with increased risk

Residual stress is a critical factor that influences the lifespan of mechanical components subjected to fatigue. Compressive stress tends to extend the life of a component, whereas tensile stress can shorten it. Acoustic emission (AE) signals have been linked to phenomena occurring during manufacturing processes; however, only a few studies have been conducted to correlate AE signals with the surface integrity of machined parts. In this study, an approach for correlating residual stress with AE signals is introduced. AISI 4340 steel specimens are machined by using ceramic tools, with varied cutting speeds, feed rates, and depths of cut, and AE signals are recorded during the process. The signals are processed and analyzed by using the spectral entropy technique, also known as Shannon entropy or information entropy. The results reveal that the appropriate application of frequency filters uncovers regions of strong correlation between the spectral entropy of the AE signals and the residual stress. The observed correlation can contribute to the optimization and control of machining processes and help to achieve the desired residual stress levels.

The kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) is a complex enzymatic system involved in multiple biological processes, particularly inflammation. The system’s peptides exert broad effects through two receptors, B1 (B1R) and B2 (B2R), expressed in various cell types, including osteoblasts. However, the impact of this system on bone remodeling induced by mechanical force needs to be better understood. This study aimed to elucidate the role of the B2 kinin receptor in bone phenotype and remodeling under mechanical stress. Orthodontic forces were applied to the upper first molars of B2R−/− mice and wild-type controls. Bone parameters, bone cellular counts, expression of inflammatory biomarkers, and osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation and activity were assessed using microtomography, histological analysis, real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and in vitro bone cell cultures, respectively. The results revealed that B2 receptor deficiency significantly altered maxillary bone architecture, reduced trabecular thickness, increased orthodontic tooth movement, and spontaneous alveolar bone loss (ABL). Histological analysis showed a higher number of osteoclasts in B2R−/− mice, with no significant change in osteoblast counts. Molecular analysis indicated elevated levels of RANK, RANKL, OPG, RANKL/OPG, IL-1β, and B1 receptor expression in B2R−/− mice, while in vitro studies confirmed enhanced osteoclast numbers and activity in B2R−/− cells. In conclusion, this study underscores the critical roles of kinin receptors in regulating alveolar bone remodeling, with B2R deletion leading to increased osteoclastic activity and bone loss. The compensatory upregulation of B1Rs in the absence of B2Rs suggests functional redundancy. However, the B2R−/− phenotype emphasizes the complex involvement of the KKS pathway in bone physiology, suggesting avenues for further research into bone pathophysiology and potential therapeutic approaches.

This article addressed digital racism and exclusion from the decolonial perspective, explicitly concerning the possibilities of resistance to colonial structures. This argument was based on the discussion of intersectionality as a reference to the multiple combinations of exclusionary experiences expressed here through new forms of hierarchizing difference, understood from the perspective of social classification, as taught by Aníbal Quijano. We theoretically rehearsed the topic to broaden dialogs, conducting a reflective exercise that invites debate. Based on the notions of subjectivation processes emerging from this elaboration, we performed a propositional reflection, pointing to plural and collective solutions that rescue the memory and knowledge denied by coloniality. Furthermore, we suggest the rediscovery of local practices and values, as opposed to the adherence to standards established by remnants of colonization that are transmitted and reverberated in contemporary daily life.

This chapter examines EU-Brazil relations, which alternate between periods of close ties and times of a certain level of distancing. The analysis of these themes reveals the absence of a unified direction in the relationship between the two actors. Governance initiatives often reflect differences in political, economic, and social priorities in each region, as well as the influences of external actors and regional and global dynamics. The conclusion emphasizes that this dialogue is not unidirectional but a dynamic and multifaceted interaction.

A dramatic global transformation in international politics, economics, and security is disrupting the conventional power structure of the US-led international order. The rise of China, the COVID-19 pandemic, the US failure in Afghanistan, and the Russian-Ukrainian war are some of the events that accelerate this trend. To understand this transformation, a paradigm shift is needed. Drawing on Thomas Kuhn’s paradigm concept, this chapter aims to delve into China’s cooperation approach and its challenge to the Euro-American, OECD-based aid regime. Specifically, it explores the type of South-South cooperation engaged by China, promoting and expanding its ambitious projection in LAC countries, investments, loans, commercial initiatives, and assistance. Chinese engagement in international cooperation dates back to the 1950s and it boosted following the economic growth and global expansion of the last decades. We argue that Chinese South-South paradigm has appealing characteristics for LAC partners, proving to be functional, flexible, multidimensional, and holistic, thus posing a challenge to traditional DAC donors. COVID-19 pandemic was emblematic: while China accelerated the rapprochement to LAC partners (governmental and non-governmental), the EU largely neglected the region, concentrating on the effectiveness of its domestic response to the emergency.

The aim of this case report is to sequentially demonstrate the aesthetic and functional rehabilitation of a smile with a dental fusion anomaly. Endodontic retreatment was performed followed by periradicular surgery on Tooth 12. Periodontal intervention through gingivoplasty and aesthetic rehabilitation with composite resin veneers was performed on Teeth 13 to 23. With a clinical and radiographic follow‐up of 18 months, the success of multidisciplinary oral rehabilitation involving endodontics, oral and maxillofacial surgery, periodontics, and restorative dentistry is observed, restoring function, aesthetic satisfaction, and quality of life to the patient.

The article investigates the trajectory and transformations of Brazil’s involvement in UN peacekeeping operations, seeking to explain the recent hesitation to assume a leadership role in contrast to previous periods, particularly during the two initial presidential terms of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (2003-2011). It highlights the influence of international and domestic factors on Brazil’s new stance, including changes in the nature of UN peacekeeping missions and the impact of the deep politico-economic crisis Brazil experienced between 2013 and 2022. The shifts in foreign policy during the governments of Michel Temer and Jair Bolsonaro resulted in a more isolationist view and a significant reduction in Brazil’s participation in peacekeeping operations. The article concludes by analyzing the need for a strategic reassessment by Brazil of the dynamics of peacekeeping operations and the domestic challenges faced by the new Lula da Silva government to realign its future participation with its national interests and capabilities.

Objective: To evaluate confidence levels in treatment planning decisions among dental students. Material and Methods: A questionnaire about difficulties in diagnostic and performing procedures was distributed to dental students in their third to final year at a private university in Brazil. Respondents rated their confidence on a scale from “none to mild” to “moderate to maximum. The Chi-square test was used to assess whether there was a difference in the students’ responses according to the stage they were in in the course. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: 137 students participated, and 40% did not consider social data essential in treatment planning. The highest difficulty levels were reported in the diagnosis of Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) (83%) and oral lesions (79%). The main difficulties in the treatment were reported as therapy for TMD (84%), rehabilitation therapy (70%) and patients with medical conditions (65%). 91% do not feel confident in handling emergencies. When comparing senior students to those in mid-course, significant differences were noted in diagnosing carious lesions (24% vs. 58%) and TMD cases (95% vs. 75%). Conclusion: This study highlighted that a significant portion of dental students do not consider social determinants of health as relevant to treatment planning, as well as issues related to student confidence in TMD treatment and managing patients with medical conditions. Dental schools should monitor the confidence levels of their students, creating an opportunity to address these deficits. Keywords: Self-Assessment; Education, Dental, Graduate; Dental Students; Patient Care Planning

Purpose Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a rare genetic disorder affecting connective tissue that causes painful ulcerations and oral disorders. In our study, we aimed to characterize the general and oral health of patients with EB, develop a profile of such patients, and establish prevention and treatment strategies to improve their oral health. Methods In a cross-sectional study conducted participants underwent anamnesis, an oral clinical evaluation, and an oral health orientation. Fisher’s test was used to assess associations between clinical variables and oral diseases observed. Results Twelve patients with EB were examined; 58% were female, and their mean age was 22 years. Anamnesis revealed that 67% of patients were taking medication, 92% were under medical care, 50% had prior hospitalizations, 58% had anemia, and 42% had undergone surgery. Psychological assessments showed that 58% of patients had experienced anxiety, 58% reported good self-esteem, and 31% received psychological counseling. Intraoral exams identified oral mucosal lesions in 58% of patients and carious lesions in 42%. Pain was significantly associated with mucosal lesions ( p = .024), and photobiomodulation therapy using a low-level laser was performed to treat oral mucosal lesions. All patients presented better after completing the therapy. Conclusion The diverse health needs of patients with EB emphasize the importance of individualized care and interventions, including photobiomodulation therapy, to alleviate pain and promote healing.

Background Hereditary gingival fibromatosis (HGF) is one of the categories of non‐plaque‐induced gingival diseases of genetic origin. Current studies show high genetic heterogeneity and suggest that not all forms of HGF are the same and that more than one biological mechanism may result in gingival growth. This report presents a case of syndromic HGF with generalized and complex clinical manifestations associated with other conditions such as body hypertrichosis and hearing deficit. Methods This is a case report of a male patient with HGF, detailing the orthodontic and periodontal management that began at the age of 8 and was completed by 21. Results and Conclusions The results of this case report demonstrated the importance of early diagnosis and the establishment of a correct treatment plan that provided, in the long‐term, highly positive effects, minimizing impacts affecting the oral health‐related quality of life of individuals with HGF. Key points This is a case report of a male patient with HGF, detailing the orthodontic and periodontal management that began at age 8 and was completed by age 21. Clinical, genetic, and histological data are reported over the 13 years of follow‐up. Due to the numerous complications caused by HGF, early diagnosis and the establishment of an appropriate treatment plan are imperative.

Since 2009, the BRICS nations have met annually at formal summits. In a current world reordering process, the BRICS group (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) have been an important actor of the international political landscape. Historical lessons demonstrate that rising powers’ position are perceived as a status quo or revisionist power and has been intrinsically in dynamic interactions with various transformations of world order scenarios. 2008 global financial crisis, China economic rise, the global power rebalancing caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, and the Russia-Ukraine conflict are good examples of pivotal moments in the current world order transformations. In this context, the main question of the chapter concerns to the role of the BRICS in the current dramatic world reordering process catalysed by Russia-Ukraine conflict. Hence, the objective is to analyze the relevance of the BRICS in the landscape of current reordering process in financial and monetary aspect and how these events can open space for a new international financial and monetary order on new bases. BRICS policy formation is important in the sense that its institutional evolution and the foundation of a collective financial statecraft is challenging the institutions of the Western Liberal Order. The chapter states that a new kind of BRICS reset is under construction in a context of Russia/China-US rivalry in a multipolar world. China, as an engine of post COVID-19 economic recovery, and Russian Federation, getting explicit and implicit support from Brazil, South Africa, and India after the military operation in Ukraine, are the main political and economic pivots in order to lead the discussions to re-establish the channels of minilateral intragroup cooperation in this complex world juncture. Methodologically, it will develop a case study associated to a process tracing. Particularly, it will highlight some multilevel causal mechanisms in order to cope with the changes undertook by BRICS and its relationship with the current world order. Hence, in the chapter will be detached the following causal mechanisms: (1) global/regional relations present in the construction of BRICS; (2) the 2008 global financial crisis; (3) global pandemic (COVID-19) and its impacts in terms of international political economy; (4) Russia-Ukraine conflict and its geoeconomics consequences, mainly to accelerate the partnership between China and Russia—and India in a lower level. In this sense, it will emphasize qualitative analysis of the summits’ documents in close relation with the existent literature as well as data about the current juncture.