Sorbonne Université

This book is devoted on some recent investigations of some classes partial differential equations in Sobolev and analytic spaces. The book contains twelve chapters. Chapter 1 is entirely devoted to the presentation of definitions and results necessary as a result of this work. We first recall a few basic results on the linear, metric, normed and Banach Spaces and its properties. These are used in particular to introduce the different concepts of weak solutions to PDEs. Chapter 2 is titled ”Lebesgue Integration”, it is devoted to the study of measure and integration, Lebesgue measurable functions and general measure spaces, where there are many proved results. The purpose of Chapter 3 is to present results according to the Lp spaces, which contains definitions, separability, duality and general Lp spaces with its norms. Elements of theory of distributions are introduced in Chapter 4. It is introduced the Fourier transform in the spaces S and S0 and they are deducted some important properties. Sobolev spaces and Bourgain spaces are discussed in Chapter 5. Chapter 6 is devoted on the original method for KdV equations in Sobolev spaces. In Chapter 7 are investigated some fifth order shallow water equations for local and global well posedness. Higher order dispersive equations are studied in Chapter 8. They are given criteria for existence of local global solutions in some analytic spaces. In Chapter 9 are investigated some classes fifth order Kadomtsev-Petviashvili I equations in Bourgain spaces for existence of solutions, continuous dependence on initial data and Gevrey regularity in t. They are studied some classes KadomtsevPetviashvili II equations in anisotropic Gevrey spaces. Chapter 10 is devoted on the generalized Kadomtsev-Petviashvili I equation. Coupled systems of KdV equations are introduced and studied in Chapter 11. In Chapter 12 are discussed coupled systems of generalized KdV equations.

The Caribbean islands witnessed a population expansion of ceramic-using horticulturalists during the Early Ceramic Age (ca. 500 BC to 750 AD) from the Orinoco Valley to Puerto Rico. We examined 18 lithic artefacts from Guadeloupe and Dominica initially thought to be obsidian, a material believed to be absent from those islands. We investigated the volcanic or meteoritic origin of this unique and yet unknown material through observation (binocular, SEM, microtomography) and geochemical analyses (PIXE, SEM-EDS, ED-XRF, EPMA, LA-ICP-MS). Elemental analyses rule out the hypothesis of an origin from a meteoritic impact (i.e. identification as tektites). Most of the artefacts have an andesitic composition (<63% SiO2), which appears to be unique among ‘massive’ glasses. The only artefact with a rhyolitic composition has been traced back to the Guadeloupe's Volcan du Tuf, where glassy fragments have been collected and analysed. The geological source of the other vitreous artefacts that exhibit an andesitic composition could be from a sublocal subduction-arc volcanism (maybe from Martinique), although no volcanic vitreous material of this kind has ever been reported worldwide. These results once again highlight the regional mobility of Early Ceramic populations and the production of standard lithic products using a highly original, albeit low-quality, local lithic resource, and provide valuable references for future identification of similar materials.

Objectives Human cancer is considered to be an important cause of death worldwide. Polypyrimidine tract binding protein 1 (PTBP1) is emerging as a powerful pro-oncogenic factor in bladder and liver cancer; however, no pan-cancer analysis is presently available. Our study aimed to explore PTBP1 expression profiles, prognostic immunological value, and biological functions across various cancers. Methods We conducted a comprehensive analysis using multi-omics bioinformatics from public databases, including TIMER, GEPIA2, ProteinAtlas, Kaplan-Meier Plotter, PrognoScan, cBioPortal, STRING, ENCORI, TargetScan, and DAVID. Results We found that PTBP1 was overexpressed across multiple cancer types. qRT-PCR results demonstrated that the PTBP1 mRNA was significantly up-regulated in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), colon cancer (COAD), and melanoma (SKCM) cell lines, as well as in melanoma-forming mouse models. Higher PTBP1 mRNA levels were associated with poorer survival probabilities in several cancer types. PTBP1 genetic alterations were related to amplification and mutation. PTBP1 significantly modulates tumor immunity by enhancing Tregs infiltration and reducing CD8⁺ T cell activity, promoting immune evasion and adversely affecting cancer prognosis. GO and KEGG pathway analyses implied that PTBP1 may participate in RNA metabolism, the spliceosome, the cell cycle, and the p53 signaling pathway in cancer development. Conclusion Our study is the first to demonstrate the oncogenic role of PTBP1 in a pan-cancer context. PTBP1 might serve as a new biomarker for prognostic prediction and immune cell infiltration across cancers in the future.

Objective To assess the opinion, practices, and challenges of international key opinion leaders about two minimal invasive surgical techniques in supraglottic laryngeal tumours: transoral laser microsurgery (TLM) and the transoral robotic surgery (TORS). Methods Design of a questionnaire composed of seven sections and fifty questions covering descriptive data of participants, practitioners experience procedural sequences, considerations related to airways, feeding, and voice, intraoperative haemorrhage, postoperative management, and a comparative analysis of TLM and TORS in treating supraglottic laryngeal cancer. Results A total of 27 head and neck surgeons replied to the survey. The experts had an average experience in laryngeal surgery of 20.0 ± 9.4 years, ranging from 5 to 36 years. We noted a significantly shorter installation time in TLM compared to TORS (19% of experts estimated the installation time of over 20 min with TLM vs 44% with TORS; p = 0.02). According to complications, the experts considered that bleeding was the major concern with supraglottic laryngeal surgery, especially intraoperative bleeding in TLM (52% in TLM vs 26% in TORS) (p = 0.09) and postoperative bleeding in TORS (56% in TORS vs 44% in TLM). Conclusion The experts did not identify a clear superiority of one technology (TLM) over the other (TORS). The two techniques seemed equivalent to the experts, except for the control of intraoperative haemostasis and visualisation of the surgical field, where TORS was perceived as superior to TLM.

Objective The 2017 McDonald criteria continued the separation of diagnostic criteria for relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and primary progressive MS (PPMS) for historical, rather than biological, reasons. We aimed to explore the feasibility of a single, unified set of diagnostic criteria when applied to patients with suspected PPMS. Methods We retrospectively identified patients evaluated for suspected PPMS at 5 European centers. The 2017 McDonald PPMS criteria was the gold standard against which the 2017 McDonald RRMS dissemination in space (DIS) and dissemination in time criteria were evaluated. We also investigated modified RRMS DIS criteria, including: (i) optic nerve lesions; (ii) ≥2 spinal cord lesions; and (iii) higher fulfilment of DIS criteria alone (lesions in ≥3 regions) without dissemination in time/positive cerebrospinal fluid, for a diagnosis of PPMS. Results A total of 282 patients were diagnosed with PPMS using the 2017 McDonald criteria, and 40 with alternate disorders. The 2017 McDonald RRMS DIS criteria and the modified DIS criteria including the optic nerve or ≥2 spinal cord lesions performed well in PPMS diagnosis when combined with dissemination in time/positive cerebrospinal fluid (sensitivity 92.9–95.4%, specificity 95%, accuracy 93.2–95.3%). A diagnosis of PPMS based on high fulfillment of modified RRMS DIS criteria had high specificity, but low sensitivity. A diagnostic algorithm applicable to patients evaluated for suspected MS is proposed. Interpretation The 2017 McDonald RRMS criteria and modifications to DIS criteria, currently under consideration, performed well in PPMS diagnosis. Forthcoming revisions to the McDonald criteria should consider a single, unified set of diagnostic criteria for MS. ANN NEUROL 2024

Purpose Grade 3 meningiomas, although rare, are associated with high morbidity and mortality. The respective impacts of extent of surgical resection and adjuvant radiotherapy are still debated. Moreover, anaplastic meningiomas are studied in heterogenous cohort of de novo and progressive anaplastic tumors. Methods We conducted a retrospective multicentric study on patients operated from a de novo anaplastic meningioma between 1999 and 2021. A centralized pathological review using 2016 WHO criteria was performed for all cases. Patients with history of radiotherapy or NF2-related Schwannomatosis were excluded. Results Sixty-five patients were included in the study. Median progression free survival was 23 months and median overall survival was 2 years. Neither quality of resection nor adjuvant radiotherapy alone were predictive of better overall survival. Progression free survival were impacted by combination of gross-total resection and adjuvant radiotherapy (HR = 0.47 CI95% = [0.24–0.92], p = 0.027) and age at diagnosis (HR = 2.92 CI95% = [1.38–6.21], p = 0.005) in univariate analyses. Within anaplastic tumors, those graded on mitosis number had a poorer prognosis than those graded on overt anaplasia. Among anaplastic tumors with high mitotic score (> 20/10HPF), progression free survival were impacted by postoperative radiotherapy (HR = 0.44 CI95% = [0.22–0.88], p = 0.020) and gross total resection and adjuvant radiotherapy association (HR = 0.44 CI95% = [0.21–0.90], p = 0.024) in univariate analyses. Conclusion Simpson grade didn’t show any impact on overall survival. Gross total resection + adjuvant radiotherapy favorably impacted progression free survival in our cohort of de novo anaplastic meningiomas.

Osteochondral interface consists of two tissues: the calcified cartilage (CC) containing chondrocytes, and subchondral bone (SCB) containing osteocytes that interact with each other. In this study, we propose a new method for the three-dimensional (3D) segmentation of chondrocyte and osteocyte lacunae in CC and SCB from human knees, imaged using high resolution (650 nm) synchrotron radiation phase contrast micro-computed tomography (SR phase contrast micro-CT). Our approach is based on marker-controlled watershed (MCW) algorithm combined with a deep learning method (nnU-Net). We demonstrate that incorporating nnU-Net into the MCW process improves the identification and segmentation of cell lacunae. Using this method, we analyzed a subsample of fifteen cores extracted from the central area of the medial tibial plateaus. Several quantitative parameters (lacunar volume fraction, number density, volume, anisotropy and structure model index of cell lacunae) were measured to compare 10 control and 5 osteoarthritic knees. While no significant differences were observed in chondrocytes, osteocytes showed lower anisotropy (width/depth) and a tendency toward more spherical shapes in the osteoarthritic group compared to the control group. The phase contrast underlying the chondro-osseous border allowed to analyze separately CC from SCB in SR phase contrast micro-CT images. This new method may help to better understand the cellular behavior at the osteochondral interface in osteoarthritis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-024-81333-x.

As a promising photocathode candidate, tetragonal CuBi2O4 (CBO) has been studied extensively in recent years. As an intrinsically p‐type material, its acceptor sites originate from the cation vacancies, which are also a potential cause of hindered hole utilization in photocathodes. In this study, the ultrafast transport dynamics of the valence band hole states in CBO photocathodes were investigated by varying their atomic composition and manipulating the p‐type character. As a comprehensive ultrafast optical transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) investigation of compositionally manipulated CBO that combines both ex situ and in situ TAS experiments with photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance tests, the study reveals the polaron formation tendencies of the valence band (VB) holes at cationic vacancy sites. Therefore, it draws a complete picture of the ultrafast hole transport dynamics and provides valuable insights into the hindrance of the photocurrent generated in CBO.

Disperse systems, and emulsions in particular, are currently massively used in fields as varied as food industry, cosmetics, health care and environmentally‐friendly materials. To meet increasingly precise needs or targeted applications, these systems need to be endowed with new functionalities at their interfaces, in addition to their composition and structural properties. However, due to the fragility of drops and the low reactivity of their surface, conventional solid surface chemistry cannot be used for such a purpose. Several specific emulsion interface functionalization techniques have thus been developed for targeted systems and applications, but a general framework has yet to be drawn. In this review, we attempt to present these methods in a unified way through the prism of what we may call “liquid surface chemistry”. We propose to categorize existing methods into drop‐coating strategies, including layer‐by‐layer techniques and polymer coating, with a particular focus on polydopamine, and emulsifier‐carrier approaches involving particles and/or amphiphilic molecules. They are discussed in a transversal way, highlighting the underlying physico‐chemical principles and providing a comparative analysis of their advantages, current limitations and potential for improvement. We also propose future directions and opportunities, involving for instance DNA‐based programmability or artificial intelligence, which could make liquid surface chemistry more versatile and controlled.

Introduction Early‐onset psychotic disorders include the prodromal phase and the first‐episode psychosis (FEP). They constitute a high‐risk period for suicidal behavior. Early intervention for psychosis (EIP) consists of intervening as early as possible. The effectiveness of early intervention on overall prognosis has been reported in numerous studies, and EIP services are emerging worldwide. Several authors report an improvement in suicidal behavior, but no study has looked at all the data. Aims of the Study The aim of work is to study whether early intervention for psychosis has an impact on deaths by suicide and suicide attempts, and study which intervention methods have an impact on suicidal behavior. Methodology By respecting the PRISMA criteria, previously declared on PROSPERO, by exploring 5 medical databases (PubMed, Cochrane, PsycINFO, Scopus, Embase), from their creation dates, published until 20/02/2023, in English, we carried out a meta‐analysis. The articles selected had to deal with the EIP and deaths by suicide or suicide attempts. Our primary outcome is the deaths by suicide and the secondary outcome the suicide attempt. Results The exhaustive search identified a total of 2310 references. Nine articles were included. Their intervention modalities were pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, case‐management, or related services, and psycho‐social therapies. Our meta‐analysis shows that early intervention for early‐onset psychotic disorders is associated with a statistically significant reduction by a third in deaths by suicide (ORa = 0.66 (0.49–0.88), p = 0.005) and by a third in suicide attempts (ORa = 0.66 (0.50–0.86), p = 0.002), with non‐significant heterogeneity. Sensitivity analyses excluding the study with statistical difficulties due to the absence of an event and studies with a high risk of bias point in the same direction, that is a statistically significant reduction and non‐significant heterogeneity. Conclusion The literature shows that early intervention programs are associated with positive impact on deaths by suicide and suicide attempt. This is the first meta‐analysis of early intervention in early psychotic disorders and its impact on suicidal risk. The deployment of EIP should be supported worldwide in order to intervene as early as possible and prevent the risk of suicide. Trial Registration: PROSPERO CRD42022366976

Background Diagnosis of allergies is mostly based on the patient's clinical history and allergen provocation tests. Determination of specific IgE (sIgE) profiles can be performed to support allergy diagnosis. This is commonly done in vivo by the skin prick test or in vitro with automated systems. Several platforms exist to quantify sIgE levels, but all these methods require access to specific instruments, often delaying the test's results. The IgE luciferase‐linked immunosorbent assay (LuLISA) allows bioluminescent quantification of IgE against peanut in microliter samples, but this method awaits extension to other allergens. This study aimed to validate a new method, named LuLIPLEX, for multiplexed bioluminescent detection of sIgE against 20 major molecular allergens. Methods Quantification of sIgE against 12 recombinant or purified food allergens and eight aeroallergens was performed by LuLIPLEX versus standard IgE detection methods (ImmunoCAP, ISAC, ALEX, or NOVEOS). Multiplexed detection of IgE against these 20 allergens was performed within 45 min using 50 μL of serum, plasma, or whole blood samples. Results A head‐to‐head comparison between LuLIPLEX and standard IgE detection methods showed a high correlation among all allergens tested. sIgE profiles in polysensitized subjects could be determined within 45 min in serum and plasma samples, as well as using a single drop of capillary blood. Conclusions LuLIPLEX is a rapid and sensitive method to quantify sIgE levels against multiple allergens. Given that the test is very fast and can be performed on small and inexpensive luminometers, the IgE LuLIPLEX could allow point‐of‐care testing of sIgE profiles in allergic subjects.

Cyclobutenones constitute an appealing class of substrates in catalytic asymmetric transformations leading to diversely substituted enantioenriched four‐membered carbocycles, which are eliciting a growing interest in medicinal chemistry. Whilst several synthetically useful enantioselective conjugate addition reactions have been reported, the catalytic enantioselective reduction of the carbonyl group of simple cyclobutenones remains an elusive transformation. Herein, we disclose the discovery of a novel allylic reduction‐asymmetric transfer hydrogenation cascade, catalyzed by a Noyori‐Ikariya ruthenium complex, from readily available gem‐dichlorocyclobutenones, leading to 2‐chlorocyclobutenols with high optical purities, which can be engaged in postfunctionalization reactions enabling access to substituted four‐membered rings.

Background and Purpose Acetylcholine plays a key role in striatal function. Firing properties of striatal cholinergic interneurons depend on intracellular cAMP through the regulation of Ih currents. Yet, the dynamics of cyclic nucleotide signalling in these neurons have remained elusive. Experimental approach We used highly selective FRET biosensors and pharmacological compounds to analyse the functional contribution of phosphodiesterases in striatal cholinergic interneurons in mouse brain slices. Key Results PDE1A, PDE3A and PDE4 appear as the main controllers of cAMP levels in striatal cholinergic interneurons. The calcium signal elicited through NMDA or metabotropic glutamate receptors activates PDE1A, which degrades both cAMP and cGMP. Interestingly, the nitric oxide/cGMP pathway amplifies cAMP signalling via PDE3A inhibition—a mechanism hitherto unexplored in a neuronal context. Conclusions and Implications The expression pattern of specific PDE enzymes in striatal cholinergic interneurons, by integrating diverse intracellular pathways, can adjust cAMP responses bidirectionally. These properties eventually allow striatal cholinergic interneurons to dynamically regulate their overall activity and modulate acetylcholine release. Remarkably, this effect is the opposite of the cGMP‐induced inhibition of cAMP signals involving PDE2A in striatal medium‐sized spiny neurons, which provides important insights for the understanding of signal integration in the striatum.

Background The onset of hematological malignancies can lead to acute and critical situations. It can also result in adverse outcome despite the significant advancements made in their therapeutic management. In this context, advance care planning and, in particular, advance directives (AD) play an essential role. However, the use of AD in patients with malignant hematological conditions remains very rare. Material & methods The aim was to evaluate the perception of AD by hematologists. We conducted a national online survey in France. All hematologist working in a hospital setting and treating malignant hemopathies were solicited. The questionnaire covered five areas: personal perception of AD; assistance in writing AD; patient information about AD; use of ADs; and demographic data. Results 318 hematologists (33.7% of the whole population), working in 103 different centers across France participated in the study. 72.6% (n = 231) of the respondents believed that AD could be beneficial for patient’s care. Only 32.7% talked about AD with their patients on a regular basis. The lack of utilization was correlated with the fear of creating anxiety for the patient (64.9%; n = 172) or for relatives (30.9%; n = 80), as well as the belief that AD were deemed inappropriate for their patients (57.8%; n = 145). 19.5% (n = 62) of responding hematologist offered their assistance to patients in writing AD. This proportion was higher in physicians who had previously worked in palliative care unit (35,6% vs. 16,8%, p = 0,0004). Conclusion The majority of the surveyed hematologist hold a positive opinion about AD. However, only a few discuss the matter with their patients. The fear of consequences for patients and relatives, particularly anxiety, remains the primary barrier to providing information about AD.

Background Trichophyton mentagrophytes ITS genotype VII (TMVII) has recently been identified in France as the causative agent of dermatophyte infections transmitted during sexual activity among men who have sex with men (MSM). Objectives Our objective was to provide new insights into the epidemiology, clinical presentation and treatment of TMVII infections based on cases diagnosed from October 2022 to September 2023 in three medical mycology laboratories in Paris. Additionally, we aimed to perform molecular characterization of TMVII strains collected in Paris, as well as in Switzerland. Methods We identified all isolates from skin and hair belonging to the T. mentagrophytes complex by sequencing the ITS region. For isolates corresponding to TMVII, clinical data were retrieved from medical records. For all available TMVII strains that we isolated since January 2021, we sequenced tef1α and tubb and determined the MAT locus idiomorph. Results We identified 32 cases of TMVII Infections. All cases occurred in men, 30 of whom reported having sex with men. Fifteen cases were sporadic cases including four among sex workers. The other 17 cases belonged to a single cluster involving a tantric masseur who infected 15 clients and his roommate. The median time from massage to lesion onset was 16 [2–52] days. Except for one patient, all other patients received systemic antifungal treatment with terbinafine. We observed five patients whose cultures remained positive even after 3–4 weeks of treatment and five patients experienced a relapse of the infection after discontinuing antifungal treatment. All French isolates exhibited identical tef1α and tubb sequences, as well as the same MAT idiomorph locus. They displayed variations in the tef1α sequence compared to isolates from Switzerland and the Czech Republic. Conclusions We confirm the active circulation of TMVII among MSM in France, which is associated with challenges in diagnosis, treatment and prevention.

Pb growth on a clean vicinal Si(557) surface at room temperature was studied using Scanning Tunneling Microscopy. The Pb film growth occurred in accordance with the Stranski-Krastanov scenario. The anisotropic wedge-shaped Pb-islands were observed on the top of a wetting layer. DFT simulations revealed the electron energy oscillations as a function of the island thickness agrees with the electronic growth model. The out-of-plane (111) Pb island consisted of stacked 2 nm thick layers. Based on the DFT simulations and proposed one-dimensional model, it was shown that the layers were separated by the twin boundaries. The energy of formation of twin boundary between the 2 nm layers exceeded the energy gain due to the quantum confinement effect. However, the electron standing wave at the Fermi level in the 2 nm layer made the hcp position of the Pb adatom on the Pb(111) surface favorable. The seed of the twin boundary formation was realized via occupation of the hcp position by the Pb adatom and dimers of adatoms on the Pb(111) surface. The adatom separation in dimers was controlled by an indirect interaction through conductive electrons at the Fermi level of the 2 nm layer of Pb. The completion of the Pb(111) atomic layer growth was achieved by an unusual collective superdiffusive mechanism in the wetting layer and on the top of the Pb nanoisland surface. A new mechanism of twinning boundary formation based on quantum effects in a system of conducive electrons was proposed. Graphical Abstract