Paris 8 University

The Internet of Things (IoT) and its industrial counterpart, the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), have transformed sectors such as home automation, healthcare, and manufacturing by enhancing data management through advanced networking. However, the rapid growth of IIoT has introduced significant cybersecurity challenges, necessitating a comprehensive approach to securing data across the TCP/IP model. This paper presents a novel cybersecurity investment strategy formulated as a bi-objective optimization problem, validated through genetic and iterative algorithms. The strategy effectively balances security and cost, achieving nearly 50% efficiency in solution effectiveness. By utilizing these optimization techniques, the approach provides a practical and cost-effective solution to improve IIoT security within budget constraints, offering valuable insights for cybersecurity professionals seeking robust and economically viable solutions.

We study the behavior of the multiplicative inverse function (which plays an important role in cryptography and in the study of finite fields), with respect to a recently introduced generalization of almost perfect nonlinearity (APNness), called kth-order sum-freedom, that extends a classic characterization of APN functions, and has also some relationship with integral attacks. This generalization corresponds to the fact that a vectorial function $F:\mathbb {F}_2^n\mapsto \mathbb {F}_2^m$ sums to a nonzero value over every k-dimensional affine subspace of $\mathbb {F}_2^n$, for some $k\le n$ (APNness corresponds to k=2). The sum of the values of the inverse function $x\in \mathbb {F}_{2^n}\mapsto x^{2^n-2}\in \mathbb {F}_{2^n}$ over any affine subspace A of $\mathbb {F}_{2^n}$ not containing 0 (i.e. being not a vector space) has been addressed, thanks to a simple expression of such sum, which shows that it never vanishes. We study in the present paper the case of vector (i.e. linear) subspaces, which is much less simple to handle. The sum depends on a coefficient in subspace polynomials. We study for which values of k the multiplicative inverse function can sum to nonzero values over all k-dimensional vector subspaces. We show that, for every k not co-prime with n, it sums to zero over at least one k-dimensional $\mathbb {F}_2$-subspace of $\mathbb {F}_{2^n}$. We study the behavior of the inverse function over direct sums of vector spaces and we deduce that the property of the inverse function to be kth-order sum-free happens for k if and only if it happens for $n-k$. We derive several other results and we show that the set of values k such that the inverse function is not kth-order sum-free is stable when adding two values of k whose product is smaller than n (and when subtracting two values under some conditions). We clarify the case of dimension at most 4 (equivalently, of co-dimension at most 4) and this allows to address, for every n, all small enough values of k of the form 3a+4b.

In the following chapter, Jim Cloos and Pierre Vimont, two career diplomats who spent forty years in the corridors and indeed the rooms of both the European Council and the Council of the European Union, enter into a dialogue with Michel Mangenot and Luuk van Middelaar. Their account, which takes the form of an interview, reveals new insights into the mechanisms and workings of both institutions, based on their experiences and the evolutions they have witnessed throughout the years. One of the major developments has been the growing importance of the European Council and its President in the EU system. The chapter helps better understand the administrative conditions and effects of the new centrality of this institution.

Previous studies have demonstrated the existence of non-native gemination in the speech of native (L1) Italian learners of a second language (L2), corresponding to double letters. We present the results of a bimodal truncated word-matching experiment testing phonological expectations for 30 L1 Italian learners of L2 French, and 30 L1 French control speakers. Manipulated consonantal durations affected responses and response times for learners, but not for native speakers: stimuli with lengthened consonants corresponding to single-letter spelling resulted in lower accuracy and higher response times; stimuli with short consonants corresponding to double-letter spelling resulted in high accuracy, but response times increased. We argue that exposure to native French in the classroom and during stays abroad has promoted the development of fuzzy L2 phonological representations, so that learners correctly process words spelled with double letters but cannot turn off their perceptual sensitivity to consonant duration, which remains modulated by orthography.

This contribution, more personal than academic, is in two parts. The first part relates my last encounter and conversation with Stephen, which took place in London in June 2023. During our conversation we explored a prospective book project that Stephen was contemplating. It would be about orientation, and about the loss of orientation that he was experiencing as a result of his illness. This part presents an event that actually happened. The second part offers an imaginary continuation of the same conversation, set in an oneiric framework in springtime Paris and framed in the style of popular philosophy. Resuming the thread of our past conversation, it offers a discussion of orientation in its various dimensions, approached from conceptual and intellectual history. In the course of this conversation, we address the geographical, and anthropological dimensions of orientation, a term that emerged in the eighteenth century. We reflect on the rise to prominence of orientation as a modern philosophical paradigm in the work of Pluche, Kant, Mendelssohn, and Schiller. I try to imagine the shape that Stephen’s project on orientation and on Schiller might have taken, had he still been able to carry it out.

Objective To evaluate the prevalence and risk factors of maternal dissatisfaction 2 days after a singleton vaginal delivery at or near term. Methods We conducted a planned ancillary cohort study of the TRanexamic Acid for Preventing Postpartum Hemorrhage After Vaginal Delivery (TRAAP) randomized controlled trial. Maternal dissatisfaction, related to the birth and to the subsequent hospital stay, was assessed 2 days postpartum by two self‐administered questions: “Are you satisfied with the care you received during your child's birth?” and “Are you satisfied with the care you have received during your hospital stay?”. Satisfaction was defined by answers of “extremely satisfied” or “very satisfied,” and dissatisfaction by the responses “moderately satisfied,” “not very satisfied,” or “not at all satisfied”. Their association with maternal dissatisfaction was analyzed by random‐effects logistic regression. Results The prevalence of maternal dissatisfaction with the birth was 2.9%, and with the hospital stay 9.5%. Characteristics associated with a higher risk of maternal dissatisfaction with the birth were labor exceeding 6 h, bad memories of the birth and, only for women without complicated deliveries, manual examination of the uterine cavity. The only characteristic associated with a higher risk of dissatisfaction with the hospital stay was non‐French nationality. None of the postpartum hemorrhage, third‐ or fourth‐degree perineal lacerations, operative vaginal delivery, episiotomy and uterine massage were associated with a higher risk of maternal dissatisfaction. Conclusion Maternal dissatisfaction was low after singleton vaginal deliveries at or near term. Strategies aiming to avoid labor longer than 6 h and manual examination of the uterine cavity may decrease maternal dissatisfaction after delivery.

This paper focuses on the impact of ‘society’ on sexuality as represented in the speech of analysands. Despite the fact that western societies are supposedly liberated from taboos and moralistic restriction, there is a paradox in that we often hear young patients speak of the constraints imposed on their sexuality. If the language that surrounds this topic seems to have been, to a great extent, liberated, the intimate expression of desires and individual fantasies often seems hesitant or constrained, we might even say impeded. It is as though there is a need to review intimacy in the light of a collective dictate to liberate oneself, to act, to define or to speak of oneself through sex. Based on the psychoanalytic cure of a young man who suddenly became inhibited in his sexuality, I will demonstrate how additional work may be required around issues of transference and countertransference. This can be most noticeable when the psychoanalyst encounters, or comes up against, a social discourse, when they are in fact desperately seeking a patient’s singular narrative, the route of their childhood history and psychosexuality.

Face identification with shortened and obscured data is a difficult problem for many computer vision and biometrics problems. It enables the identification of features based on synchronous or asynchronous facial changes that truncate or conceal a face. A person’s appearance can change daily due to factors like health conditions, aging, facial structure, beard growth, hairstyle, glasses, or makeup. These variations alter a person’s facial characteristics over time. These changes make it difficult to recognize faces. The challenge in facial recognition technology lies in creating reliable algorithms that can address a range of issues pertaining to the information flow within photographs. This paper presents a novel approach as a solution to overcome this problem in improving the recognition performances. Two novel separate hybrid deep learning-based models, named HResxtAlex-Net and HResCBAMAlex-Net, are proposed for 2D facial recognition. These models are a hybrid architecture of convolutional neural network (CNN) designed for face identification by leveraging the fusion of multimodal biometric features from various CNN structures. The proposed approach uses feature-level fusion, merging components from the CNN structures of ResNeXt and AlexNet as well as ResNeXt and CBAMAlexNet, by amplifying their individual advantages while simultaneously minimizing overall computational complexity. The proposed method has been evaluated on more sophisticated and difficult 2D and 3D databases, with respect to changes in position, asynchronous alterations, and facial expressions. Also, a brand-new 2D YaleFace dataset has been generated using data augmentation, which includes images with hidden truncation, asynchronous face changes, variations in brightness levels, and changes in lighting conditions. The experiments conducted have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed models on masked, transcribed, and blurred images, by achieving a high recognition rate of up to 100%.

In the face of continued refugee arrivals, militarising of borders, and decreasing State support, France has experienced a rapid growth in refugee “solidarity” organisations. These informal organisations, often composed of volunteers who have no previous experience of engagement with migration issues, offer a range of services such as housing, economic support, social or legal assistance. But whilst this growth of citizen “solidarity'' towards refugees may be welcome in providing services which the State is not, there is also potential for the production of gendered and racialised forms of violence and exploitation. In this article we explore the meanings of sexuality and intimacy in these relationships between volunteers and refugees, and the structures of power and inequality within which they are situated. We analyse the gendered and racialised dimensions of these relations and the ways in which “solidarity” may produce violence and exploitation.

The ‘globalization turn’ in the sociology of class has led to the resurgence of studies comparing social classes in Europe over the past 20 years and to question the methodological nationalism of the class analysis. But it has also paid little attention to the selection of the most appropriate empirical tools for quantifying class in a comparative approach. This article explores the links between occupations, class structures, and countries by applying the French and the Portuguese occupational classifications to both countries. France and Portugal are an especially suitable pairing for comparative study because social class and inequalities are central to sociological research in both countries, and their divergent intellectual histories produced different tools for quantifying social stratification. The Portuguese classification, which attaches great importance to the ownership of capital, helps to understand the diversity of the class position of the self-employed and the structure of the economic elites. The French classification, based on employment status and qualifications, highlights the role of diplomas and the public/private divide. Ultimately, the Portuguese social structure appears to be more polarized than the French one. This cross-national and cross-classification comparison brings to light features of the social structures of the two countries and the contrasts between them that would have remained a blind spot if we had used an international classification. Paradoxically, these national classifications help to overcome methodological nationalism and ethnocentrism.

How to reach Paradise using only a few idealized and limited representational fragments gathered over a lifetime? After having specified the logical questions raised by the (re)presentation of a paradisiacal world, we show that such a world, in order to have the characteristics usually attributed to Paradise (such as unity or plenitude), must satisfy specific representational properties with respect to the Good. In order to clarify the impact of these properties on the access to Paradise, we introduce the Grounded Representation Theory which allows the construction of represented universes. Building on this framework, we then propose directions for a logical analysis of the power of experiences that, from limited fragments of presence, enable one to initiate the ascent towards Paradis.

Several factors influence the adoption of health-protective behaviors, including anticipatory affective reactions like regret. The ability to anticipate regret matures with age, allowing individuals to make increasingly risk-averse decisions. This study examined the relationship between age and the adoption of health-protective behaviors to limit the spread of a virus from adolescence to adulthood, and the mediating effect of anticipated regret. A total of 410 French participants, aged 14–58, reported their compliance with health-protective behaviors (e.g., using surgical masks, handwashing, social distancing), along with their anticipated regret in the event of non-adherence to such behaviors leading to the contamination of themselves or others. The findings revealed that both the adoption of these behaviors and anticipated regret increased with age. Moreover, anticipated regret mediated the effect of age on health-protective behavior, encouraging higher compliance with preventive measures and reducing risk-taking.

Auto-induced cognitive trance (AICT) is a modified state of consciousness derived from shamanic tradition that can be practised by individuals after specific training. The aim of this work was to characterize the phenomenological experiences of AICT, using text mining analysis. Free recalls of subjective experiences were audio-recorded in 27 participants after five pseudo-randomized experimental sessions: ordinary conscious resting state, with auditory stimulation and with an imaginary mental task, as well as during AICT with and without auditory stimulation. Recordings were transcribed, normalized total word counts were calculated for each condition, and analyses of content were performed using IRaMuTeQ software. Results showed that the length of the participants’ reports was higher for AICT compared to the other conditions, and that the content could be categorized into four classes of discourse: AICT memory, AICT, ordinary conscious states, and AICT with and without stimulation. AICT was also characterized by specific content compared to rest, auditory stimulation, and imagination conditions. Content analysis of the narrative revealed nine categories encompassing the presence of nature, people, animals, positive and negative features, sensory perceptions, body modifications, metacognition, and difficulty of describing thoughts. Among these categories, AICT is specifically characterized by reports related to the presence of nature, animals, body modifications, as well as the difficulty of describing thoughts. These results suggest that a richer phenomenology was reported during AICT, compared to the other conditions, and that AICT constitutes a class of discourse on its own, with a clear dissociation from the other conditions.

Passive constructions in English ( be+past participle ) and French ( être+past participle ) were inventoried on a text-per-text basis in a bi-directional French/English corpus. The corpus consisted of 70 (35 × 2) original source texts in each language, 70 (35 × 2) target texts produced by human translators, and the same number of target texts obtained by machine translation with DeepL Pro. Passive constructions were found to be about 70% more frequent in original English than in original French. In the corpora of translated texts, no large disparities were observed, with the exception of French texts translated from English by DeepL, which contained around 40% more passive constructions than original French texts. Correlations between frequencies of analogous passive constructions in pairs of source and target texts were statistically significant and stronger for machine translations than for human translations. Manual analysis of random samples of source/target pairs showed less regular correspondence between the two analogous constructions as counterparts for one another, and greater diversity among alternative translation counterparts in human translation compared with machine translation.