Ordu University

The concept of historical and democratic consciousness in Turkiye is approached in a multi-layered manner. These layers consist of a structure in which many factors such as historical process, social structure, education system, political developments, and cultural factors play a role. History lessons and curriculum focus on how younger generations are introduced to history and the effects of this introduction on democratic consciousness. In this context, it is essential how history-themed curricula address democratic values to understand historical and democratic consciousness. This study aims to discuss how historical and democratic consciousness is shaped, changed, and transformed through education. The authors analyzed the curricula related to history taught at the elementary, secondary, and high school levels by using Wodak's critical discourse analysis. The data reveals themes such as ideological and political effects in history curricula, curriculum change and its effects, the curriculum's approach to multiculturalism, and the reflections of ethnic and religious diversity on the curriculum. Findings point that Turkish nationalism has a significant impact on democratic consciousness throughout historical development. In the history of Turkish democracy, the idea of gaining democratic consciousness through a history-teaching approach that emphasizes participatory democracy in the historical process and carries the traces of liberal democracy with an understanding of developmental democracy comes to the forefront.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of the manufacturing trinomial (technology, printer, and resin) and preparation design on the fabrication and fit accuracy (trueness and precision) of additively manufactured (AM) resin-based overlays compared to subtractively manufactured (SM) overlays. Methods: Six mandibular right first molar typodont teeth were prepared with varying designs: (A) 1 mm occlusal reduction, (B) 1.5 mm occlusal reduction, (C) B + contrabevel finish line, (D) B + chamfer finish line, (E) C + proximal box, and (F) D + proximal box. Overlays were fabricated using AM-IX (tilting stereolithography), AM-VS (digital light processing), or SM-EN and digitized for fabrication (overall, external, intaglio, marginal) and internal fit accuracy analyses. Data were analyzed with two-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni-corrected post-hoc tests (α = 0.05). Results: The interaction between the manufacturing trinomial and preparation design affected fabrication accuracy of overall, external, and intaglio surfaces, and the precision of marginal surface deviations and average gaps (P ≤ 0.034). AM-IX overlays mostly had higher overall, external, and marginal fabrication accuracy, whereas SM-EN overlays mostly had lower accuracy across these surfaces (P ≤ 0.019). Preparation designs A, B, and C mostly led to lower overall, external, and intaglio surface trueness within SM-EN overlays (P ≤ 0.014). AM-IX overlays had the lowest and preparation design E led to the highest gaps (P ≤ 0.023). Conclusions: AM overlays fabricated with tilting stereolithography mostly had higher fabrication and fit accuracy. Increased axial preparation improved fabrication trueness but did not consistently enhance fit.

Let ${\mathcal {H}}$ be a connected subgraph of a graph G. The ${\mathcal {H}}$-structure connectivity of G, denoted by $\kappa (G;{\mathcal {H}})$, is the minimum cardinality of a set of connected subgraphs in G, whose removal either disconnects G or reduces it to a trivial graph, where each element in the set is isomorphic to ${\mathcal {H}}$. The ${\mathcal {H}}$-substructure connectivity of G, denoted by $\kappa ^s(G;{\mathcal {H}})$, is the minimum cardinality of a set of connected subgraphs in G, whose removal either disconnects G or reduces it to a trivial graph, where each element in the set is isomorphic to a connected subgraph of ${\mathcal {H}}$. In this paper, we investigate the ${\mathcal {H}}$-structure connectivity and ${\mathcal {H}}$-substructure connectivity of folded divide-and-swap cube $FDSC_n$ for ${\mathcal {H}}\in \{K_1, K_{1,1}, K_{1,m} \text (2\le m \le d+2) \}$ where $n=2^d$. We show that $\kappa (FDSC_n;K_1)=\kappa ^s(FDSC_n;K_1)=d+2$, $\kappa (FDSC_n;K_{1,1})=\kappa ^s(FDSC_n;K_{1,1})=d+1$ for $d\ge 3$ and $\kappa (FDSC_n;K_{1,m})=\kappa ^s(FDSC_n;K_{1,m})=\lfloor \frac{d}{2}\rfloor +1$ for $d\ge 1$ and $2\le m \le d+1$. Moreover, we show that $\kappa ^s(FDSC_n;K_{1,d+2})=\lfloor \frac{d}{2}\rfloor +1$ for $d\ge 1$ and we provide a bound for $\kappa (FDSC_n;K_{1,d+2})$ when $d\ge 3$.

Salicylic acid (SA) and chitosan (CH) play an important role in plant defense by increasing secondary metabolite production in plants. In this study, their effects on volatile oil composition, phenolics and antioxidant activity of Achillea gypsicola were investigated. Treatments included control, 0.5‐, 2‐ and 8‐mM SA and control 2, 4 and 8 g L‐1 CH. It was set up completely randomized with four replications, with two harvests between 2021 and 2022. Especially 4 g L‐1 CH significantly increased 1,8‐cineole and borneol production. The highest total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid (TFC) were obtained from the 8 g L‐1 CH treatment. LC‐MS/MS analysis revealed a 2‐fold increase in chlorogenic acid, 1.01‐fold increase in gallic acid and 0.56‐fold increase in protocatechuic acid from 4 and 8 g L‐1 CH treatments. Strong positive correlations were found between DPPH radical scavenging assay and Iron ions chelating assay (.803**), TFC (.556**) and TPC (.562**).

Recent studies have focused on genetic polymorphisms that may influence athlete status. This meta-analysis aimed to investigate the association between athlete status and specific candidate genetic polymorphisms ( AGTR2 rs11091046, FTO rs9939609, GALNTL6 rs558129, GNB3 rs5443, MCT1 rs1049434, NOS3 rs2070744 ). Only case–control studies collected from PubMed and Web of Science databases, published between 2009 and 2022, were included. A total of 23 studies were included in the meta-analysis according to the criteria of the research, and analyses were performed using random or fixed effects models. Effect size, odds ratio, or risk ratio were evaluated with a suitable 95% confidence interval. The results showed that the GALNTL6 rs558129 T/T genotype, MCT1 rs1049434 T/T genotype, and NOS3 rs2070744 T allele and T/T genotype were more prevalent in power athletes than in controls (p < 0.05). Conversely, the GALNTL6 rs558129 C allele, C/C genotype, and AGTR2 rs11091046 C allele and C/C genotype were more common in the control group. These findings indicate that some genetic polymorphisms may be important markers in athlete status and should be supported by future studies.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the model performance in the classification of FAMACHA© scores using Support Vector Machines (SVMs) with a focus on the estimation of the FAMACHA© scoring system used for early diagnosis and treatment management of parasitic infections. FAMACHA© scores are a color-based visual assessment system used to determine parasite load in animals, and in this study, the accuracy of the model was investigated. The model’s accuracy rate was analyzed in detail with metrics such as sensitivity, specificity, and positive/negative predictive values. The results showed that the model had high sensitivity and specificity rates for class 1 and class 3, while the performance was relatively low for class 2. These findings not only demonstrate that SVM is an effective method for classifying FAMACHA© scores but also highlight the need for improvement for class 2. In particular, the high accuracy rate (97.26%) and high kappa value (0.9588) of the model indicate that SVM is a reliable tool for FAMACHA© score estimation. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the potential of SVM technology in veterinary epidemiology and provides important information for future applications. These results may contribute to efforts to improve scientific approaches for the management of parasitic infections.

This study evaluated the effects of dietary propolis extract supplementation and in-ovo propolis injection on the immune status, blood parameters, vaccine-antibody response, and intestinal microflora of broiler chickens. A total of 600 Ross 308 broiler chicks were used. Breeder diets were supplemented with 400 ppm propolis extract (P) or left unsupplemented (C) during weeks 38–39. Eggs from the control group (C) were divided into four groups, with in-ovo injections of 400 ppm propolis extract (C-iP) or physiological saline (C-iS) on day 18 of incubation. Untreated eggs formed the control (C–C) or propolis-supplemented (P–C) groups. Chicks were fed either a basal diet (C) or a diet supplemented with 400 ppm propolis extract (P), forming six experimental groups: C–C, C-P, P–C, P-P, C-iP, and C-iS, with 10 replicates per group (10 chicks per replicate). Propolis supplementation significantly increased immunoglobulin levels (IgA, IgG, IgM) compared to the control group. Although it positively affected certain blood parameters, no significant differences were found in post-vaccination antibody titers. The C–C group had the highest total antioxidant levels, while total oxidant levels and oxidative stress index were lowest in the P-P group. Despite positive effects on blood parameters and intestinal microflora, no significant improvements in growth performance were observed. Nevertheless, propolis extract shows potential as an immune enhancer for broiler chickens through parental feeding, standard diets, or in-ovo injection.

Dune ecosystems support limited plant diversity under harsh conditions. This study examines the distribution of competitor, stress tolerator, and ruderal (CSR) strategies in foredune and backdune areas and their relationships with soil variables. Seasonal variations in soil properties and plant strategy types were assessed using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and similarity percentage analysis (SIMPER). The Bray–Curtis similarity index showed a 67% dissimilarity between foredune and backdune plant strategies. Most soil variables exhibited significant seasonal changes ( p < 0.05), except phosphorus (P) and calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ). Competitive and stress-tolerant species were positively associated with pH, salinity, and CaCO 3 but negatively correlated with total nitrogen (TN), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and moisture. In contrast, ruderal and mixed CSR species were linked to higher nutrient levels and moisture. Our findings highlight the adaptive resilience of dune species and the influence of soil conditions on plant community structure. Even without external disturbances, species well-adapted to harsh dune conditions can dominate, illustrating the dynamics of dune succession.

Aim Aim of the study investigating the impact of attitudes toward sexuality and sexual function on marital satisfaction during pregnancy. Methods This study, in which a descriptive design was used, was conducted with 520 pregnant women. The Introductory Information Form, The Attitude Scale toward Sexuality During Pregnancy (AStSdP) (subdimensions: anxiety about sexual intercourse during pregnancy [anxiety], dysfunctional beliefs and values about sexuality during pregnancy [beliefs and values], and approving sexuality during pregnancy [approval]), Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) (subdimensions: sexual function, including desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction, and pain), and Marital Adjustment Scale (MAS) (subdimensions: family, sex, and self) were used for data collection. Results The mean AStSdP score was 104.61 ± 18.75, the mean FSFI score was 19.54 ± 8.91, and the mean MAS score was 48.58 ± 8.54. Negative attitudes toward sexuality during pregnancy were reported by 30% of the participants, while 79.4% experienced sexual dysfunction. The AStSdP, FSFI, and MAS scores exhibited a positive correlation. Additionally, adverse economic conditions, gestational week, Anxiety, Beliefs and Values, AStSdP scores, and arousal scores were significant predictors of marital satisfaction in pregnant women. Conclusions There exists a positive relationship between attitudes toward sexuality during pregnancy, sexual function scores, and marital satisfaction. Moreover, attitudes toward sexuality during pregnancy influence marital satisfaction. Nurses and other antenatal team members should implement interventions to foster positive attitudes toward sexuality in pregnancy, as these can enhance marital satisfaction.

Objective This research was conducted to explore in depth the physical, psychological and social effects of gardening activities on elderly individuals residing in a nursing home. Material and Method A descriptive qualitative research design was employed in the study with a purposive sampling method to select participants. The research was conducted with 21 elderly residents in a nursing home located in the eastern region of Turkey and participated in gardening activities. The data of the research were collected using the Participant Introduction Form and the Semi‐Structured Interview Form. Content analysis was conducted to analyze the data. Results In the study, the elderly participants shared their views on gardening activities, which were categorised into three main themes as physical, psychological, and social impacts. Regarding the physical impacts, participants noted that gardening activities enhance and promote physical mobility. They described several psychological benefits of gardening activities. In the emotional dimension, they reported feelings of happiness, enjoyment, relaxation, and a sense of achievement and satisfaction while they highlighted experiences of reminiscence, cognitive stimulation, being in the present and a deeper connection with nature in the cognitive dimension. Participants also stated that gardening activities led to increased interpersonal interactions, enhanced communication, and strengthened social bonding, reflecting the positive social impacts of these activities. Conclusion Elderly residents in the nursing home reported experiencing positive physical, psychological, and social impacts from gardening activities. Based on these findings, it is recommended to incorporate gardening activities as a strategy for promoting active ageing among elderly individuals in institutional care settings.

Background The aim of this in-vitro study is to investigate the effect of post-curing time and units on the degree of conversion (DC), microhardness (VHN) and staining susceptibility (∆E00) of two 3D printed permanent resins (Crowntec (SCT), Varseosmile CrownPlus (VSP)). Methods A total of 180 disc-shaped samples (10*10*2 mm), 60 for each experiment, from the tested materials (30 SCT, 30 VSP) were printed on 3D printer. Half of the samples were post-cured in LC-3DPrint Box and the other half in Phrozen Cure V2 and were divided into 3 subgroups according to post-curing time of 5, 10 and 30 min (n = 5). The DC of the samples was determined using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The VHN values were measured with a Vickers hardness tester. The color of the samples was initially measured using a spectrophotometer and then again after one month of staining in coffee. The ∆E00 was calculated with the CIEDE2000 formula. Data obtained from each parameter examined were analyzed by SPSS software using One-Way ANOVA, post-hoc Tukey, post-hoc Tamhane’s T2, Independent-samples T test and Pearson’s correlation test (α = 0.05). Results While DC and VHN of the tested materials increased in parallel with the post-curing time, ∆E00 decreased. The highest DC (74.6 ± 3.8) and VHN (29.1 ± 0.8) and the lowest ∆E00 (1.9 ± 0.1) were obtained in LC-3DPrint Box-30 min post-curing group of VSP. The effect of the type of post-curing units on the DC and ∆E00 of the materials was statistically significant (p < 0.05) except for the SCT-5 min and SCT-30 min groups. The VHN was statistically significantly higher in LC-3DPrint Box at all post-curing times of the tested materials (p < 0.05). A significant positive correlation was found between DC and VHN (r = 0.796, p < 0.001), while a significant negative correlation was observed between DC and ∆E00 (r=-0.763, p < 0.001). Conclusion The study demonstrated that extending the post-curing time led to improvements in the degree of conversion and microhardness, while simultaneously reducing the stainability of the materials tested. Additionally, the type of post-curing unit used had a significant impact on these results, further highlighting the importance of both curing time and equipment in optimizing material properties.

Conspiracy theories have gained increasing attention in recent years, particularly in education, as they influence individuals’ decision-making and attitudes. To address this issue, we aim to adapt the Generic Conspiracist Beliefs Scale (GCBS) into Turkish and explore its relationship with critical thinking, information literacy, and media literacy among prospective teachers in Türkiye. In the first phase, we validated the Turkish version of the GCBS by administering it to a sample of 637 adults. After the validation, we employed a mixed-methods explanatory sequential design to gain a deeper understanding of the relationships between these constructs. In the quantitative phase, we administered the GCBS, along with scales measuring critical thinking, information literacy, and media literacy, to 406 prospective teachers. The findings revealed a low-level positive but significant relationship between conspiracy beliefs and self-reported critical thinking scores. However, we found no significant relationship between conspiracy beliefs and the objective critical thinking test. Additionally, we identified a low-level positive correlation between conspiracy beliefs and literacy skills (both information and media literacy), suggesting that individuals with stronger conspiracy beliefs may also have slightly higher literacy skills, though the relationship remains weak. In the qualitative phase, we conducted focus group discussions with 12 volunteer participants selected from the top 25% of the sample based on their critical thinking and conspiracy belief scores. Focus group discussions revealed that prospective teachers with tendencies toward believing conspiracy theories had distorted perceptions of critical thinking and literacy skills, despite identifying as critical thinkers. Their interest in conspiracy theories generally stemmed from epistemic curiosity. Also, they indicated that they may struggle to maintain neutrality in educational settings, often reinforcing conspiratorial thinking outside class. This mindset may blur the line between fact and belief, undermining the credibility of the educational environment.

Background: Fetuin-A prevents the precipitation of hydroxyapatite in supersaturated solutions of calcium and phosphate; however, its relationship with nephrolithiasis has yet to be clarified. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective and predictive roles of serum and urine fetuin-A levels in nephrolithiasis and their relationships with the composite dietary antioxidant index (CDAI). Methods: This study involved 75 adult patients with kidney stone disease and 71 healthy adults without kidney stone disease in the control group. Participants had specific anthropometric measurements taken, and three-day food records were kept. The CDAI was calculated by summing six standard antioxidants, including vitamins A, C, and E, manganese, selenium, and zinc, representing participants’ antioxidant profile. In addition to some analyzed serum and urine parameters of the participants, fetuin-A levels were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Results: In patients with kidney stones, both serum and urine fetuin-A levels (676.3 ± 160.14 ng/mL; 166.6 ± 128.13 ng/mL, respectively) were lower than in the control group (1455.6 ± 420.52 ng/mL; 2267.5 ± 1536.78 ng/mL, respectively) (p < 0.00001). In contrast, the CDAI was higher in patients with kidney stones compared to those without kidney stones (p < 0.001). Besides, several dietary parameters had significant positive correlations with serum and/or urinary fetuin-A. Conclusions: The present study suggests that serum and urinary fetuin-A levels may serve as protective factors against kidney stones and could potentially be used as predictive markers for the development of nephrolithiasis. Furthermore, our results suggest that the CDAI above a certain level may increase the risk of stone formation and that some dietary parameters may affect the levels of this biomarker in serum and urine.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of narrative anatomy education and traditional anatomy education on academic achievement. The study included 64 students who were randomly divided into two groups. The two groups were (n = 32) control (Group 1) and (n = 32) experimental (Group 2). The pretest scores of the two groups were 36.40 ± 12.58 and 35.46 ± 9.18, respectively, and the difference between them was not significant. On this basis, the groups were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The control group received traditional anatomy instruction, while the experimental group received narrative anatomy instruction in addition to traditional instruction. The posttest scores of the control group were 43.12 ± 10.37, while those of the experimental group were 57.03 ± 14.01, and there was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001). It is predicted that providing narrative anatomy education in addition to traditional anatomy education will have a positive effect on academic success. The qualitative findings of the study revealed several key findings. Participants in the experimental group reported that narrative education facilitated a deeper understanding and retention of anatomical concepts. They highlighted the use of metaphors and storytelling as helpful in making complex material more relatable and memorable. In addition, students expressed that the narrative approach increased their engagement and motivation, contributing to a more enjoyable learning experience. These qualitative findings highlight the potential of narrative education to complement traditional teaching methods and provide a more holistic and interactive learning experience.