Northern Kentucky University

Advertising budgets and related expenditures have been increasing every year. Companies, in the past, have used different tools to grab their customers' attention and encourage them to buy their products. The purpose of this research is to introduce strategic self-anticonformity (SSA) as an effective tool in the advertising industry. This study demonstrates that SSA relates positively to attention, and ultimately to purchase intention. An experiment was conducted to manipulate the SSA condition. The study also shows that product involvement moderates the relationship between SSA and attention. In addition, attitude toward ad mediates the relationship between attention and purchase intention. ARTICLE HISTORY

Background/Objectives: Adherence to pediatric obesity treatment can be challenging. Monetary incentives improve adherence to lifestyle interventions, with incentives framed as loss often more effective than those framed as gain. The objectives of this study were to determine if monetary incentives in the form of gift cards would improve adherence to an obesity treatment intervention and whether framing the incentive as either loss or gain affected adherence. Methods: Sixty adolescents with obesity (body mass index of ≥95th percentile for age and sex) were recruited from our pediatric obesity treatment program. They were randomized into one of three groups and given a monthly adherence score (AS) of up to 100 points. These points were based on completing a medical visit, reporting on diet intake, and measuring daily steps on a wearable tracker. The Gain Group (GG), N = 20, started each month with USD 0 in a virtual account and increased their monetary reward up to USD 100 depending on AS. The Loss Group (LG), N = 21, began each month with USD 100 in their virtual account, which decreased based on adherence. The Control Group (CG), N = 19, received USD 10 monthly. Results: Adherence was highest in the GG, with 66.0 points, compared to the LG, with 54.9 points, and CG, with 40.6 points, with p < 0.01. The GG had greater adherence to their step goal (14.6) and dietary reporting (18.7) compared to the LG (10.0 and 13.9) and the CG (3.9 and 8.1), p < 0.005. Conclusions: Gain-framed incentives are superior to loss-framed ones in improving adherence to pediatric obesity treatments.

Based on online survey data provided by 163 counselor educators associated with counselor education and supervision programs, this study examined the extent to which Carnegie Classifications were associated with counselor educators’ occupational experiences and their perceptions of doctoral‐level training. Implications for doctoral training in counselor education and supervision are discussed.

This study reexamined the journal article publication norms of counselor educators employed in doctoral programs for the years 2017–2022. Compared to earlier studies, overall publication norms for this population declined but increased for counselor educators with traditional academic ranks. Four variables were useful for predicting publication counts.

The illicit use of the psychostimulant methamphetamine (METH) is a major concern, with overdose deaths increasing substantially since the mid-2010s. One challenge to treating METH use disorder (MUD), as with other psychostimulant use disorders, is that there are no available pharmacotherapies that can reduce cravings and help individuals achieve abstinence. The purpose of the current review is to discuss the molecular targets that have been tested in assays measuring the physiological, the cognitive, and the reinforcing effects of METH in both animals and humans. Several drugs show promise as potential pharmacotherapies for MUD when tested in animals, but fail to produce long-term changes in METH use in dependent individuals (eg, modafinil, antipsychotic medications, baclofen). However, these drugs, plus medications like atomoxetine and varenicline, may be better served as treatments to ameliorate the psychotomimetic effects of METH or to reverse METH-induced cognitive deficits. Preclinical studies show that vesicular monoamine transporter 2 inhibitors, metabotropic glutamate receptor ligands, and trace amine-associated receptor agonists are efficacious in attenuating the reinforcing effects of METH; however, clinical studies are needed to determine if these drugs effectively treat MUD. In addition to screening these compounds in individuals with MUD, potential future directions include increased emphasis on sex differences in preclinical studies and utilization of pharmacogenetic approaches to determine if genetic variances are predictive of treatment outcomes. These future directions can help lead to better interventions for treating MUD.

Key message Red cedar chlorophyll fluorescence remains high during the nongrowing season, while transpiration is reduced. Abstract Evergreen trees retain their leaves during the winter and thus can photosynthesize when conditions permit. Eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) is widely distributed in the eastern USA and is known to transpire and photosynthesize outside of the growing season. However, most recent work has been done in the Great Plains, which red cedar has recently invaded, while little work has been done in its original range. I hypothesized that red cedar would behave like other conifers from summer drought-free areas and show reduced chlorophyll fluorescence and transpiration during the winter. Four red cedar trees at a site near the Ohio River in Kentucky were equipped with Granier sap flow probes, while solar irradiance, temperature, relative humidity, and soil volumetric water content (VWC) were measured at the site. Dark chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) was measured on northern and southern aspects on an approximately weekly basis from early 2019 through mid 2021. High values of Fv/Fm were measured in both growing (April-September) and nongrowing (October-March) seasons; median values in the nongrowing season were 94% of those in the growing season, which did not support my hypothesis. Fv/Fm data were fit to a Michaelis–Menten curve that used minimum temperature of the previous two nights, aspect, and maximum irradiance on the day of measurement taken before fluorescence was measured. Sap flow was explained by maximum daily temperature, vapor pressure deficit (VPD), mean daily irradiance, and VWC. Sap flow in the nongrowing season was 74% of that seen in the growing season, due to lower values of temperature, VPD, and irradiance, supporting my hypothesis. Thus, red cedar remains physiologically active during the nongrowing season. However, it does not appear to behave like other conifers from summer drought-free areas.

Pilots and aircraft are among the most valuable assets of an airline. Buying aircraft and hiring pilots are crucial strategic decisions companies must oversee for sustainability. The cost of buying, selling, leasing, and long production times for aircraft challenge companies in making optimal long-term decisions. Union rules, pilot shortages, pilot surplus, and the cost of employing an excessive number of pilots are factors complicating the workforce planning for airline companies worldwide. Under these volatile and conflicting circumstances, many companies cannot strategically plan for the planning of pilots to aircraft to meet short-term tactical decisions against mid/long-term company strategies. In this study, our objective is to optimize long-term crew planning by minimizing the total crew cost considering captain promotions and new hires, without compromising the pilot experience. A mixed integer programming model is developed to solve the long-term airline crew planning problem. Realistic business scenarios are used to determine the optimal pilot hiring and promotion patterns for both high-and low-demand scenarios. The results show that the proposed optimization method significantly reduces crew costs without compromising the pilot experience in various demand and cost scenarios. The mathematical model, the realistic business scenarios, and the business insights for airlines are deemed novel contributions to the pertinent literature and industry practices.