National Institute of Technology Calicut

In recent years, the identification of fluid density and viscosity has gained substantial significance across a wide range of industries and scientific fields. These parameters are of utmost importance in comprehending fluid behaviors as accurate measurement of these properties is essential for quality control, process optimization, and product development. A variety of traditional approaches, including capillary, falling ball, volumetry, isochoric, hydrostatic weighing, buoyancy methods, etc., are employed to measure viscosity and density. These traditional approaches require a large amount of samples for measurement and are time consuming. Many modern approaches with different sensing principles have been introduced to overcome the drawbacks of traditional methods. This paper comprehensively describes the densitometers, and viscometers on the basis of different sensing principles such as cantilever, acoustic, tuning fork, diaphragm, pressure, magnetic field, etc. Furthermore, specifications of viscometers and densitometers are briefly summarized, which include the working mechanism, sample range, sample volume, resolution/sensitivity, accuracy/error, testing sample, and temperature. Through this, a mass insight into viscosity and density measurements can be found for wide range of liquids/gas across diverse applications including biopharmaceuticals, protein therapeutics, lubricants, adhesives, healthcare, food production, cosmetics, construction, paints, as well as fuel and petroleum.

This research aims to propose and analyze a novel design for Rotary Magnetorheological Fluid Damper for Automotive suspension system applications. Due to development/variation in values of yield stress and viscosity give rise to opposing torque in MR fluid based Rotary damper, this can be utilized to redirect the forces which is approaching from the ground to wheel base and further to the chassis of the automobile vehicle in the form of torque and then dampen the vibrations ultimately reducing unpleasant ride or discomfort. The research will begin with identification of performance gap between conceptual and conventional design, then it progresses to literature survey followed by development of system level design and test rig design. Moreover, it evaluates the practical implementation of these dampers in automotive systems through extensive simulation and real-world testing. Once the test configuration had been developed, the final design were subjected to testing. The results of the study have been analyzed on the basis of different input frequencies provided to the test setup manufactured. The concluded remarks with major inferences such as: percentage amplitude reduction is very high for operational frequencies and high torque output is obtained even with a simple topology of rotary MR damper in automotive applications. This research contributes to the development of intelligent, high-performance automotive systems that can meet the evolving demands of an advance transportation.

Despite the recent advances in vaccination and treatment strategies, cervical cancer continues to claim numerous lives every year. Owing to the fact that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) such as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) interact with coding transcripts, and effectuate key roles in the tumorigenesis and metastasis of cervical cancer, there has been extensive research in recent years to explore their potential as biomarkers for early detection, or as therapeutic targets. Through this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the recent advancements in discoveries about cervical cancer-associated lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA axes, their dysregulation, and their roles in various signaling pathways associated with the growth, survival, invasion, and metastasis of cervical cancer cells. We further discuss the potential therapeutic strategies to utilize the dysregulated lncRNAs as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, and as therapeutic targets to ameliorate the prognosis of cervical cancer.

This work introduces, an optimized Dual Gate Vertical Junction Tunnel FET sensor (DG-VJ-TFET) to evaluate the quality of water based on dielectric modulation technique. DG-VJ-TFET sensor has a double cavity on either side of the gate oxide for sensing the biomolecules. The proposed device has been optimized in terms of oxide material, oxide thickness, channel thickness, and channel material. Furthermore, the optimized device is investigated as sensor to evaluate the quality of water. Tentative fabrication process of the DG-VJ-TFET is presented. Nanocavities of 6 nm were etched on both the sides of gate dielectric. The proposed structure showed a rectification ratio of 2 × 10⁴, SS of 26 mV/decade. Dielectric constant of different water biomolecules varies the transfer and output characteristics that suggests IOFF current to be the sensing metric of DG-V-TFET. Silvaco ATLAS TCAD tool has been utilized for numerical calculation process. The maximum sensitivity and ION/IOFF is observed for pure ice i.e., 57 and 8 × 10⁶, respectively, so DG-VJ-TFET presents strong candidature for evaluating the water quality.

This study aims to analyze the flow and thermal behavior of a thin layer of a generalized second-grade liquid with power-law properties over a heated inclined plate, focusing on the effects of gravity and the fluid’s viscoelastic and non-Newtonian characteristics. The purpose of this investigation is to provide a deeper understanding of how these factors influence velocity and temperature distributions and free surface height, which are essential in optimizing industrial processes involving complex fluids. The energy and momentum equations are derived by making use of the long-wavelength approximation, which simplifies the problem by assuming the wavelength of disturbances is much larger than the fluid layer thickness. The solutions of the modified equations are computed with the help of Mathematica software, and along with the boundary conditions, the computed free surface equation is solved numerically by incorporating finite volume technique using the numeric computing platform MATLAB. The results highlight the sensitivity of the fluid’s temperature and velocity distributions to changes in normal stress coefficient and other flow parameters both in dilatant and pseudo-plastic fluids. The thermal field is increased by an increase in the normal stress coefficient and the Eckert number. Moreover, the form and size of the free surface height are significantly influenced by the non-Newtonian fluid characteristics. These findings have implications for applications in areas such as coating flows, polymer processing, and enhanced oil recovery, where precise control over fluid behavior on inclined surfaces is crucial.

The equilibrium geometry, bonding, and proton affinity of the pseudo‐silapnictenes and the bis(pseudo‐silapnictenes) are explored using computational quantum mechanical calculations carried out at M06/def2‐TZVPP//BP86‐D3(BJ)/def2‐SVP level of theory. The pseudo‐silapnictene 1E features a dicoordinated, monovalent group‐15 center having two lone pairs of σ‐ and π‐local symmetry. Both the lone pairs are stabilized by hyperconjugative donation to the silylene fragment. The extent of hyperconjugative stabilization of π‐type lone pair is higher than that of σ‐type lone pair and is comparable to classical Si−E π‐bonds. Accordingly, the former interactions can be considered as pseudo‐π‐bonding interactions. The strength of the pseudo‐π‐bond reduces as the group‐15 element changes from nitrogen to bismuth. Hence, 1E can be considered as heavier analogues of imine. Even though these lone pairs are stabilized by hyperconjugative interactions, they are very reactive as indicated by the very high values of first and second proton affinities. In the bis(pseudo‐silapnictene) 2E, two Si−E pseudo‐π‐bonds formed by hyperconjugative interactions are delocalized over the E−Si−Si−E skeleton. Since the π‐bonds are majorly localized on the group‐15 element, the extent of delocalization is quite less than that of the classical π‐delocalized system. Nevertheless, the bis(pseudo‐silapnictene) can be considered as the heavier analogue of ethane‐1,2‐diimine.

316L stainless steel (SS316L) coatings were deposited on a AZ80 magnesium alloy by HVOF thermal spraying to enhance its corrosion behavior. Coatings with low porosity (0.21 ± 0.013%) and high microhardness (367 ± 4 HV0.3) were obtained from the optimized operating parameters, including an oxygen flow rate of 257 lpm, spraying distance of 231 mm, LPG flow rate of 61 lpm, carrier gas flow rate of 16.50 lpm, and powder feed rate of 38 gpm. The heat treatment (350–550 °C, 5–10 h) study revealed that SS316L surface roughness (using a 3D optical profilometer) remained unaffected; while, AZ80 Mg alloy roughness increased strongly (179–1140%). Electrochemical studies revealed that the SS316L-coated samples exhibited consistent corrosion potential (− 0.28 to − 0.23 V) and minimal corrosion current (4.16 ± 0.0055–4.60 ± 0.012 μA/cm2) versus fluctuating potential (− 1.74 ± 0.0183 V to −1.38 ± 0.035 V) and higher corrosion currents (186 ± 6.63–620 ± 10.12 μA/cm2) of bare AZ80 magnesium alloy. The fluctuating behavior in the bare AZ80 Mg alloy was related to variations in the Mg17Al12 precipitates at higher heat treatment temperatures. Also, SEM and EDX analyses of post corrosion products confirmed the protective role of SS316L coatings.

Physical layer security (PLS) has emerged as an innovative security measure for wireless networks, augmenting the prevailing cryptography-based methods. The concept of secrecy energy efficiency (SEE) efficiently tackles the challenge of integrating energy-efficient and secure communications. The combination of Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) and cognitive radio (CR) has become a reliable solution for improving spectrum efficiency in wireless networks. This paper aims to analyze the SEE of the secondary network in NOMA-enabled underlay CR networks (NOMA-UCRNs), considering multiple non-colluding eavesdroppers. Firstly, analytical models are formulated to evaluate the SEE and secrecy sum rate (SSR) of the secondary network in NOMA-UCRN, considering residual hardware impairments, imperfect successive interference cancellation conditions, and interference power constraints at the primary receiver. Subsequently, joint optimal transmit power allocation (JOTPA) is ascertained for the secondary users (SUs) at the secondary transmitter and the secondary relay, with the aim of maximizing the SEE while satisfying constraints on tolerable interference power at the primary receiver and minimum data rates for the SUs. The computation of the JOTPA for the SUs is enabled by an iterative algorithm that utilizes the Dinkelbach method. It is demonstrated that the suggested JOTPA scheme significantly enhances the SEE of the secondary network in comparison to the random transmit power allocation and equal transmit power allocation strategies. Finally, a deep neural network (DNN) framework is developed as an innovative approach to accurately and quickly predict the JOTPA values that meet the desired objectives.

All new computer architectures need to be performance evaluated for acceptance and simulation is the most widely used method for evaluation of new processor designs. Sharing of resources with virtualization raised many security concerns, leading to the development of processors enhanced for security in virtualization. The simulators for processors enhanced for security in virtualization need to perform simulation of hypervisor instructions, simulation of security in virtualization and simulation of new instructions. However, a simulator with all of these three features is not found in literature. Hence, this paper proposes an approach for simulation of processors enhanced for security in virtualization that provides all these three features. For user convenience, the simulators are generated automatically from the target processor specifications using a simulator generator. The paper also proposes an approach for simulation of a new pipeline with designer-specified number of stages with automatic detection of pipeline hazards and automatic stalling or flushing of pipeline on detection of hazards. In order to demonstrate the use of the simulator generator and the generated simulator, three case studies are considered - simulation of RISC-V with HyperWall , simulation of RISC-V with bit-serial dot-product unit and simulation of RISC-V with Galois Field arithmetic extension. The paper concludes that the proposed approaches help in accurately simulating the overhead due to security in virtualization and also in providing flexibility to the designer to simulate the desired processor configurations.

Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) stand at the forefront of advancing vehicular and infrastructural communication, ushering in a new era of connectivity on the move. As VANETs become increasingly saturated with varied applications, the demand for multicast routing protocols that ensure reliable and scalable communication to designated groups of vehicles intensifies. Multicast communication emerges as the preferred method in vast vehicular networks, optimizing computational resources and achieving desired quality of service levels. Yet, the dynamic nature of VANETs, characterized by high mobility and swift changes in network topology, presents significant hurdles in group management, path creation, and maintenance for multicast routing. This paper offers an in-depth examination of multicast routing methodologies developed expressly for VANETs, starting with an analysis of VANET-specific attributes and challenges. It proceeds to critique the latest multicast routing protocols, evaluating their advantages and drawbacks, and spotlighting progressive trends and prospective avenues for research. Through a meticulous review of the extant literature, this survey aspires to furnish critical insights into the formulation, execution, and refinement of multicast routing protocols within the VANET landscape.

Interleaving techniques in DC-DC converters enhance the operational redundancy and reduce the current ripple. However, the phase-shifted operation of the interleaved branches results in different mathematical models for high and low values of duty ratio. In applications such as renewable energy integration where wide variations in duty ratios are bound to occur due to the dynamic nature of the source, a single mathematical model cannot represent the interleaved converter for the entire duty ratio range. This is due to the fact that when the duty ratio increases beyond a threshold the conduction period of the interleaved phases overlap, resulting in a different set of operating modes of the converter. Existing literature has not investigated this effect while formulating the mathematical model as it becomes evident only when the parasitic circuit elements are accounted for in the model. Firstly, this paper presents an extensive small-signal of a two-phase interleaved boost converter considering all the internal voltage drops due to parasitic circuit elements. Secondly, this work investigates the variations in the mathematical model due to the presence of parasitic circuit elements, when the interleaved converter operates in phase-shifted mode over a wide range of duty ratio. The proposed model is tested by simulation in MATLAB/Simulink® and validated with a 300W hardware prototype.

The work describes a novel sensing and transportation feasibility of the well‐established antifungal drug Flucytosine (5‐FC) using a 2D Silicon carbide (SiC) and Germanium‐doped Silicon carbide (Ge@SiC) nanosheet via PBE level of Density functional theory. The computational study revealed that the drug molecules adhere to SiC and Ge@SiC sheets, maintaining their structural properties through physisorption on SiC and chemisorption on Ge@SiC. The charge transfer process associated with the adsorption is observed by Lowdin charge analysis and both the SiC and Ge@SiC sheets are identified as a feasible oxidation‐based nanosensor for the drug. The results of electronic property calculation revealed a reduction in bandgap by 48.2% and 44.8% on SiC and Ge@SiC sheets respectively on adsorption of the drug, highlighting SiC nanosheet to be used as a bandgap‐based sensing device. Sensing response at room temperature and human body temperature suggested that, the SiC sheet has an excellent selectivity to Flucytosine drug. The drug's desorption efficiency from the carrier is analyzed using recovery time analysis at different temperatures and frequencies, suggesting the SiC nanosheet to be a better candidate. Together, the study highlights the potential sensing ability of SiC nanosheet for Flucytosine in contrast to the existing 0‐D nanostructures.

This paper proposes a voting scheme that coalesces many features of an efficient e- voting scheme like receipt-freeness, uncoercibility, E2E verifiable and write-in ballot. Some of the previous schemes in the past literatures provide most of these features at the cost of increased running time. This paper proposes a simple and efficient voting scheme that is coercion resistant and E2E verifiable. It also has the write-in property. Our protocol addresses some of the major drawbacks of previous popular voting schemes to make the proposed scheme applicable for any kind of real time elections.

The step‐down DC‐DC converter plays a vital role in transformer‐less grid‐connected on‐board EV charging systems, enabling the reduction of voltage to desired levels. This study introduces a novel Hybrid Switched Inductor‐Capacitor Network (HSICN)–based high step‐down ratio DC‐DC converter for on‐board EV charger applications. Compared to recent converter designs, the proposed HSICN achieves an impressive step‐down ratio while minimizing voltage stress on the switch, making it particularly suitable for high‐power applications. Additionally, by distributing the output current between both inductors, the overall volume of magnetic components is reduced, leading to decreased conduction losses. Furthermore, this approach lowers the ripple current in the inductor, contributing to a reduction in the size of passive components. The operational principles of the proposed HSICN, alongside steady‐state analysis, are thoroughly discussed in this study. Moreover, a comprehensive comparative assessment of the proposed converter's performance is provided. To validate its effectiveness, a 500‐W experimental prototype was constructed and analyzed, demonstrating peak experimental efficiency of 95.8% at 350 W.

Laterite is a naturally occurring rock formation that is used worldwide as a building material in tropical regions. Its unique features have enabled some of the most astounding architectural feats, which irrevocably altered the cultural and historical contexts of their surroundings. This study examines the laterite stone masonry performance, with a specific focus considering its mechanical properties, mineral composition, and microstructure. However, mineralogical composition and microstructural features vary, affecting mechanical qualities and endurance. The study also extensively examines four varieties of laterite samples used for construction in the Udupi region. Experiments were performed to determine the percentage of water absorption and its impact on the compressive strength of Laterite stone. L1 Laterite stone showed better performance due to its exceptional strength. It surpasses the other samples and is well-suited for the construction of load-bearing structures as it aligns with the IS 3620 standards. Stack bond masonry prism samples were built using four varieties of laterite stones with 1:6 cement mortar for the joints. These prism specimens were subsequently tested under compression, tension, and shear loading to determine the variation in their behaviour. The series of tests performed revealed that the prisms failed due to splitting and crushing under compression loads. In shear and tensile bond tests, all laterite masonry prism samples failed due to rupture of the joint. Microstructure study confirmed that the increased strength of lateritic samples L1 and L2 is due to less prominent clay particles coupled with a higher percentage of ferrous content.

Impact of structural modulations on the optical properties of BODIPY-cyanostilbene based rotors for lipid droplet targeting and intracellular viscosity detection to differentiate normal and cancerous cells.