National Taipei University

Introduction This study aims to investigate the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system (LC-NE) function in late-life depression (LLD) patients by examining task-evoked pupil dilation in the emotional face-word Stroop task, given the recently established coupling between task-evoked pupil dilation and LC-NE activation. Materials and Methods Using video-based eye-tracking and principal component analysis, we explored task-evoked pupil responses and eye blinks in LLD patients (N = 25) and older healthy controls (CTRL) (N = 29) to determine whether there were alterations in pupil responses and eye blinks in LLD compared to CTRL. Results LLD patients exhibited significantly different pupil and eye-blink behavior compared to CTRL, with dampened task-evoked pupil dilation associated with emotional congruency and valence processing mediated by the sympathetic system compared to CTRL. Eye-blink rates associated with emotional valence were also altered in LLD compared to CTRL Moreover, Geriatric Depression Scale-15 scores in LLD correlated with emotional congruency effects revealed by task-evoked pupil dilation. Conclusion The findings demonstrate that LLD patients display altered pupil behavior compared to CTRL. These altered responses correlated with the severity of depressive symptoms, indicating their potential as objective biomarkers for use in large at-risk populations for LLD.

In 1684, Taiwan became part of the Qing Empire. Initially, its external trade followed the traditions of the preceding Dutch East India Company (1624–1662) and Zheng-dynasty (1662–1684) periods, transporting deerskins and sugar to Japan to be sold in Nagasaki. However, during the Kangxi (1661–1722) era, civil and military officials who came to Taiwan seized large amounts of land or established official manors, competing with the local population for profits and controlling Taiwan's major export commodity – sugar. Officials from Fujian (福建) Province, such as Shi Lang (施琅) and the Fujian supreme commander ( zongdu , 總督), used various pretexts to divide the benefits of Taiwan's trade with Japan among themselves; these included raising funds for the military or contributions towards the conquest of Taiwan. Shi Lang, who served as the commander-in-chief of the Fujian naval forces throughout his life, was based in Xiamen. He controlled Taiwan and the Penghu region, and he profited the most from the sugar-for-Japan trade. The Jinjiang maritime merchant group that was centred around Shi's clan rose to prominence by seizing the opportunity. Not until the 1690s, around the time of Shi's passing and under the influence of Qing-dynasty policies, did this trade gradually come into the hands of merchants from Jiangsu (江蘇) and Zhejiang (浙江). Japan's imposition of trade restrictions further prompted Taiwan's sugar market to turn towards the Yangtze River Delta. The ‘Taiwan ships’ that had been navigating the East Asian trade since the Zheng dynasty were transformed into ‘sugar ships’, focusing on trade between Taiwan and mainland China. Towards the end of the Kangxi era, the exchange of Taiwanese sugar for silk and cotton from the Yangtze River Delta marked the beginning of this new phase. Consequently, local maritime merchants based in Taiwan began to emerge.

In recent years, the world has been affected by climate change, so countries have set net-zero carbon emission goals and reduced greenhouse gas emissions through carbon reduction policies. In 2022, Taiwan will amend the Greenhouse Gas Reduction and Management Act, adding the 2050 net zero carbon emission target into the law. Taiwan’s greenhouse gas emissions caused by electricity production account for more than 60%. Therefore, Taiwan’s energy department is actively planning a low-carbon energy path, including expecting to replace coal-fired power plants with natural gas power plants and to increase the proportion of natural gas power plants to 50% of power generation in 2025. It is expected that by 2050, natural gas power plants can be combined with hydrogen energy and CCUS technology to achieve the zero-emission goal of natural gas power plants, and with renewable energy power generation to achieve the goal of net zero carbon emissions in electricity. For this reason, this study expects to evaluate the impact of natural gas power plants on the national economy under the net-zero path. Although there are previous literatures evaluating the cost-effectiveness of thermal power plants in Taiwan, the time is long, and Taiwan’s low-carbon energy path and net-zero carbon have not been considered. Therefore, this study will use the input–output model to analyze the economic impact of changes in natural gas prices in the future under the transformation of electricity from coal to natural gas in Taiwan, so as to assist the Taiwan government to examine the suitability of the future low-carbon energy transition. This study can therefore contribute to foster the natural gas power plants in Taiwan with both characteristics of net-zero transition and sustainable innovation.

Background Tissue factor (TF)-rich cancer microvesicles are correlated with thrombosis risk. Intrinsic coagulation factors are also associated with the risk of thrombosis in cancer patients. This study explored the roles of pancreatic cancer-derived microvesicles and intrinsic factors in thrombogenesis. Methods Human pancreatic cancer cell lines rich in TF (AsPC-1-TFhigh, MIAPaCa-2-TFhigh) or poor in TF [AsPC-1-TFKO(knockout) and MIAPaCa-2-TFlow] were generated for microvesicle preparation and injected into coagulation-defective mice. Inferior vena cava (IVC) clots and lung thrombosis were evaluated. Immunodeficient hemophilia A (NSG-HA) mice were orthotopically injected with the cells mentioned above, and the tumor and IVC clot weights were analyzed. Results With the injection of TFhigh microvesicles, IVC clots were rarely found in hemophilic mice. The TFlow and TFKO microvesicles resulted in few IVC clots in any mouse. Lung thrombosis was substantially reduced in the hemophilic mice infused with any microvesicle type. In orthotopic tumor models, TFhigh cells grew faster than did TFlow cells. TFhigh tumor-bearing NSG-WT mice had the most enormous IVC clots, whereas NSG-HA mice had no IVC clots. Conclusion Pancreatic cancer thrombosis induced by TF-expressing microvesicles strongly depended on FVIII and FIX, while VWF played a minor role. Moreover, TF, but not FVIII, was significantly related to tumor growth.

Screen-space ambient occlusion (SSAO) has become a widely used technique in real-time rendering, valued for its high performance and full support for dynamic geometry. However, applying SSAO directly to stereo rendering can result in incorrect depth perception and viewer discomfort due to differences in captured scene approximations between the left and right views. Existing methods for generating stereo-consistent SSAO often involve substantial computational costs. This paper introduces an adaptive method, inspired by Weber's law, to enhance the efficiency of achieving stereo-consistent SSAO. Our method identifies inconsistent pixels generated by cost-effective SSAO algorithms, such as monoscopic SSAO, and selectively applies computationally intensive stereo-aware computations only to those pixels. Experiments demonstrate that our method delivers stereo-consistent results comparable to state-of-the-art techniques while significantly enhancing rendering performance.

The total synthesis of pegaharmine I is achieved through a three‐step process, featuring a key visible‐light photocatalyzed nitrone formation reaction. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction confirms the structure of the natural product. Additionally, a water‐promoted photocatalytic approach is developed, highlighting the potential of visible‐light photocatalysis for the efficient synthesis of natural products. image © 2025 WILEY‐VCH GmbH

Single‐specimen analysis of planktic foraminiferal geochemistry has gained increasing popularity for its potential in reconstructing climate variability. However, the comparability between single‐specimen and conventional multi‐specimen Mg/Ca data remains unclear, which has raised questions concerning the suitability of multi‐specimen Mg/Ca‐temperature calibrations for single‐specimen data. This study developed and evaluated the effects of four single‐specimen cleaning procedures on the Mg/Ca ratio of Trilobatus sacculifer. These procedures varied in their inclusion or exclusion of the reductive step and heating for chemical reactions. The most effective single‐specimen cleaning procedure (procedure Dsingle) incorporated the oxidative step while excluding the reductive step and heating. This procedure was subsequently applied to five additional planktic foraminifera species. With procedure Dsingle, we obtained statistically indistinguishable mean Mg/Ca values for single‐specimen and multi‐specimen samples of T. sacculifer, Orbulina universa, and Pulleniatina obliquiloculata, regardless of the intensity of the multi‐specimen cleaning procedures. For single‐specimen samples of Globigerinoides ruber and Neogloboquadrina dutertrei, the mean Mg/Ca values only matched those of the multi‐specimen samples when procedures excluded the reductive step and heating. In contrast, single‐specimen mean Mg/Ca values of Globorotalia menardii were consistently higher than those obtained through multi‐specimen cleaning. The mean Mg/Ca differences between single‐specimen and multi‐specimen cleaning procedures across species are likely attributable to differences in the microstructure of the calcite tests. In summary, when cleaning procedures involving identical steps and heating conditions were utilized, both single‐specimen and multi‐specimen analyses yielded comparable mean Mg/Ca values, suggesting that the multi‐specimen Mg/Ca calibrations are applicable to single‐specimen data.

For decades, both sides of the Taiwan Strait have watched the evolution of relations between the United States and China, mindful that any dramatic movement along the spectrum, from cooperation to conflict between the two great powers, would profoundly impact the Asia-Pacific region. Facing imminent threats from Beijing, Taipei has expected more security assistance from Washington. However, neither pure balancing nor pure bandwagoning against China could benefit Taiwan’s current security situation. As US–China relations approach a more contested and conflict-prone situation, Taiwan may need to consider more risk-averse foreign policy options. Hedging is a distinct strategic approach, alongside balancing and bandwagoning, and thus deserves comprehensive study.

Objective This study examines the evolving relationship between modernization, shifting value orientations, and political attitudes in China, with a focus on generational differences. Methods The study employed data from the Asia Barometer Survey (2011–2019) and used Prof. Hu Fu's pro‐democratic value framework to analyze democratic values. Results The findings reveal that although younger generations demonstrate increased support for certain liberal democratic values, their overall orientation remains more consistent with the modern authoritarian values endorsed by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The study further shows that the CCP's control over public discourse and selective promotion of specific values significantly shapes political attitudes across generations. Conclusion Despite notable economic development and generational shifts, the CCP continues to dominate the narrative on value change in China. This persistent control has not only stabilized the current political system but also limited the country's potential transition toward a liberal democratic regime.

Nutritive sucking is the major feeding approach for infants within six months. However, oral feeding requires precise coordination of sucking, swallowing, and respiration activities, and it can also impact the brain activity of infants. Therefore, the sucking behavior and brain activity may be important indicators for evaluating the maturity of nutrition feeding behavior. In clinical, medical staffs mainly depend on their rich experience for subjective behavioral observation of oral feeding. Although several monitoring systems have been proposed in previous studies, most of these systems focus on monitoring sucking activity, and even non-nutritive sucking. In this study, a novel wireless multi-parameter monitoring system was proposed to evaluate infant nutrition feeding ability. Here, a smart milk bottle was designed to monitor sucking activity wirelessly. Based on the near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technique, a wireless multi-parameter device was designed to monitor heart rate and respiratory activity, and even cerebral blood perfusion under sucking behavior. Several indexes reflecting sucking behavior and cerebral blood perfusion were also defined, and were further used to recognize the nutrition feeding ability via the artificial intelligence technology. The experiment results showed several defined indexes could significantly reflect the difference between nutrition feeding behaviors and brain activities in different postmenstrual age (PMA) groups, and the maturity of nutrition feeding ability could effectively be evaluated by the designed system.

The percomorph fish clade Gobioidei is a suborder that comprises over 2200 species distributed in nearly all aquatic habitats. To understand the genetics underlying their species diversification, we sequenced and annotated the genome of the loach goby, Rhyacichthys aspro, an early-diverging group, and compared it with nine additional Gobioidei species. Within Gobioidei, the loach goby possesses the smallest genome at 594 Mb, and a rise in species diversity from early-diverging to more recently diverged lineages is mirrored by enlarged genomes and a higher presence of transposable elements (TEs), particularly DNA transposons. These DNA transposons are enriched in genic and regulatory regions and their copy number increase is strongly correlated with substitution rate, suggesting that DNA repair after transposon excision/insertion leads to nearby mutations. Consequently, the proliferation of DNA transposons might be the crucial driver of Gobioidei diversification and adaptability. The loach goby genome also points to mechanisms of ecological adaptation. It contains relatively few genes for lateral line development but an overrepresentation of synaptic function genes, with genes putatively under selection linked to synapse organisation and calcium signalling, implicating a sensory system distinct from other Gobioidei species. We also see an overabundance of genes involved in neurocranium development and renal function, adaptations likely connected to its flat morphology suited for strong currents and an amphidromous life cycle. Comparative analyses with hill-stream loaches and the European eel reveal convergent adaptations in body shape and saltwater balance. These findings shed new light on the loach goby's survival mechanisms and the broader evolutionary trends within Gobioidei.

Introduction Despite the high lifetime prevalence and elevated disability rates, treatments for obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD) have limited efficacy. Considering the abnormal connectivity in the cortical‐striatal‐thalamic‐cortical loop circuits in OCD, several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have addressed the efficacy of different non‐invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) modalities for the management of OCD. However, these RCTs yielded inconclusive results. Methods This network meta‐analysis (NMA) included RCTs of NIBS interventions, such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and various repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), in OCD patients. The primary outcomes were changes in the overall severity of OCD and acceptability (i.e., dropout rates). Results This NMA of 34 eligible RCTs (1089 participants) and 24 different NIBS interventions revealed that three NIBS interventions significantly improved overall OCD severity compared with sham controls, which were high‐frequency rTMS over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) [mean difference (MD) = −10.81, 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) = −20.80 to −0.82], high‐frequency deep TMS over the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex/anterior cingulate cortex (dmPFC/ACC) (MD = −9.74, 95% CIs = −16.42 to −3.06), and low‐frequency rTMS over the right DLPFC (MD = −4.70, 95% CIs = −8.84 to −0.57). Conclusions This study highlighted that excitatory stimulation over the dmPFC / ACC and bilateral DLPFC , or inhibitory stimulation over the right DLPFC , was associated with significant improvements in overall OCD severity. Further large‐scale RCTs with longer follow‐up periods are needed to investigate the true impact of NIBS ‐based intervention to manage OCD . Trial Registration: PROSPERO: CRD42023394953

Background and Aims Dye‐based chromoendoscopy (DCE) has been the preferred method for colonoscopy surveillance in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, with advances in endoscopy, virtual chromoendoscopy (VCE) techniques have emerged. This network meta‐analysis evaluates the effectiveness of different endoscopy techniques for IBD patient surveillance. Methods Sixteen randomized controlled trials involving 2514 patients were included in the analysis, comparing endoscopy techniques in IBD patient surveillance: DCE, high‐definition white light endoscopy (WLE), standard‐definition WLE, i‐scan, narrow band imaging (NBI), flexible spectral imaging color enhancement (FICE), and autofluorescence imaging (AFI). We assessed the per patient neoplasia detection rate, positive predictive value (PPV), and withdrawal time between different endoscopy techniques. Moreover, subgroup analysis was conducted to investigate the neoplasia detection rate according to endoscopy techniques using various biopsy protocols. Results Comparing neoplasia detection rates revealed that only DCE (OR: 2.56 [1.17–5.59]) significantly increased the neoplasia detection rate compared with standard‐definition WLE. The subsequent rankings were high‐definition WLE, NBI, FICE, i‐scan, and AFI. Moreover, the PPVs of DCE, VCE, and high‐definition WLE showed no significant difference compared with that of standard‐definition WLE. However, DCE required a significantly longer withdrawal time. Subgroup analysis showed that DCE with random biopsy or target biopsy and high‐definition WLE with target biopsy had superior neoplasia detection rates than standard‐definition WLE with random biopsy. Conclusion DCE significantly outperforms standard‐definition WLE in neoplasia detection rates, with random biopsy providing additional benefits. Although DCE does not lower PPV, it requires more withdrawal time. If DCE‐based surveillance is not feasible, high‐definition WLE with targeted biopsy should be considered as other VCE techniques offer no significant advantages.

The Dawes Plan was implemented in 1924 to address Germany's World War I reparations. Although it ended Germany's monetary chaos and hyperinflation in 1923, bringing short‐term peace and prosperity to the nation, the foreign debt Germany accumulated during the plan worsened the economic impact of the Great Depression during the early 1930s. This article reviews the origins and contents of the Dawes Plan by surveying contemporaries' views and expectations when the plan started as well as Germany's actual economic developments during the plan. We also reflect upon the debates in the Dawes Plan literature. The literature has evolved from focusing on internal distribution conflict to international distributional conflict, connecting the fragile boom of the 1920s to the woes of the early 1930s. Finally, we compare the plan with two other war reparation plans to see what features a workable one should have. A workable war reparation plan must be effectively enforced and should address the transfer problem. The Dawes Plan fell short in both areas, suffering from a serious incentive‐compatible problem that sealed its failure from the start.

This study aimed to analyze differences in the exposure‐response relationship for factor Xa inhibitors (FXaI) between patients aged ≥ 80 and < 80 years. Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) taking rivaroxaban, apixaban, or edoxaban were enrolled, and a single steady‐state trough concentration was measured. FXaI concentrations were compared with the expected range reported in clinical trials to define high or low drug levels. The primary outcome was major bleeding, and the secondary outcome was ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (IS/TIA). From 2016 to 2023, 1,037 patients aged from 30 to 105 years were enrolled (average, 75.4 ± 10.0 years; 33.8% were aged ≥ 80 years). During a median follow‐up of 2.35 years, 48 major bleeding events and 32 IS/TIA events were observed. Although drug concentrations were similar between the two age groups, those aged ≥ 80 years with high FXaI levels experienced a greater increase in major bleeding risk compared to those aged < 80 years with high levels (aHR 6.47 [2.07, 20.28] vs. 3.45 [1.15, 10.30]). Additionally, patients aged ≥ 80 years without elevated FXaI levels also had a higher risk of major bleeding compared to those aged < 80 years without elevated levels (aHR 2.39 [1.20, 4.76]). While low FXaI concentrations were associated with IS/TIA, the risk was not significantly different across age groups. In conclusion, despite similar FXaI concentrations, patients aged ≥ 80 years have a higher baseline risk of major bleeding and experience a greater increase in bleeding risk at high drug levels compared to those aged < 80 years.

We propose a causal mediation approach to semi-competing risks under left truncation sampling by considering an intermediate event as a mediator and a terminal event as an outcome. We focus on the causal relationship from exposure to the terminal outcome in relation to the intermediate event. In particular, we study the direct effect, the effect of exposure on the terminal event that is not through the intermediate event, and the indirect effect—the effect of exposure on the terminal event that is mediated through the intermediate event. We propose nonparametric and semiparametric methods, both accounting for left truncation. The nonparametric estimator can be viewed as a model-free time-varying Nelson–Aalen estimator that is robust to model misspecification. The semiparametric estimator calculated with the Cox proportional hazards model enjoys flexibility in adjusting for potential confounders as covariates. The asymptotic properties for both estimators, including uniform consistency and weak convergence, were established using the martingale theorem and functional delta method. The finite sample performance of the proposed estimators was evaluated through extensive numerical studies that investigated the influences of left truncation, confounding, and sample size. The utility of the proposed methods was illustrated using a hepatitis study.

Background Mechanical ventilation (MV) is a critical intervention for critically ill patients in intensive care units (ICUs). However, extended durations of MV are associated with adverse outcomes such as prolonged ICU stays, elevated mortality rates, and increased health‐care costs. To address these challenges, nurse‐led weaning protocols have been identified to be a promising strategy for enhancing the weaning process. This approach leverages the advantages of nurses' closer patient monitoring and more stringent adherence to protocols relative to physicians. Aim This systematic review and meta‐analysis evaluated the safety and efficacy of nurse‐led weaning protocols compared with physician‐directed weaning, specifically in terms of reducing MV duration and improving patient outcomes in ICU settings. Methods A comprehensive search of databases was conducted to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared nurse‐led weaning protocols with physician‐directed weaning. A total of 6 RCTs met the inclusion criteria, encompassing 1278 patients across various countries. Data on MV duration, failed weaning rates, in‐hospital mortality, and ICU length of stay were extracted and analyzed using meta‐analytic techniques. Results The meta‐analysis revealed that nurse‐led weaning protocols significantly reduced MV duration by 8% to 45% across the included studies. However, no significant differences were observed in the rates of failed weaning (risk ratio [RR]: 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.63, 1.47]; p = 0.86) or in‐hospital mortality (RR: 1.06; 95% CI [0.85, 1.33]; p = 0.58). Additionally, patients in the nurse‐led group experienced a shorter ICU length of stay, with a standardized mean difference of 0.62 ( p < 0.01). Linking Evidence to Action Nurse‐led weaning protocols are a safe and effective strategy for reducing MV duration without compromising patient safety. The implementation of these protocols has the potential to enhance ICU operational efficiency and reduce health‐care costs, thereby reinforcing the critical role of nurses in leading interventions in critical care environments.

This paper presents a study on depth modernization, paralleling height modernization for land elevations. Depth modernization integrates mean sea surface (MSS) models, ocean tide models, and precise ship positioning to achieve accurate seafloor depth measurements. Conventional methods rely on tidal corrections and chart datum from temporary tide gauges, which can be challenging in regions with complex tidal patterns and inconsistent chart datums. For depth modernization, we developed (1) a hybrid MSS model using satellite altimeter data, tide gauge records, and a regional geoid model, and (2) a hydrodynamic-driven ocean model with 26 tidal constituents to determine separations between the hybrid MSS and five tidal surfaces, resulting in five ellipsoid-based surfaces analogous to a geoid model for height modernization. Precise ship positioning is demonstrated using GNSS data collected by the Legend research ship in the Pacific Ocean east of Taiwan and the Canadian spatial reference system precise point positioning toolbox. We used measurements in the Taiwan Strait to show how modern depth is implemented. Comparisons of depths in four regions from the conventional and modern methods show small (a few cm) to moderate (a few dm) differences with some variability depending on the region and equipment. Discontinuities in depths from the conventional method are analyzed. Depth modernization has significantly benefited rapid and accurate bathymetric mapping for electronic navigation charts. Future work in MSS and ocean tide models and the availability of PPP tools for depth modernization are discussed. For mapping agencies worldwide, depth modernization should be prioritized alongside height modernization to ensure rapid and accurate depth data provision.

Room‐temperature phosphorescent (RTP) materials, owing to their long‐lived triplet exciton characteristics, exhibit significant potential for applications in photomemory and artificial photosynapses. However, fluorescent materials are often constrained by nonradiative losses and stability issues, limiting their feasibility for high‐performance applications. To address these challenges, this study employs electron‐deficient RTP materials, 3,3′, 4,4′‐diphenyl sulfone tetracarboxylic dianhydride (DPS), and 3,3′, 4,4′‐benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA), combined with the insulating polymer of polystyrene, as the floating gate layer. The memory devices and photosynaptic systems with RTP phenomenon exhibit exceptional photoresponse. The results demonstrate that DPS and BTDA achieve ≈10 ⁵ and 10 ⁶ memory ratios under light‐assisted programming. Furthermore, the BTDA system exhibits superior paired‐pulse facilitation ratios and image recognition accuracy, underscoring its potential in artificial neural network applications. After 100 learning epochs and processing through two denoising arrays ( n = 2), BTDA achieved a significantly improved image recognition accuracy of 88.3%. These findings highlight the high‐efficiency RTP performance of DPS and BTDA and provide a promising avenue for synaptic phototransistors.

The spatial distribution of the flow field inferred from shipboard measurements often suffers from a spatial‐temporal aliasing effect. This study examined a detailed view of the horizontal divergence and relative vertical vorticity captured by a two‐vessel survey to characterize velocity gradients and the resulting process in the presence of nonlinear lee waves. The three‐dimensional structure of the horizontal velocity gradients and turbulent mixing within a nonlinear internal lee wave behind a shallow seamount was investigated. Synchronous two‐vessel Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers provide in‐situ measurements of velocity vectors that significantly minimize the spatial and temporal aliasing effect. The magnitude of horizontal divergence and relative vertical vorticity normalized by the planetary vorticity (δ/f $\delta /f$, ζ/f $\zeta /f$ ∼ O (10)) is one order of magnitude greater than prior observations in the typical oceanic sub‐mesoscale flow field using a two‐vessel survey. Our analysis indicates that the spatial variations of horizontal divergence and relative vertical vorticity over the seamount are associated with flow‐topography interactions. Owing to the bottom Ekman effect, the deflected Kuroshio enhances the relative vertical vorticity, ζz=∂xV−∂yU ${\zeta }_{z}\,{=\mathit{\partial }}_{x}V-{\mathit{\partial }}_{y}U$, and horizontal components of relative vorticity, ζx=−∂zV ${\zeta }_{x}=-{\mathit{\partial }}_{z}V$ and ζy=∂zU ${\zeta }_{y}={\mathit{\partial }}_{z}U$, resulting in vertical shear instability and symmetric instability. Instability hotspots are identified by the negative potential vorticity (PV) at the rear half of the nonlinear internal wave, where depressed isopycnals rebound. In situ observational surveys conducted on the lee of pinnacles further indicated that the enhanced turbulent eddy diffusivity and vertical nitrate gradient are collocated with the negative PV within a nonlinear internal lee wave.