National Open University Of Nigeria

The increasing use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) as refrigerants, propellants, and solvents has drawn attention due to their substantial contributions to the depletion of the ozone layer, deterioration of global warming, and the ever-growing threat of climate change, surpassing even the impact of CO2. This study investigated the application of Co-group transition metals (TM; Co, Rh, Ir) encapsulated within silicon carbide nanotubes (TM@SiCNTs) as potential adsorbents designed to detect and capture trichloromethane (CFC-11) pollutants using a dispersion-corrected density functional theory (DFT) computational approach at the B3LYP-D3(BJ)/def2svp level of theory. A phenomenon was evident in the calculated adsorption energy of the examined system, where the Co@SiCNT exhibited the highest level of adsorption strength. Specifically, the adsorption energies for CFC11_cl_Co@SiCNT and CFC11_f_Co@SiCNT were notably − 100.45 kcal/mol and − 129.94 kcal/mol, respectively. The order of adsorption energies in (eV) was observed as follows: CFC11_cl_Co@SiCNT (− 4.36 eV) > CFC11_cl_Ir@SiCNT (− 2.80 eV) > CFC11_cl_Rh@SiCNT (− 0.77 eV). On the other hand, the fluorine adsorption sites also exhibited the following energies CFC11_f_Co@SiCNT (− 5.63 eV) > CFC11_f_Ir@SiCNT (− 2.07 eV) > CFC11_f_Rh@SiCNT (− 1.42 eV). These trends highlight that the Co@SiCNT-modified surface is the best adsorbent for detecting and adsorbing CFC11. The CFC11_cl_Co@SiCNT CFC11_f_Co@SiCNT systems have the most significant charge transfer at the chlorine and fluorine adsorption sites, signifying a substantial transfer of charge between the adsorbent and the adsorbate. We anticipate that this research will provide valuable insights to experimental researchers, highlighting the promise of utilizing SiCNTs doped with Co@SiCNTs as a compelling choice for gas sensor detection applications.

INTRODUCTION: Overweight, hyperglycaemia and hypertension are risk factors for development of cardiovascular diseases that have the highest mortality and morbidity rates among noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) globally. The aim of this study was to examine the health-promoting lifestyle behaviour that determine risk factors for Noncommunicable diseases among university employees in Nigeria. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional survey among university employees in Nigeria. Data were collected from 280 employees in the university by means of a questionnaire that consisted of three sections. Collected data were analysed using IBM-SPSS version 25. RESULTS: Good physical activity lifestyle behaviour (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.1, 95% CI: [1.1–3.9]) and good health responsibility lifestyle behaviour (aOR = 2.4, 95% CI: [1.2–4.9]) were statistically significant predictors of normal body mass index. Also, good health-promoting lifestyle profile (HPLP) (aOR = 3.1, 95% CI: [1.3–7.6]) was a statistically significant predictor of normal waist–hip ratio. However, there is no statistically significant relationship between HPLP and random blood sugar or between HPLP and blood pressure. CONCLUSION: The findings from the study reveal that good health-promoting lifestyle behaviour especially health responsibility, physical activity and stress management behaviour are determinant of overweight and obesity which are major risk factors for development of cardiovascular diseases, type II diabetes and some form of cancer. Hence, to reduce the risk of developing noncommunicable diseases, there is a need to develop an intervention to improve university employee’s health-promoting lifestyle.

Vitamin A deficiency is a major public health problem affecting poor populations in developing countries. Biscuits baked with Nigerian vitamin A fortified flour (30 IU/g) have been consumed by pre-school children. This study aims at determining vitamin A content and stability in retailed biscuits at point of consumption. Pre-tested, semi-structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect biscuit consumption pattern of pre-school children (n=1600). Out of 18 brands of biscuits reported, eight cartons of 8 commonly consumed brands were purchased from major markets in Lagos. Vitamin A (retinol) stability was determined by storing biscuit samples for 30 days. Pre- and post-storage retinol analyses were carried out using high performance liquid chromatography. Vitamin A stability was calculated as percentage of initial vitamin A biscuit values. Crunchiness and packaging of biscuit samples were also assessed. Data were analysed using descriptive and T-test at p<0.05. At pre-storage level, 62.5 % and 37.5 % samples had vitamin A and zero contents respectively. At post-storage, 25% had vitamin A content while 75% had zero content. Pre- and post-storage vitamin A content of samples was 5.2±4.9 IU/g and 1.9±1.8 IU/g. Mean vitamin A stability and loss in retailed biscuits at 2 months was 16.8% and 83.2% respectively. A significant difference was found in vitamin A content and stability of biscuits at pre- and post-storage levels. Biscuits lost crunchiness at post-storage level. Vitamin A content of retailed biscuit samples was below 30 IU/g resulting in very low stability. Use of fortified quality raw materials and compliance are essential.

When the first attempts at conceptualizing African ontology emerged in the last century, they were riddled with confusions and distortions. When one is reminded that some of these confusions and distortions were not even meant for the African audience in the first place, it becomes worrisome, the extent to which African ontology has been misrepresented and then misunderstood. This misrepresentation is connected to the failure to properly capture the true nature of Being among Africans, as noticeable in the works of Placide Tempels and Emmanuel Edeh. Where Tempels is imposing his Thomistic substance-based outlook on the Bantou, Edeh is using an “unfamiliar” linguistic framework for the Igbo. This chapter reflects that the distortion noticeable in the works of these scholars is connected to their inability to capture the process-relational underpinning of the African reality. Through the method of critical analysis, we establish that African ontology has a process-relational foundation. As a way of demonstrating this finding, the theorizations on African ontology by Ada Agada and Mogobe Ramose are employed as process versions of African ontology even as both of them have not made such open avowal to this metaphysical orientation.

Taking my inspiration from the Hermopolitan and Heliopolitan systems of ancient Egypt, the Yorùbá philosophic sage, Ọ̀rúnmìlà, and the English philosopher of science cum metaphysician, Alfred North Whitehead, I ferment a unique event ontology of duality, which I christen Ìwà. Ìwà translates as character in everyday usage among the Yorùbá. However, when reflecting on an ontological plane, it dovetails into the very important metaphysical concept—“to be” and it is this latter usage that I cling to, for navigating this theory of ontological duality. Unlike other contemporary and emerging African ontological theories, Ìwà openly avows itself as event metaphysics capable of providing a logical, coherent, and relevant interpretation of the African reality. Prominent metaphysical issues such as experience with its ubiquitous character, the nature of the relationship between God and the world, power, and theodicy along with the interconnected feature of reality with implications for modern science are provided rational and coherent attention via Ìwà ontology.

Background Maternal mortality poses a significant threat to mothers, their children, and families, prompting pregnant women to seek safe and effective deliveries. Nigeria ranks second globally in maternal mortality rates, highlighting the urgent nature of this issue. To address this, the United Nations supports birth preparedness and complication readiness (BPCR) to lower mortality rates and promote safer childbirth. This study evaluates BPCR practices among antenatal clinic attendees in Nigeria as part of ongoing efforts to reduce maternal and infant mortality. Materials and Methods A descriptive cross-sectional survey was employed using a structured questionnaire. A total sample of 320 participants was calculated using a population-based random sampling formula, with 40 pregnant women selected from each of the eight clinics in the Iseyin Local Government Area. Data were analyzed using the IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 25.0 (Chicago, IL, USA), employing descriptive and inferential statistics at a 0.05 significance level. Results were presented through tables and charts. Results The findings indicated that most respondents (86.8%) demonstrated a strong understanding of BPCR, while 87.8% reported good BPCR practices. A significant relationship ( P < 0.05) was also observed between respondents’ knowledge, parity, and BPCR practices. Conclusion The study highlights that sociodemographic factors, gravidity, parity, and BPCR knowledge significantly influence birth preparedness among pregnant women in Iseyin, Nigeria. Younger, first-time mothers and those with greater BPCR knowledge showed better preparedness. While most participants practiced essential BPCR measures, challenges such as unsafe abortions, limited antenatal care, and poverty still contribute to perinatal mortality. Addressing these gaps through targeted education and resource access could further reduce childbirth-related mortality.

Background Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest maternal mortality rate globally, with Nigeria seeing approximately 234 maternal deaths/100,000 live births. Despite policies aimed at discouraging home deliveries by traditional birth attendants (TBAs) and promoting clinic-based births under skilled care, many women in Nigeria continue to give birth at home. This study explores why women opt for home deliveries and seek assistance from TBAs. Materials and Methods A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted among 200 women of reproductive age (18–49 years) in a rural area of Ibadan North Local Government, Nigeria. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 28.0. Bivariate and logistic regression analyses were employed to identify factors influencing the use of TBAs. Results The study revealed that 72% of the women had utilized TBAs, often driven by family influence, fear of surgical interventions (69.4%), and the perceived spiritual benefits of prayer sessions (96.5%). Around 20% of the women reported complications during TBA-assisted deliveries, with common issues including bleeding and retained placenta. Conclusion Sociodemographic factors, cultural norms, and access barriers strongly influence the utilization of TBAs among Nigerian childbearing women. Younger women and those influenced by family traditions, spiritual beliefs, and lower socioeconomic status are more likely to choose TBAs. Negative experiences with healthcare staff, fear of medical interventions, and crowded hospitals further contribute to this preference. Addressing these factors in healthcare policies could promote safer delivery practices and improve maternal health outcomes.

The study examined teachers’ development and secondary school effectiveness in Ekiti State, Nigeria. The study sought to establish the relationship between teachers’ development training and secondary school effectiveness in Ekiti State. Descriptive research design of survey type was adopted in the study. The population of the study comprised all the teaching staff (teachers and principals) numbered 5,908 in public secondary schools in Ekiti State. The total number of public secondary schools in Ekiti State was 202. The sample of the study was made up of 240 teachers and 24 principals selected from 24 public secondary schools in each of the three senatorial districts in Ekiti State. Multistage sampling procedures which involved simple random sampling and stratified random sampling techniques were used to select sample of the study. The instruments tagged Teachers’ Development Training Questionnaire (TDTQ) and Secondary School Effectiveness Questionnaire (SSEQ) were used to collect data. The instruments were validated and found reliable with the reliability coefficient of 0.84 and 0.86 respectively. Descriptive statistics of frequency counts, percentages scores, mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions and Pearson’s Moment Correlation was used to test the hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed that there is a significant relationship between teachers’ development and secondary school effectiveness in Ekiti State. Based on the findings and conclusions of the study, it was recommended that regular and relevant teachers’ development programmes should be organized for secondary school teachers in order to ensure continuous quality education delivery and secondary school effectiveness.

Background Healthcare facilities (HCF) are significant producers of healthcare waste (HCW), which includes hazardous materials such as sharps, pharmaceuticals, infectious substances, and chemical agents. Inadequate management of HCW presents serious risks to human health and the environment, especially in low- and middle-income countries, including Nigeria. Despite global guidelines for HCW management, challenges such as insufficient infrastructure, training, and adherence to regulations persist, particularly in regions like the Bwari Area Council, Abuja. This study evaluates healthcare workers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding healthcare waste management, compares practices between private and public healthcare facilities, and assesses adherence to national guidelines. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 425 healthcare workers from ten healthcare facilities (five private, five public) in the Bwari Area Council. A random sampling technique was used, and a self-administered questionnaire assessed the participants' knowledge and practices related to healthcare waste management. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 28.0. Results Private healthcare workers demonstrated significantly better knowledge of waste segregation (92.5% vs. 84.9%, p = 0.012) and identifying vaccine containers as medical waste (80.8% vs. 70.8%, p = 0.016) compared to government workers. In practice, a significantly higher proportion of private workers refrained from flushing liquid medical waste into toilets (71% vs. 65%, p = 0.040). In contrast, government workers exhibited more positive attitudes towards waste management, with 99.3% agreeing that medical waste should be properly handled compared to 97.0% in private facilities (p = 0.016). Both private and government workers displayed high knowledge of color coding for medical waste (94.6% vs. 93.5%, p = 0.650), but only 15.1% correctly identified the green color code for general waste. Conclusion Private healthcare workers demonstrated better knowledge of waste segregation, while government workers showed more positive attitudes toward waste handling. Both sectors had similar practices, with gaps in the liquid waste disposal and general waste color coding. Targeted interventions and consistent training are needed to improve waste management practices across both facility types.

This study investigated barriers to assessing community health services, and utilization of primary healthcare (PHC) services in Bwari Area Council, Abuja FCT, Nigeria, focusing on identifying barriers and assessing community satisfaction. A cross-sectional quantitative approach was employed over six months, involving 404 participants selected through a multistage sampling technique. Structured survey questionnaires were utilized to collect data on demographics, healthcare utilization, and barriers to PHC. The study revealed diverse demographic characteristics, with a predominant level of satisfaction among 213 (52.87%) participants. Proximity, 128 (31.68%), and cost of services, 103(25.50%) emerged as primary motivators for utilizing healthcare services. Noteworthy barriers include long waiting times, 230(56.93%), inadequate healthcare facilities 206(50.99%), and stigma associated with healthcare-seeking 183 (45.30%). The findings highlight the significance of addressing these barriers to enhance accessibility and satisfaction with community healthcare services. Recommendations include strategies to reduce waiting times, improve infrastructure, conduct awareness campaigns, and explore measures to reduce the cost of services, contributing to the broader goal of fostering equitable healthcare access and enhancing community well-being. The study makes a valuable contribution to the understanding of PHC utilization patterns, satisfaction levels, and barriers, offering insights for policymakers, healthcare providers, and researchers working towards enhancing community health services.

Females are serving terms in custody for their involvements in armed robbery but there are limited published articles in this regard in Nigeria. However, factors that make females vulnerable and pull them into armed robbery have been assumed to be same with the males which may not be correct. This study therefore, examined the peculiar push and pull factors that predispose females into armed robbery in Nigeria. It is hinged on Differential Association theory by Sutherland (1947). The key participants purposefully selected were sixty-one female armed robbery convicts in custody at the three major correctional centers in three southwestern states in Nigeria; Lagos, Ogun and Oyo in 2022. Interviews were conducted to elicit information from the participants and data gathered were thematically analyzed bringing out themes derived from the interviews. The study revealed that majority of the females involved in armed robbery were pushed into it based on their emotional attachments to male armed robbers, assistance rendered to the males in their hustling and deals while many were pulled into it because of the financial gains attached to it. The study therefore recommends amongst others that females need to consider their family background, family name, future, not immediate gratification, and the effects of their actions on their significant others before rendering any assistance or actions that violate the laws to anyone including females.

Hitherto, the African intellect had been decimated by notable European scholars such as David Hume, Charles Darwin, Friedrich Hegel, Lucien Levy-Bruhl to name a few. The common denominator among these male scholars is that the African intellect is not yet developed to the extent that it can accommodate logical reasoning. Whereas notable African scholars have responded to these charges as misleading whilst exploring ways of coming up with a logic system that can mediate the theory, thought and practice peculiar to Africans yet applicable in other climes, the role of women in this journey has usually been downplayed. This research thereby seeks to fill this void by making a case for the contribution of the Australian Helen Verran who did not engage in armchair scholarship as most of her European male counterparts who deny the African the ability to reason logically, but journeyed to Nigeria to perform some experiments with the Yorùbá numerical system. She is persuaded that through the traditional Yorùbá numerical pattern, an underlying logic system is implied. Even when her conclusions are questionable on several fronts, this research concludes that her role in instilling confidence in the development of artificial logic in Africa must not go unmentioned.

This research quantitatively evaluates the natural radioactivity levels and geological radiation hazard parameters of soil and rock specimens obtained from mining locations in NorthEastern Nigeria, by means of grammar-ray spectroscopy. There have been potential public health risks associated with the use of soil and rock from mining locations in NorthEastern Nigeria, specifically the study areas. A total of twenty-eight samples were systematically gathered from Nahuta and Kashere locations. Through gamma spectrometry employing a NaI (TI) detector, the natural radioactivity levels of 238 U, 232 Th and 40 K were determined for each and every sample. The findings indicated that the mean activity concentrations of 226 Ra, 232 Th, and 40 K in Nahuta are 46.13 ± 4.78 Bq/Kg, 34.10 ± 3.02 Bq/Kg and 473.94 ± 5.41 Bq/Kg for the soil samples respectively, and 32.91 ± 0.49 Bq/Kg, 40.70 ± 0.41 Bq/Kg, and 578.18 ± 4.28 Bq/Kg for the rock samples respectively. The corresponding mean activity concentrations of 226 Ra, 232 Th, and 40 K in kashere are 17.99 ± 4.18 Bq/Kg, 23.73 ± 1.78 Bq/ Kg, and 191.65 ± 3.15 Bq/Kg, for the soil samples, and 20.24 ± 3.72 Bq/Kg, 29.09 ± 1.78 Bq/Kg, and 148.36 ± 3.15 Bq/Kg, for the rock samples respectively. An analysis of radiation risk parameters (D, AEDE, Ra eq , H ex , H in , AGDE and ELCR) has been conducted and findings explored. While the samples from the kashere region fall within the international recommended levels, elevated readings of certain radiation health parameters are observed in the Nahuta region, posing serious public health risk due to utilization of the soil and rock from this area in construction activities.

This study investigated barriers to assessing community health services, and utilization of primary healthcare (PHC) services in Bwari Area Council, Abuja FCT, Nigeria, focusing on identifying barriers and assessing community satisfaction. A cross-sectional quantitative approach was employed over six months, involving 404 participants selected through a multistage sampling technique. Structured survey questionnaires were utilized to collect data on demographics, healthcare utilization, and barriers to PHC. The study revealed diverse demographic characteristics, with a predominant level of satisfaction among 213 (52.87%) participants. Proximity, 128 (31.68%), and cost of services, 103(25.50%) emerged as primary motivators for utilizing healthcare services. Noteworthy barriers include long waiting times, 230(56.93%), inadequate healthcare facilities 206(50.99%), and stigma associated with healthcare-seeking 183 (45.30%). The findings highlight the significance of addressing these barriers to enhance accessibility and satisfaction with community healthcare services. Recommendations include strategies to reduce waiting times, improve infrastructure, conduct awareness campaigns, and explore measures to reduce the cost of services, contributing to the broader goal of fostering equitable healthcare access and enhancing community well-being. The study makes a valuable contribution to the understanding of PHC utilization patterns, satisfaction levels, and barriers, offering insights for policymakers, healthcare providers, and researchers working towards enhancing community health services.

This study examines the efficacy of machine learning techniques, particularly Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), and Random Forest and in forecasting Nigeria's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Traditional statistical methods frequently fail to capture intricate, nonlinear relationships, thus necessitating advanced techniques. The dataset employed in this research encompasses 22 instances from 2000 to 2021. It includes variables such as GDP, healthcare expenditure, population, and the index of economic freedom obtained from the World Bank as well as the Nigerian Perceptions Index for corruption. The data was prepared to undergo training and testing following the CRISP-DM methodology. The models were trained and evaluated using a five-member cross-validation method. Performance metrics indicated that MLP outperformed Random Forest, with MAE values of 16.8228 and 25.3074 and RMSE values of 23.2111 and 33.2027, respectively. These findings suggest that MLP offers more accurate GDP predictions for Nigeria, effectively managing complex data relationships. This study provides valuable insights for enhancing predictive accuracy and supporting more effective economic planning and decision-making.

Active pharmaceutical ingredients, such as levonorgestrel (LNG), continue to increase in aquatic ecosystems and are detected in environmental matrices; however, their ability to bioaccumulate and cause reproductive, developmental, and biochemical defects in benthic organisms, such as Macrocyclops albidus, is unknown. This study investigated the effects of LNG on the oxidative stress response, reproduction, and development of M. albidus. Levonorgestrel induced a significant (p<0.05) increase in total protein with increasing concentrations from 10 ng L-1. Intracellular hydrogen peroxide levels were elevated after exposure to LNG (p<0.05). Malondialdehyde level declined as LNG concentration increased at day 7 and increased at higher LNG at day 14. Peroxidase activity was significantly (p<0.05) elevated by lower (1-100 ng L-1) than higher (1000-10000 ng L-1) concentrations of LNG. Glutathione S-transferase activity declined with increasing concentrations of LNG. Increased metamorphosis from the nauplii to the copepodite stage was significantly induced by 1000 and 10000 ng L-1 LNG within four days of exposure. In addition, higher concentrations of LNG induced early production of egg sacs in female M. albidus within four days. Levonorgestrel bioaccumulated in M. albidus, with higher tissue concentrations occurring at high exposures. This study revealed that LNG is readily absorbed and causes stress by interfering with reproduction and metamorphosis in M. albidus, thereby highlighting the role of this zooplankton as a sensitive bioindicator of endocrine disruptors in aquatic ecosystems.

Introduction Homology modeling is a widely used computational technique for predicting the three-dimensional (3D) structures of proteins based on known templates,evolutionary relationships to provide structural insights critical for understanding protein function, interactions, and potential therapeutic targets. However, existing tools often require significant expertise and computational resources, presenting a barrier for many researchers. Methods Prostruc is a Python-based homology modeling tool designed to simplify protein structure prediction through an intuitive, automated pipeline. Integrating Biopython for sequence alignment, BLAST for template identification, and ProMod3 for structure generation, Prostruc streamlines complex workflows into a user-friendly interface. The tool enables researchers to input protein sequences, identify homologous templates from databases such as the Protein Data Bank (PDB), and generate high-quality 3D structures with minimal computational expertise. Prostruc implements a two-stage vSquarealidation process: first, it uses TM-align for structural comparison, assessing Root Mean Deviations (RMSD) and TM scores against reference models. Second, it evaluates model quality via QMEANDisCo to ensure high accuracy. Results The top five models are selected based on these metrics and provided to the user. Prostruc stands out by offering scalability, flexibility, and ease of use. It is accessible via a cloud-based web interface or as a Python package for local use, ensuring adaptability across research environments. Benchmarking against existing tools like SWISS-MODEL,I-TASSER and Phyre2 demonstrates Prostruc's competitive performance in terms of structural accuracy and job runtime, while its open-source nature encourages community-driven innovation. Discussion Prostruc is positioned as a significant advancement in homology modeling, making high-quality protein structure prediction more accessible to the scientific community.

Context This work presents analytical expressions for ro-vibrational energy models of diatomic molecules by introducing fractional parameters to improve molecular interaction analysis. Thermodynamic models, including Helmholtz free energy, mean thermal energy, entropy, and isochoric heat capacity, are formulated for diatomic molecules such as CO (X 1∑+), Cs2 (3 3∑g+), K2 (X 1∑g+), 7Li2 (6 1Πu), 7Li2 (1 3Δg), Na2 (5 1Δg), Na2 (C(2) 1Πu), and NaK (c 3∑+). The incorporation of fractional parameters improves predictive accuracy for vibrational energies, as shown by reductions in percentage average absolute deviations from 0.5511 to 0.2185% for CO. Findings indicate a linear decrease in Helmholtz free energy and an initial increase in heat capacity with rising temperature, providing valuable insights for characterizing materials and optimizing molecular processes in chemistry, material science, and chemical engineering. The results obtained show strong agreement with established theoretical predictions and experimental data, validating the robustness and applicability of the proposed models. Methods The energy equations are derived by solving the radial Schrödinger equation for a variant of the Tietz potential using the generalized fractional Nikiforov-Uvarov (GFNU) method in addition to a Pekeris-type approximation for the centrifugal term. The canonical partition function is derived using the modified Poisson series formula, which serves as a basis for calculating other thermodynamic functions. All computations are carried out using MATLAB programming software.

Electronic voting (e-voting) systems are gaining increasing attention as a means to modernize electoral processes, enhance transparency, and boost voters’ participation. In recent years, significant developments have occurred in the study of e-voting and blockchain technology systems, hence reshaping many electoral systems globally. For example, real-world implementations of blockchain-based e-voting have been explored in various countries, such as Estonia and Switzerland, which demonstrates the potential of blockchain to enhance the security and transparency of elections. Thus, in this paper, we present a survey of the latest trends in the development of e-voting systems, focusing on the integration of blockchain technology as a promising solution to address various concerns in e-voting, including security, transparency, auditability, and voting integrity. This survey is important because existing survey articles do not cover the latest advancements in blockchain technology for e-voting, particularly as it relates to architecture, global trends, and current concerns in the developmental process. Thus, we address this gap by providing an encompassing overview of architectures, developments, concerns, and solutions in e-voting systems based on the use of blockchain technology. Specifically, a concise summary of the information necessary for implementing blockchain-based e-voting solutions is provided. Furthermore, we discuss recent advances in blockchain systems, which aim to enhance scalability and performance in large-scale voting scenarios. We also highlight the fact that the implementation of blockchain-based e-voting systems faces challenges, including cybersecurity risks, resource intensity, and the need for robust infrastructure, which must be addressed to ensure the scalability and reliability of these systems. This survey also points to the ongoing development in the field, highlighting future research directions such as improving the efficiency of blockchain algorithms and integrating advanced cryptographic techniques to further enhance security and trust in e-voting systems. Hence, by analyzing the current state of e-voting systems and blockchain technology, insights have been provided into the opportunities and challenges in the field with opportunities for future research and development efforts aimed at creating more secure, transparent, and inclusive electoral processes.