National Defence University of Warsaw

Incorporating the threat of climate change into the security architecture redefines the role of the military and broadens its remit to include responsibilities related to ensuring climate security. In many countries, the mili-tary' s involvement in the fight against climate change is seen as essential. The aim of this research is to present the activities of the army in the face of climate change and their impact on the security of NATO countries, as the mil-itary' s energy transition is currently one of the key challenges for allied armies. Four diagnostic features were included in the study: adaptation to new environmental conditions, sustainability and zero-carbon, knowledge development and training activities, and partnership cooperation. The diversity of climate strategies in selected allied countries was examined through a comparative analysis and critique of strategic documents on climate change issues and defence energy transition (e.g. army climate strategies and civilian climate strategies). The study will outline the role that the military is slowly beginning to play in the energy transition process. The results may contribute to the discussion on energy transition in NATO armies, as this process is still highly controversial, with not all defence professionals agreeing on the army becoming eco-friendly, and contribute to the wider debate on low-carbon military operations.

Introduction: The authors of the article reviewed the available scientific literature, library resource bases and media reports in order to present the topic of safety in the hyperbaric environment and fire accidents in hyperbaric chambers. Since the topic of the safety of the use of the chambers in the context of the threat to the life and health of both patients, staff and safe personnel is an important medical issue, an attempt was made to present the topic, description of accidents and numerous observations were made. Material and methods: Review of scientific literature and multimedia materials from the library collections. Results: A fire in a hyperbaric chamber, which exposes patients, staff and technical staff to the risk of loss of health and life, is the lack of compliance with procedures and the use of adequate algorithms based on them.

For years, the most important value of any organisation invariably remains the people who make it up. Their competence, knowledge and skills directly determine the outcome of the processes implemented and the level of results achieved. The same situation applies to military logistics personnel performing a wide variety of tasks within the subsystems of the military logistics system. As experience to date indicates, the key issue in the proper preparation of logistics personnel is the education of managerial cadres within military education. In this extremely complex process, it turns out to be a priority to reliably measure the effectiveness of the didactic methods and techniques used, the effect of which unambiguously determines the competences, knowledge and skills of those graduating from specific forms of education conducted within the framework of military higher education. It should be noted that the area subjected to research has not been comprehensively explored in the scientific dimension so far, which results in the fact that the research results obtained and described in the article complement the research gap clearly noticed in the literature on the subject regarding the measurement of the effectiveness of training logistic personnel in the military higher education system. The article is an attempt to fill a research gap in the field of the effectiveness of training logistic personnel for the needs of the armed forces, which undoubtedly exists because the literature on the effectiveness of training does not refer to this area. The aim of this article is to identify and evaluate priority dimensions and methods for measuring the effectiveness of logistics personnel education in the military higher education system. The research problem undertaken to be solved was specified in the following form: which dimensions, measures and indicators should be prioritised in the process of measuring the effectiveness of logistics personnel education in the military higher education system? A number of methods were used in the material, the leading ones being analysis and synthesis, literature search, abstraction and inference. A diagnostic survey method using an expert interview technique was used as the empirical method. The approach adopted was due to the nature and complexity of the research problem undertaken to solve.

The aim of the research presented here was to diagnose the personal and social identity of young Poles living in Ireland and attending Polish schools, and to analyse the relationship of this identity with selected elements of the legal order. The main research problems were formulated in the form of questions: (1) What characterises the personal identity of the adolescents surveyed? (2) What is the social identity of the respondents? (3) What is the relationship of the respondents’ personal and social identity to selected elements of the legal order? A diagnostic survey method, a survey technique and a research tool in the form of a survey questionnaire were used to realise the aim of the research and to answer the questions posed. The research was conducted among young Poles living in Ireland and attending Polish weekend schools (n=104). The analysis of the survey results shows that the identity of Polish young people is multifaceted and combines a strong sense of Polishness with living in Ireland. Key elements of identity include a sense of belonging to the Polish nation, their families and the larger European community, while recognising themselves as Irish residents. Furthermore, identity traits are shaped by place of birth, educational context and key elements of the legal order, such as adherence to the law and respect for human rights, highlighting their willingness to engage in socio-political life.

Etymologiae was Isidore of Seville’s most well-known work. This volume included a number of issues that reflected ancient knowledge adjusted to the changing realities of then contemporary world. The terms defined there were grouped in twenty books, which in turn were divided into chapters. Definitions of individual magical professions were included in Book VIII The Church and sects in chapter nine (Magicians). One could find there explanations of terms such as: magicians, necromancers, hydromancers, divini, incantatores, harioli, astrologers, sortilegi, salisatores, haruspices, augurs or pythonissae. Isidore believed that magical professions had one thing in common: they were all related to the work of demons. The main research problem of this article has been formulated as follows: to what degree can one talk about a coherent and consistent Christian critique of pagan religious and magical practices in Isidore’s Etymologiae? The aim of this article is to present Christian critique of pagan religious and magical practices in the Sevillian’s most famous work. The following methods are applied in this work: historical investigation, comparison and philosophical analysis.

The chapter presents theoretical analysis of terms and concept (security, threats, security strategies) well situated in reality and discussed in the literature. The general review constitutes the canvas for describing contemporary security environment by creating the picture of prevailing threats and justifying the thesis (included in the arching question of the book) that they are borderless, affect the state security and personal security irrespectively of the continent or a state and its capacities and vulnerabilities. In an attempt at presenting the general outline of the threats challenging humans on the globe, I selected the threats according to the criterion of their sources: political, military, ecological, demographic, natural, cyber (Kitler, 2004) and their occurrence in the most populated countries on each continent: Brazil, The USA, The Russian Federation, Nigeria and Poland as the border country of the EU.

The critical infrastructure—assets, networks, and systems—provides the essential services that underpin society therefore it must be secure and resilient to withstand and rapidly recover from all hazards (cyber-attacks, terrorist attacks, natural, military, political threats). Protection of critical infrastructure (CI) involves not only protecting it against threats but also eliminating disruptions and damages in a short time avoiding additional losses. The shift from an emphasis on “protection” of CI assets to their security and resiliency is the core. Depending on the risk, protection of CI would include changes in tactics, techniques, or procedures. This chapter presents current and future means of deception, camouflaging and concealing of military and civil assets in the UE, NATO, and particular countries: USA and Poland.

Electronic waste (e-waste) has been identified as an emerging pollutant and is the fastest growing waste stream at the present time. Significant technological development and modernization within the last decade has led to the rapid accumulation of outdated, broken and unwanted electrical and electronic equipment (EEE). Electronic products mainly consist of a range of metal containing components that, when disposed of improperly, could result in metal constituents leached into the environment and posing a health risk to humans and animals alike. Metal exposure can induce oxidative stress in organisms, which could lead to synergistic, antagonistic and additive effects. The metals found highest in abundance in the simulated e-waste leachate, were nickel (Ni), barium (Ba), zinc (Zn), lithium (Li), iron (Fe), aluminium (Al) and copper (Cu). An acute exposure study was conducted over a 96 h period to determine the potential toxicity of e-waste on the test organism Danio rerio. Biomarker analysis results to assess the biochemical and physiological effects induced by e-waste leachate, showed a statistically significant effect induced on acetylcholinesterase activity, superoxide dismutase, catalase activity, reduced glutathione content, glutathione s-transferase, malondialdehyde and glucose energy available. The Integrated Biomarker Response (IBRv2) analysis revealed a greater biomarker response induced as the exposure concentration of e-waste leachate increased.

The image of public organizations as employers, including security institutions such as the Polish Army, is an intangible, subjective and changeable aspect, which is shaped, among other things, using modern and traditional communication platforms. The preference of information sources is an important issue in the process of employer branding, as the selection and use of the right sources of information allows to effectively inform target groups, increase the level of knowledge about the attributes of the military as an employer, eliminate misinformation and respond more quickly to image crises. With the above in mind, the purpose of the conducted research was to identify the sources of information about the military used by representatives of three generations operating in the modern labor market, including the search for a relationship between the level of attractiveness of the Polish Army and the sources of information used by the public. The conducted research aimed to show how important it is to know the target groups, their preferences, and needs, in the context of the process of building the image of a public institution as an attractive employer.

Podstawowym celem opracowania jest podkreślenie istotności Przemysłu 4.0, który przenika się z dzisiejszą rzeczywistością. Czwarta rewolucja przemysłowa sprawia, że koncepty technologii klasycznych i cyfrowych łączą się, wykorzystując w swoim działaniu przemysłowy Internet Rzeczy. Każde działanie realizowane za pomocą technologii wymaga odpowiedniego przepływu wszelkiego rodzaju informacji w celu zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa danych. Artykuł ukazuje również znaczenie Systemu Zarządzania Bezpieczeństwem Informacji, ilości bowiem przetwarzanych danych z wykorzystaniem technologii informatycznych są ogromne. Obecnie społeczeństwo bardzo często ujawnia swoje dane, nie myśląc o konsekwencjach. Coraz częściej dane osobowe utożsamia się z walutą, ponieważ w celu uzyskania rabatu lub przyszłych korzyści majątkowych udostępnia się dane bez względu na skutki. System Zarządzania Bezpieczeństwem Informacji nawołuje do ciągłego doskonalenia organizacji przetwarzających dane o osobach zidentyfikowanych lub możliwych do zidentyfikowania. Niezmiernie ważna jest jednak także samodzielna weryfikacja i zgoda na przetwarzanie danych.

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza i ocena środowiska bezpieczeństwa Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej przedstawionego w Strategii Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej 2014 i w Strategii Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej 2020 oraz dokonanie na tej podstawie prognozy wyzwań, zagrożeń, ryzyk i szans dla bezpieczeństwa narodowego Polski w przyszłości. Głównym problemem badawczym jest próba odpowiedzi na pytanie: z jakimi wyzwaniami, zagrożeniami, ryzykami i szansami dla bezpieczeństwa narodowego Polski możemy mieć do czynienia w przyszłości? Znalezienie odpowiedzi na powyższą kwestię jest możliwe dzięki analizie i porównaniu ocen środowiska bezpieczeństwa narodowego Polski oraz przyjętych na tej podstawie koncepcji i założeń przedstawionych w Strategiach Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego RP 2014 i 2020. Kluczowe jest również postawienie pytania dotyczącego obrazu środowiska bezpieczeństwa narodowego Polski w przyszłości w świetle Strategii Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego RP 2014 i Strategii Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego RP 2020 i co będzie determinować jego zmiany. Hipoteza badawcza postawiona w pracy stanowi, iż zakłada się, że formułowanie efektywnej wizji środowiska bezpieczeństwa RP w ramach tworzenia nowej Strategii Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego RP jest możliwe poprzez sporządzenie prognozy polegającej na wskazaniu wyzwań, zagrożeń, ryzyk i szans dla bezpieczeństwa narodowego w wyniku projekcji różnych obrazów przyszłych strategii państwa ukazanych w Strategii Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego RP w latach 2014 oraz 2020. Złożoność rozpatrywanych problemów wymagała zastosowania wielu metod badawczych takich jak: analiza dokumentów strategicznych, literatury oraz dostępnych materiałów dydaktycznych dotyczących tematyki związanej z projektowaniem strategii bezpieczeństwa narodowego, a także syntezy, analogii, porównania, wnioskowania, definiowania. Wyzwania, zagrożenia, ryzyka i szanse przedstawione w Strategii Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego RP 2014 oraz w Strategii Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego RP 2020 były podstawą, przy sporządzaniu obu tych dokumentów strategicznych, do ukształtowania całościowej oceny i koncepcji środowiska bezpieczeństwa Polski. Obraz środowiska bezpieczeństwa Polski przedstawiony w trochę odmienny sposób w Strategii Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego RP 2014 i w Strategii Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego RP 2020 daje możliwość dokonania całościowej analizy i na tej podstawie sformułowanie wniosków dotyczących wyzwań, zagrożeń, ryzyk i szans dla bezpieczeństwa narodowego Polski kształtujących przyszłe środowisko bezpieczeństwo państwa.

Effective implementation of the “Safe System” approach requires ‘systems’ thinking in an integrated and holistic strategy involving all road safety disciplines. This paper examines safety systems management to gain a clearer perspective on managing road safety as a whole, rather than individual parts in isolation. The identification of a comprehensive system of good practice in data collection and risk analysis, root cause analysis incorporating contributory factors, together with critical performance monitoring leads to a more proactive approach to reform capable of achieving road safety targets. The paper identifies ‘System Safety’, explores the historical development of systems thinking and investigates transport and industry safety management to gain insight into how best to use the experiences in general road safety management. Road safety advancement is calling for a more systemic and dynamic analysis of road trauma risk factors. The original Haddon’s Matrix, used in crash investigations since the 1970’s is now questioned for sufficiency to support Safe Systems analysis. Psychologists such as James Reason and others have developed injury factor analysis tools that have been applied in occupational and aviation safety. These approaches support the analysis of latent root causes – methods that have generally not been applied in road safety. Apart from work-related road safety, this approach of systemic analysis has largely been absent. A critical assessment calls for a deeper analysis of road trauma data and more comprehensive use of key performance indicators in a similar application to that used in the medical and allied health services.

Artykuł przedstawia prawa i obowiązki ludności cywilnej podczas okupacji w świetle uwarunkowań definiowanych przez międzynarodowe prawo humanitarne. Celem pracy jest omówienie statusu prawnego okupacji oraz praw i obowiązków ludności cywilnej na okupowanym terytorium oraz wskazanie bieżących przykładów związanych z przestrzeganiem, egzekwowaniem i łamaniem tego prawa na przykładzie konfliktu zbrojnego na Ukrainie. Problem badawczy w pracy określono w formie pytania: jakie wnioski płyną w zakresie przestrzegania międzynarodowego prawa humanitarnego podczas konfliktu zbrojnego na Ukrainie? Hipoteza badawcza zaś przyjęła formę twierdzenia, że pomimo powszechnie dostępnych uregulowań doktrynalnych związanych z międzynarodowym prawem humanitarnym, istnieje wiele przykładów, które dowodzą, że egzekwowanie tego prawa nadal wymaga ponoszenia znacznych wysiłków na poziomie międzynarodowym. Metodyka badawcza opiera się na analizie literatury naukowej, raportów oraz źródeł internetowych na podstawie których przedstawione zostały doświadczenia w zakresie przestrzegania prawa międzynarodowego walczących stron. W artykule przedstawiono zagadnienia dotyczące tego w jaki sposób definiowany jest status prawny okupacji oraz jakie są prawa i obowiązki ludności cywilnej na terenach okupowanych zdefiniowanych w prawie międzynarodowym. Ponadto na wybranych przykładach przedstawiono wnioski jakie płyną w zakresie przestrzegania międzynarodowego prawa humanitarnego podczas konfliktu zbrojnego na Ukrainie. W głównych wnioskach badawczych wyszczególniono, iż pomimo szerokiego parasola ochrony rozpościeranego przez prawo międzynarodowe, doświadczenia ostatnich lat wskazują, że nie wszystkie państwa stosują się do obowiązków, które same wcześniej zaakceptowały poprzez przystąpienie do międzynarodowych konwencji i praw zwyczajowych. Mechanizmy pozwalające na zapewnienie, że odpowiedzialni za brak przestrzegania uregulowań prawnych poniosą adekwatne konsekwencje, niestety nie funkcjonują w sposób jednoznaczny. Brak skutecznych sposobów egzekwowania prawa międzynarodowego i sankcjonowania jego naruszeń sprawia, że winni często unikają odpowiedzialności. Brak jednolitych standardów i organów wykonawczych utrudnia skuteczną interwencję w przypadku naruszeń. Dlatego konieczne jest dążenie do wzmocnienia systemu międzynarodowego, aby zapewnić bardziej skuteczną egzekucję prawa i odpowiedzialność za jego łamanie. To wyzwanie wymaga współpracy państw oraz ciągłego nacisku społeczności międzynarodowej na przestrzeganie ustalonych norm prawnych.

The five major space treaties, created in the years 1967–1979, have been in force for several decades. Arguably, the first and most important treaty is the Outer Space Treaty, adopted in 1967, which outlines the overarching principles concerned with space activities. However, all five of the major space treaties provide a number of important definitions and arrangements applicable to space-based activities ranging from launch, liability, governance, rescue of astronauts and assets, as well as international relations mechanisms that promote collaboration between States.

This chapter is a basic introduction to international liability for environmental damages in aviation. It defines environmental law in the context of aviation. This discipline is quite new and important. It concerns private international aviation law. It is worth mentioning that this discipline is not based on only one international act or convention, but it consists of different regulations: on the global and regional scales. Environmental damages (aircraft emissions or aircraft noise) are connected to the liability of different entities, such as airlines, airport operators, or others, so is necessary to know the rules in case to eliminate risks connected to civil aviation. All aviation actors should be involved in creating international standards and regulations in environment liability.

Extreme wind is the main driver of loss in North-West Europe, with flooding being the second-highest driver. These hazards are currently modelled independently, and it is unclear what the contribution of their co-occurrence is to loss. They are often associated with extra-tropical cyclones, with studies focusing on co-occurrence of extreme meteorological variables. However, there has not been a systematic assessment of the meteorological drivers of the co-occurring \textit{impacts} of compound wind-flood events. This study quantifies this using an established storm severity index (SSI) and recently developed flood severity index (FSI), applied to the UKCP18 12km regional climate simulations, and a Great Britain (GB) focused hydrological model. The meteorological drivers are assessed using 30 weather types, which are designed to capture a broad spectrum of GB weather. Daily extreme compound events (exceeding 99th percentile of both SSI and FSI) are generally associated with cyclonic weather patterns, often from the positive phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO+) and Northwesterly classifications. Extreme compound events happen in a larger variety of weather patterns in a future climate. The location of extreme precipitation events shifts southward towards regions of increased exposure. The risk of extreme compound events increases almost four-fold in the UKCP18 simulations (from 14 events in the historical period, to 55 events in the future period). It is also more likely for there to be multi-day compound events. At seasonal timescales years tend to be either flood-prone or wind-damage-prone. In a future climate there is a larger proportion of years experiencing extreme seasonal SSI and FSI totals. This could lead to increases in reinsurance losses if not factored into current modelling.

The article presents a comprehensive study of the energy strategies of both countries, aimed at achieving their goals by 2050. A literature review presents global trends in energy policy, the current situation in Poland and Germany, and the importance of sustainable energy. For Poland and Germany, the current situation, goals, and strategies for 2050 are described, and the results of surveys carried out using a survey questionnaire are presented. A comparative analysis included a comparison of the goals and strategies of both countries and the results of surveys, presented in tabular form. This analysis drew conclusions regarding the differences and similarities in the approach of both countries to energy policy. The “Challenges and Prospects” section identifies potential challenges and presents opportunities and recommendations for the future. In conclusion, the article provides a thorough analysis, based on the methodology of a literature review, survey questionnaire, and tabular analysis, and contains important conclusions and implications for energy policy in Poland and Germany. The article also addresses the limitations of the study that may affect the interpretation of the results.