Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi - MPEG

Radulaceae is one of the most isolated lineages of leafy liverworts. This family contains three genera and between 200 and 350 extant species worldwide. Most species belong to the genus Radula, which is subdivided into five subgenera and remains taxonomically challenging. In the framework of an integrative taxonomic revision of Radulaceae in tropical America, we are paying special attention to understudied features that may be taxonomically informative, such as spores. Here, we perform the first palynological evaluation of sixteen species of Radulaceae. The spores were processed by standard palynological techniques and described using light and electron microscopy. The spores of Radulaceae are isomorphic monads, apolar in species of the genus Radula and cryptopolar in Cladoradula, usually small to medium-sized, rarely large, inaperturate, with a circular to slightly elongated outline. The spore surface is ornamented with rounded elements, here called Granulate-type ornamentation, or with elongated elements, called Echinate-type ornamentation, and shows differences in each species. The palynological data, especially spore ornamentation, can make an important contribution to Radulaceae taxonomy for separating species or groups of species. The groups found here, however, do not fully correspond to generic and infrageneric circumscriptions as supported by molecular-phylogenetic evidence.

Resumo O presente artigo objetiva destacar a forma como a mão de obra indígena foi explorada na transformação espacial da vila colonial de Barcelos, no médio rio Negro, durante a segunda metade do século XVIII. Por meio da leitura dos documentos da época, tais como correspondências, cartas régias, fontes impressas e material iconográfico, abordaremos a participação dos indígenas nos intensos trabalhos de revitalização da vila em duas partes. Inicialmente, entre os anos de 1755 e 1760, nos deteremos em discutir como a mão de obra indígena foi mobilizada na construção dos estabelecimentos ligados às funções políticas da administração colonial e ao setor militar envolvido nas demarcações de fronteiras; e, em seguida, refletiremos sobre a hipótese da chegada dos espanhóis em Barcelos no momento da crise política agravada a partir de 1759. Ambos os fatores foram responsáveis pela intensificação da exploração dos indígenas. Desse modo, será possível averiguar o papel deles no giro da ‘engrenagem’ da urbanização de Barcelos. Nesse período, e nas crises que se sucederam, a administração lusitana dependia totalmente da intervenção dos nativos do rio Negro para o estabelecimento das primeiras fundações no território.

RESUMO Refúgios climáticos são cruciais para a sobrevivência de diversas espécies em face das mudanças climáticas e do desmatamento. Na Amazônia, uma combinação de rápidas taxas de mudanças climáticas, extenso desmatamento e baixos níveis de tolerância climática faz que a migração para áreas com climas mais favoráveis seja uma estratégia vital. Neste estudo foram identificados e quantificados os macrorrefúgios climáticos na região entre 2000 e 2012. Descobriu-se que apenas 7,8% da Amazônia servem como refúgio, distribuídos especialmente nas bordas do bioma. Cerca de 70% são refúgios In Situ e 43% são Ex Situ. A maioria está em Áreas Protegidas, mas há lacunas em algumas ecorregiões. O desmatamento entre 2000 e 2012 resultou na perda de 1,2% dos refúgios. É urgente limitar essa perda e priorizar a proteção desses refúgios para garantir a adaptação da biodiversidade às mudanças climáticas.

Resumo Objetos tecidos e trançados de fibras vegetais, elaborados por povos indígenas do rio Negro, fornecem referências para o estabelecimento de diálogos com os escritos e as fotografias de Eduardo Galvão a respeito desses materiais e materialidades. Os tecidos de fios de tucum constituem um ofício feminino e eram produzidos na Missão Salesiana de São Gabriel da Cachoeira, no alto rio Negro. Os trançados, tanto o cesto cargueiro de cipó quanto o tipiti de arumã, representam saberes masculinos dos povos indígenas das comunidades de Acariquara e Espírito Santo, situadas no médio rio Negro. Abordo, neste artigo, a confecção e o uso de tecidos de tucum e trançados de cipó e arumã, como observado em 1995, 2007 e 2010, em diferentes localidades do noroeste amazônico.

Resumo Este memorial visa publicizar uma seleção de documentos do Fundo Eduardo Galvão, depositado no Arquivo Guilherme de La Penha, do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Trata-se de fragmentos de um acervo bem mais amplo sobre o rio Negro, produzido pelo antropólogo em 1951 e 1954, quando realizou duas expedições etnográficas àquela região. Antecedidos de uma breve contextualização sobre o antropólogo e sua obra relacionada à região do rio Negro, são publicados uma seleção de fotografias e trechos extraídos de diários de campo, que retratam personagens e suas relações no contexto do sistema de aviamento, principalmente relacionados à exploração da borracha.

Leaf and wood functional traits of trees are related to growth, reproduction, and survival, but the degree of phylogenetic conservatism in these relationships is largely unknown. In this study, we describe the variability of strategies involving leaf, wood and demographic characteristics for tree genera distributed across the Amazon Region, and quantify phylogenetic signal for the characteristics and their relationships. Leaf and wood traits are aligned with demographic variables along two main axes of variation. The first axis represents the coordination of leaf traits describing resource uptake and use, wood density, seed mass, and survival. The second axis represents the coordination between size and growth. Both axes show strong phylogenetic signal, suggesting a constrained evolution influenced by ancestral values, yet the second axis also has an additional, substantial portion of its variation that is driven by functional correlations unrelated to phylogeny, suggesting simultaneously higher evolutionary lability and coordination. Synthesis. Our results suggest that life history strategies of tropical trees are generally phylogenetically conserved, but that tree lineages may have some capability of responding to environmental changes by modulating their growth and size. Overall, we provide the largest‐scale synopsis of functional characteristics of Amazonian trees, showing substantial nuance in the evolutionary patterns of individual characteristics and their relationships. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

A new species of sarcophagid fly, Sarcofahrtiopsis papei sp. nov., is described based on a male specimen from the state of Amazonas in the Brazilian Amazon. It differs from congeners mainly in having the dorsal surface of the basiphallus with a clubbed projection bearing many tiny sclerotized spines. We also report the first record of Sarcofahrtiopsis matthewsi for the Brazilian Amazon. KEYWORDS: Amazonas; Insecta; Oestroidea; taxonomy; true flies

Habitat loss can lead to biotic homogenization (decrease in β diversity) or differentiation (increase in β diversity) of biological communities. However, it is unclear which of these ecological processes predominates in human‐modified landscapes. We used data on vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants to quantify β diversity based on species occurrence and abundance among communities in 1367 landscapes with varying amounts of habitat (<30%, 30−60%, or >60% of forest cover) throughout the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Decreases in habitat amount below 30% led to increased compositional similarity of vertebrate and invertebrate communities, which may indicate a process of biotic homogenization throughout the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. No pattern was detected in plant communities. We found that habitat loss was associated with a deterministic increase in faunal community similarity, which is consistent with a selected subset of species being capable of thriving in human‐modified landscapes. The lack of pattern found in plants was consistent with known variation between taxa in community responses to habitat amount. Brazilian legislation requiring the preservation of 20% of Atlantic Forest native vegetation may be insufficient to prevent the biotic homogenization of faunal communities. Our results highlight the importance of preserving large amounts of habitat, providing source areas for the recolonization of deforested landscapes, and avoiding large‐scale impacts of homogenization of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest.

There is still a lack of practical guidelines for understanding species roles and planning restoration strategies to enhance plant–pollinator interactions and support ecosystem functioning. We applied a network approach to understand the evolution of plant–pollinator restoration patterns and identify priority species, thus advancing restoration planning. Specifically, we compared species composition and network metrics along a gradient of time postdisturbance, from the initial stage of restoration to pristine forest in the Eastern Amazon. We found that mining type is a predictor of species composition. We observed the recovery of interaction diversity and pollinator specialization in the early stages of restoration. Mining type affected connectance, interactions, and species richness, and the restoration stage affected the number of links. From the interactions, we built a trait‐based framework to select manageable native species for initial restoration. The species selection framework proposed here is useful not only for forest restoration but also for the restoration of other areas and case studies (e.g. agroecosystems, conservation units, and ecological corridors) and can be adapted depending on the goals of each project. Here, we provide practical information for the management of mined land restoration in the Eastern Amazon and for restoration planning across broader scales.

Dalechampia burchellii (Euphorbiaceae): rediscovery, new synonyms, and update of its geographic distribution area). Dalechampia comprises around 72 species, among them, 48 are endemic to Brazil, occurring in all regions and phytogeographic domains. After extensive analysis of herborized material and in situ collection, we discovered the identity of D. burchellii and updated the morphological description and geographic distribution area of the species. We also present photographic records in the field, data on the habitat, phenology, and preliminary conservation status. Additionally, we present comments about the type of D. burchellii and included D. anomala and D. bangii as new synonyms. Keywords: Acre; Brazilian Amazon; new occurrences; neotropical region; taxonomy

Functional traits help to understand biological diversity and the mechanism by which ecological communities are structured and how they respond to the environment. For example, the high tree species diversity within tropical forests can be grouped into a few functional attributes, wood density, size and dependence on animal pollination or seed dispersal. However, little is known about how these traits influence animal taxonomic and functional diversity in the forests. We carried out a vegetation census on six plots (20 × 100 m) within the National Forest of Carajás (Amazon biome) to identify forest canopy species and their functional traits. Within the same plot, we also applied three bee sampling methods (entomological nets, honey traps and scent traps). By characterizing the functional traits of trees and bees, we were able to predict bee functional diversity better than with taxonomic diversity alone via combinations of tree traits like size, wood density, dependence on pollinators and extinction risk. We found that larger trees with low wood density were negatively associated with small, eusocial tree cavity nesting bees. The richness and abundance of trees with high extinction risk was positively associated with the richness of medium‐sized solitary bees. The dominance in the community of pollinator‐dependent trees (average diameter in the basal area) was negatively associated with the richness of above‐ground and cavity nesting bees. Our findings suggest that the composition of the tree community limits the availability of nesting resources for specific groups of bees. Moreover, the presence of trees with higher extinction risk (conservation value) was associated with a greater variety of bee traits and was the only metric associated with overall bee richness. As expected, functional traits shed light on the mechanism that might drive high diversity within tropical forests. In addition, there appears to be complementarity in terms of conservation value and carbon stock potential, as areas that habour tree species with higher extinction risk and higher wood density are also those with overall greater bee and functional diversity. Finally, our study can contribute to the restoration of plant—pollinator community by providing an understanding of the vegetation community that contributes to biodiversity maintenance. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

We present an updated, commented, and revised catalog for the Brazilian cuckoo wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae) and pay tribute to Adolph Ducke’s 1913 monographic work on the Brazilian fauna of these wasps titled “As Chrysididas do Brazil.” We document all 159 chrysidid species known to occur in Brazil, classified into 18 genera representing three subfamilies: Amiseginae, Chrysidinae, and Cleptinae. We detail all synonyms, provide geographical distribution for all recorded species, and compile host associations for 28 species in Brazil. Notes on type specimens and their depository collections are provided and complemented by images of 30 primary types. Additionally, we reinstated Exsecochrysis Linsenmaier from the synonymy with Pleurochrysis Bohart (rejected junior homonym) in place of Rhipidochrysis Rosa & Pavese, new synonym. All species previously treated as Pleurochrysis are transferred to Exsecochrysis.

While studying Chrysobalanaceae from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, we found some specimens from Espírito Santo State that were similar to each other, but had been attributed either to different genera or left undetermined. Morphological investigations led us to conclude that these collections represent a new species of the small genus Chrysobalanus, which is described herein as C. atlanticus. We provide a taxonomic treatment comprising a detailed morphological description, illustrations, a distributional map, a preliminary conservation assessment, and other taxonomic comments. Chrysobalanus atlanticus is known from four collections made at two localities that are in close proximity. It should be considered Data Deficient (DD) until additional material is found. This novelty reemphasizes the importance of preserving rainforest remnants in Espírito Santo and increasing botanical exploration in this region.

The Brazilian Atlantic Forest is home to more than 1,000 epiphytic orchid species. Palm trees are a conspicuous element in the Atlantic Coast restingas (environments characterized by high abiotic stress). We aimed to investigate whether orchids showed specificity for palm species and phorophyte strata (stem or crown) in a restinga area located in an Integral Protection Conservation Unit in Northeastern Brazil. We counted all palm trees ≥ 1.3 m in height and the epiphytic orchids found on them in four 1-ha plots established and distant from each other at least 100 m. Data were analyzed through ANOVA in a factorial scheme (2 × 2) and post hoc Tukey test to identify differences between means. We recorded 140 individuals of three orchid species growing on 75 individuals of two palm species. Catasetum gardneri and Vanilla palmarum were found exclusively as epiphytes on palm trees. Catasetum gardneri was exclusively associated with Syagrus schizophylla, whereas V. palmarum occurred predominantly on S. schizophylla, although it was also recorded on Elaeis guineensis (oil palm). The abundance of V. palmarum was not influenced by strata in E. guineensis. The stem and the crown of S. schizophylla were the most suitable strata for C. gardneri and V. palmarum, respectively. Our data reiterate that conserving palm trees, especially S. shyzophylla, is important for maintaining the populations of orchids and possibly other epiphytes.