Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries

The propagation of intraseasonal Kelvin waves in the Indonesian seas significantly modulates the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) transport. However, their northward propagation across the equator within the main ITF route, particularly through the Makassar Strait, has remained unverified due to a lack of in situ observations. This study presents simultaneous mooring observations of current velocity profiles at the choke points in the ITF's main pathway, from the Lombok Strait to the northern Makassar Strait. Our results confirm the propagation of intraseasonal Kelvin waves cross the equator reaching the northern Makassar Strait, primarily along the 100‐m isobath. During the propagation, the dominant modes are the first and second baroclinic modes in the Indian Ocean, the second and third baroclinic modes between the Lombok and southern Makassar Straits, and the third to fifth baroclinic modes between the southern and northern Makassar Straits. Vertical mode decomposition reveals that the intraseasonal velocity anomaly in the northern Makassar Strait comprises the first five baroclinic modes, with the first two modes dominant in the upper 400 m and the third to fifth modes dominant at depths of 400–800 m. Our finding establishes the Makassar Strait as a definite pathway for the cross‐equator propagation of Kelvin waves, linking wave dynamics between the Pacific and Indian Oceans.

The ornamental fish Poecilia velifera (Sail-fin molly, Poeciliidae) has spread widely to various non-native ecosystems around the world, far from its native habitat in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Despite the availability of some partial mitochondrial and nuclear genetic information, the complete mitogenomic structure and its variation remain unknown for this species, which is essential for a comprehensive genetic characterization and detailed phylogenetic investigation. This study applied next-generation sequencing to generate the de novo mitogenome of morphologically identified P. velifera from a non-native brackish water ecosystem in Banten Province, Indonesia. The resulting mitogenome was 16,627 bp in length and encompassed 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNAs, two ribosomal RNAs, and a non-coding control region (CR). The result enhances our understanding of the genetic makeup of P. velifera compared to its congeners. Furthermore, the identified nucleotide variations within the conserved blocks of the CR region could provide insights into the functional role of this non-coding region. Bayesian phylogenetic inference using concatenated PCGs distinguished P. velifera from its congeners and showed monophyletic clustering of Poecilia in the family Poeciliidae, consistent with earlier evolutionary hypotheses. This first mitogenome of P. velifera paves the way for using multiple mitochondrial markers in species identification and understanding population structure in the near future. In addition, looking into the genetic evidence of this ornamental species in a non-native ecosystem, the study emphasizes the importance of strict quarantine regulations to protect Indonesia's native fish species.

The investigation of alternative raw materials for gelatine production from fishery industry by-products has gained attention due to the increasing demand for gelatine and the importance for sustainable practices. This study aims to determine the optimal hydrochloric acid (HCl) concentration for mineral removal during pre-treatment, assess hydroxyproline content at various processing stages and characterise the resultant gelatine. The methodology involved pre-treatment of the materials with 0.1 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to remove non-collagen proteins, followed by mineral extraction using varying HCl concentrations (0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 M). The process included swelling in 0.2% citric acid for 12 h and gelatine extraction at 65°C for 7 h. The results indicated that 0.25 M HCl was most effective for mineral removal. The hydroxyproline analysis showed an insignificant increase (0.088 mg/mL–0.103 mg/mL) from the pre-treatment stage to the final gelatine product. The physicochemical properties of the liquid gelatine, including yield (6.5 ± 0.39%), pH (6.55 ± 0.11), and gel bloom strength (174 ± 8.54 blooms) conformed to Gelatin Manufacturers Institute of America (GMIA). Functional groups confirmed the presence of gelatine-specific, such as amides A, B, I, II and III. The molecular profile is comparable to commercial gelatine, with α1 chains at 130 kDa, α2 chains at 115 kDa, and β chains at 235 kDa. The gelatine derived from the scaly skin of purple-spotted bigeye exhibits promising attributes, aligning with commercial standards and highlights the potential of fishery by-products as a sustainable and halal source of gelatine.

Paddy straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) is an edible fungus commonly cultivated in Southeast Asia, valued for its nutritional composition and potential antioxidant activity. This study evaluates its macronutrient profile and antioxidant properties. Analysis of 100 g dried weight of paddy straw mushrooms revealed a composition of 4 g carbohydrates, 3.38 g protein, and 0.68 g fat, with no detectable cholesterol. Xylose was identified as the predominant carbohydrate, with minor amounts of fatty acids, including linoleic acid. Antioxidant activity, assessed using the Trolox equivalent assay, confirmed the mushroom’s free radical scavenging ability, although the activity varied depending on the assay conditions. These findings highlight the nutritional and bioactive potential of V. volvacea while emphasizing the need for methodological consistency in antioxidant evaluations.

Coastal morphology and dynamics influence the sediment transport process from land to coast and sea. A study of the distribution of sediment types was carried out on the beach and foreshore of Carita Beach, Pandeglang Banten, to provide an overview of the sediment transport and deposition processes based on sediment grain size distribution. Sediment samples were collected: nine from the foreshore and six from the beach. The sediment grain size was analysed using the fractionation method with sieving and pipetting, and the organic material content was analysed using the Loss on Ignition (LOI) method. Aggregations and statistics of the sediments were analysed using the Gradistat program. water content (%) of the sediments collected ranges from 10 - 65 %, the highest at the foreshore station (SL4) and the lowest at the beach station (SP1). The grain size (%) of the sediments collected had 11 categories, from gravel to fine clay. The total organic matter (%) in foreshore sediments is low, while that on the beach is very low. Statistically, the sediment distribution shows good sorting, high variation in skewness, and leptokurtic dominance

This study offers a comprehensive bibliometric analysis and review of microwave drying technology's impact on fruit quality preservation in the food industry from 2018 to se2024. Key contributions from leading researchers and institutions globally are highlighted, revealing the prominence of countries like Turkey, China, and India in advancing this field. The review demonstrates that microwave drying outperforms traditional methods such as hot air, sun, and freeze-drying in terms of efficiency, energy consumption, and preservation of nutritional and sensory qualities. Specific findings indicate that microwave drying retains essential vitamins, antioxidants, and bioactive compounds more effectively, with the aid of advanced models and pretreatments optimizing drying processes for high-quality outputs. The study underscores the potential for microwave drying to revolutionize fruit preservation, while also identifying areas for future research to address existing limitations and enhance technology adoption in the industry.

This study investigates the effects of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) microplastics on Telescopium telescopium, a gastropod from mangrove ecosystems. Although microplastics’ impact on ecosystems has been widely discussed, little is known about PVC effects on T. telescopium. We exposed specimens to control conditions and to PVC concentrations of 4 mg/L, 40 mg/L, and 400 mg/L for 4 and 28 days. Results show that the highest concentration led to significant PVC accumulation in the digestive tract, with an average of 68.5 µg per individual. Semi-quantitative histopathological analysis of the digestive gland revealed escalating damage: the histopathological index increased from 34.5 in controls to 66, 87.5, and 116.5 at 4, 40, and 400 mg/L, respectively. Oxidative stress biomarkers (SOD, CAT, GPx) increased markedly at 400 mg/L, reflecting heightened stress. Our findings underscore the physiological impact of PVC and indicate possible detoxification and adaptive responses in T. telescopium.

The number and size of shark catches at Ujung Serangga Fish Landing Base have declined, while the operational area of shark longlines has expanded since 2015. This research aims to determine the distribution of longline fishing grounds and the composition of the shark catches for longlines based in Ujung Serangga Fish Landing Base. This research was done in 2024, March to April at Ujong Serangga Fish Landing Base, Padang Baru Village, Susoh District, Southwest Aceh Regency. The research method is descriptive. The results showed that shark catches were most common in the Mentawai waters of Siberut Island and Pagai Island. During the research, sharks landed at Ujung Serangga Fish Landing Base totaling 296 individuals with a total of 8 species. The dominant shark during the study was the lanjaman shark (Carcharhinus falciformis) with a total of 147 individuals (49.66%) and spotted tail shark species (Carcharhinus sorrah) as many as 82 individuals (27.70%). The least caught shark species were the great hammerhead shark (Sphyrna mokkaran) with 1 individual (0.34%), tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) with 1 individual (0.34%), and silvertip shark (Carcharhinus albimarginatus) with 1 individual (0.34%). The longline sharks based at Ujung Serangga Fish Landing Base have 9 fishing locations consisting of Ujung Batu Island, Gunung Sitoli Island, Asu Island, Siberut Island, Hinako Island, Bangkaru Island, Simuk Island, Pini Island and Pagai Island.

Marine polysaccharides-based packaging that is both bio-based and biodegradable has garnered significant interest for preserving food freshness. This study introduces an eco-friendly packaging solution derived from agar and chitosan, designed not only to protect food but also to serve as an innovative indicator of rancidity and spoilage. By blending agar and chitosan using casting methods and mixed with various dyes, a material was created that demonstrated excellent compatibility due to their structural similarities and the thermal stability, confirmed by TGA and DSC analysis. TGA and DSC examinations verified the thermal stability of the blends at 180°C, with low crystallinity. Furthermore, agar and chitosan-based film with added 0.2% BTB dye possesses 493 ppm of DPPH scavenging activity while the control sample retains on 776.03 ppm. These results offer significant insights into the potential industrial applications of these compounds, particularly in sectors where both high thermal stability and effective antioxidant properties are crucial.

Objectives The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in measuring upper airway volume in orthodontics. The secondary aim was to compare the upper airway volumes between laypeople and military personnel (physically fit individuals). Material and Methods This study included 36 male participants aged 21–29 years who had no upper airway pathology or history of upper airway surgery. CBCT scans had been previously obtained as part of routine dental checkups using a standardized protocol by the same operator. The digital imaging and communications in the medicine files of the subjects were imported into the 3D analysis software SimPlant ® 17 Pro (Materialize Dental, Leuven, Belgium) to facilitate the measurement of upper airway volume. The upper airway volume was divided into three sections and measured on days 0 and 14 by the same operator. The intrarater intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman plot were used to assess reliability. The upper airway volumes of the laypeople and military personnel were compared using Tukey’s pairwise test. Results The variables demonstrated excellent reliability across all sections of the upper airway; the Superior part of the upper airway has an ICC of 0.993, the middle part of the upper airway has an ICC of 0.995, and the inferior part of the upper airway has an ICC of 0.989. The ICC for the entire upper airway was 0.987. The intrarater plot for superior airway measurement showed that 8 out of 8 measurements (100%) fell within the limits of agreement. Similarly, the intrarater plot for the middle airway measurements indicated that 8 out of 8 measurements (100%) fell within the limits of agreement. For inferior airway measurement, the intrarater plot revealed that 7 out of 8 measurements (87.5%) fell within the limits of agreement. No significant differences were found between the upper airway volumes of the laypeople and military personnel. Conclusion Preliminary evidence suggests that CBCT using a standardized protocol is reliable for measuring upper airway volume. Separating the upper airway into three different parts also demonstrated high reliability and reproducibility among the raters. The ability to accurately measure the upper airway enhances the evaluation of the effects of orthodontic treatment by comparing the pre-and post-upper airway volume.

The Banggai cardinalfish (Pterapogon kauderni, Koumans, 1933) is an endemic coral reef fish species native to the waters of the Banggai Islands Regency. In 2007, the species was classified as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), followed by its designation as a protected species with limited conservation status by Indonesia's Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries in 2018. Research on the Banggai cardinalfish has been conducted in its native habitat in the Banggai Islands as well as in introduced locations. One of these introduction sites is Gilimanuk Bay, Bali, which serves as a temporary holding area for ornamental corals before export and as a release site for Banggai cardinalfish that do not meet export standards, typically due to physical deformities. This study aims to analyze the horizontal and vertical distribution of the Banggai cardinalfish in Gilimanuk Bay, Bali, with the expectation that the findings may provide insights for government policy formulation in terms of conservation efforts. The research employed a descriptive exploratory method to provide a comprehensive description of the subject and to establish a data foundation for further research or decision-making. The results showed a total population of 2,253 fish. The highest horizontal population density was observed in the southwestern part of Gilimanuk Bay, with 2.87 individuals/m² across a 500 m² observation area distributed over 5 stations. Meanwhile, the highest vertical population density was found at a depth of 6-7 meters, with a density of 3.88 individuals/m² over a 100 m² observation area at one station.

Lutjanus decussatus, commonly known as the checkered snapper or sadang fish (locally), is a key coral reef species in the Anambas Islands Marine Protected Area (MPA) and serves as a conservation target and indicator of reef health. This study analyzes the length-weight relationship and growth patterns of sadang fish within the MPA. Purposive sampling was conducted from February to October 2023, with 537 samples collected (175 males, 362 females). Male fish reached a total length (TL) of 29 cm and a weight of 345 g, while females attained a TL of 30 cm and a weight of 410 g. The R² values were 0.93 for males and 0.90 for females. The length-weight regression exponent b was 2.762 for males and 2.748 for females, indicating negative allometric growth (b < 3), where length increases faster than weight. This is the first study to examine the length- weight relationship of L. decussatus in the Anambas Islands MPA, providing essential biological and fisheries data to inform species management strategies.

Bando Island is an important part of Pieh Island Marine Protected Area which is a sea turtle nesting habitat in West Sumatra Province. Sea turtle conservation is carried out collaboratively by community groups driving conservation, island customs, and the people of Padang Pariaman Regency. The community groups and the island owners' customary law conduct sea turtle conservation on Bando Island. The purpose of this study was to identify community involvement in sea turtle monitoring activities and analyze the hatching success as an indicator of the effectiveness of community-based sea turtle monitoring on Bando Island. Field surveys were conducted from January 2020 to August 2024. The method used in analyzing research data were quantitative method. The community involvement in sea turtle monitoring consisted of observation, data collection, and reporting. The sea turtle species that landed were green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) and hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata). The number of eggs moved to semi-natural relocated nests is 13.123 and the number of hatchlings released is 10.699 green hatchlings and 1.730 hawksbill hatchlings. The effectiveness of community-based sea turtle monitoring can be seen from the discovery of sea turtle tracks that have the potential to find egg nests, the percentage of egg hatching in semi-natural relocated nests was 91,72% indicating optimal hatching power, and hatching success reaching 90.64% which is included in the high category.

Walking shark is one of elasmobranch that has been protected by the government of the Republic of Indonesia and can be found in the eastern seawaters of Indonesia. There are six species of walking shark, one of it is Triton Bay Epaulette Shark (Hemiscyllium henryi) which is endemic to the coastal waters of Kaimana. There are still lack of information regarding biology abundance and population of H. henryi, therefore it is necessary to do a study related to this species. This study aims to determine individual information and abundance of H. Henryi in Kaimana coastal waters during the observation in 2022 and 2023 based on density value and potential area. The method used is a census based on the Global Positioning System, through snorkeling and walking along the coastline, as well as observations of total length, wet weight, and sex in H. henryi which encountered during census. The total census track is 5.783 meters with a sweep of 2,46 Ha monitoring area. The density or abundance of H. henryi in 2022 is 1,2 ind/Ha and in 2023 is 2,4 ind/Ha. Total length of H. henryi ranged between 55–88 cm (Mean 70,6 cm ± SD 12,29). The length and weight relationship obtained W=0,0004L3,4343 with R2 value of 0,9526. The abundance trend of H. henryi at the coastal waters of Kaimana in the last two years has multipled by 2 times based on density value determining after being designated as a fully protected fish species.

Objective The spiny sand lobster Panulirus homarus is one of the lobster species that has a high price in local and international markets and is economically valuable. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of stocking density on the survival and growth of spiny sand lobsters kept in cylindrical cages (1.00 m high × 1.15 m in diameter) at a depth of 7 m below the water surface, with an average ambient temperature of 29–32°C. Methods The 3‐month study was performed in 2022 and had a completely randomized design. There were three treatment groups, each of which had three replications. Stocking densities were 10 lobsters/m ² (10 lobsters/cage) for treatment A, 15 lobsters/m ² (15 lobsters/cage) for treatment B, and 20 lobsters/m ² (20 lobsters/cage) for treatment C. The initial average body weight was 75 g/lobster. Result The survival rates for treatment A (mean ± standard error = 91.50 ± 0.25%) and treatment B (93.30 ± 0.51%) were higher than the survival rate for treatment C (86.05 ± 0.45%), but the values were not significantly different. Daily weight gain and the specific daily growth rate for treatments A and C were significantly higher than those of treatment B. The feed conversion ratio was not significantly different among the groups. Total hemocyte count in the hemolymph between treatments A and B as well as initial (day‐0) values were not significantly different, but values for treatments A and B were significantly lower than that for treatment C. The hemolymph glucose value for treatment A was significantly lower than that of treatment C but was not different from that of treatment B. Conclusion The grow‐out study of spiny sand lobsters at 7‐m depth indicated an optimal stocking density of 15 lobsters/m ² . This was supported by several physiological response and production performance parameters, which generally had no significant difference with those of the lower stocking density.

This study aimed to investigate histamine exposure associated with consumption of fresh tuna and tuna-like species in West Java, and to estimate risk of Scombroid Fish Poisoning (SFP) in Indonesia. A range of species, including tuna (Thunnus spp.), bullet tuna (Auxis sp.), and skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) were collected from local markets and fish landing sites. Subsequently, histamine concentrations were determined using NMR analysis and exposure was calculated in mg/day for toddlers, children, and adults. The results showed that skipjack had the highest histamine exposure for all age groups, followed by bullet and regular tuna. The highest EDI for histamine was from skipjack consumption, accounting for 38.67; 37.77 and 20.74 percentage of exposure for toddlers, children and adults, respectively. These values are below the defined thresholds levels (ARfD), indicating no potential risk of acute health effect. Cooked bullet tuna and skipjack were estimated to cause similar illnesses, accounting for 6-7 cases per 100,000 individuals, which was higher than cooked tuna at 1-2 cases per 100,000 individuals. Considering the preparation of raw tuna in restaurants following Good Hygienic Practices (GHP), the predicted annual cases decreased significantly to 4-5 cases per million individuals. This risk estimation only considered histamine levels in fresh fish, without including data from fish preparation. Therefore, further studies were recommended to estimate the risk level in raw/fresh tuna and similar species before consumption.

Vaccination is an efficient step in preventing disease caused by koi herpesvirus in koi fish (Cyprinus rubrofuscus). This study aimed to investigates the impact of maternal broodstock vaccination with ORF81 DNA vaccine on the transmission of maternal immunity to offspring against KHV. The ORF81 DNA vaccine has been shown to increase RPS, but its effect on maternal immunity in koi offspring after vaccination has not been evaluated. The study examined koi broodstocks vaccinated with the ORF81 DNA vaccine 45 and 60 days before spawning (45V and 60V) at a dose of 12.5 μg/100 g. Immunological parameters were assessed in broodstock, eggs, and larvae. Immune gene expression was also analyzed using the qPCR method. The results showed that lysozyme activity and antibody levels in eggs from vaccinated mothers were higher, though not significantly different. Meanwhile, lysozyme activity and antibody levels in mothers were significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to controls. Immunoglobulin-M gene (IgM) and recombination-activating gene 1 (RAG1), were significantly induced. The relative survival percentage increased significantly in larvae produced from broodstocks with 60V. These findings indicate that broodstocks treated with the ORF81 DNA vaccine can enhance the immune response of their offspring.

In the face of rising the seas, relying solely on seawalls and other reinforced coastlines is unsustainable due to the high costs associated with their construction and upkeep and unforeseen effects on habitats. Restoring and conserving coastal habitats can be more affordable, long-term solutions for protecting the coast. Yet, basic knowledge about where, how, and for whom habitats decrease the risk of coastal disasters is typically lacking from decision-makers. This study investigates how climate change may affect coastal areas and how natural coastal habitats may help protect them. We studied two small tropical islands, Bintan and Seribu Islands, Indonesia. The research applied the InVEST Coastal Vulnerability model to calculate the hazard index. To assess the effect on the vulnerable population, a grid system for the coastal population was created and overlaid with the hazard index. The comprehensive analysis indicates that if the coastal habitat is lost in the future, Bintan and Seribu Islands will face a severe threat from rising sea levels, with 96% and 63% of the inhabitants being highly exposed to climate hazards. Furthermore, the model shows that preserving natural coastal habitats by 2040 could help protect approximately 104 and 17 km of coastline areas in Bintan and Seribu Islands, respectively. Ecosystems offer safeguards to certain thinly inhabited, distant coastal villages, certain of those with a large, vulnerable population. Thus, this study highlights that natural coastal habitat is essential in climate change adaptation. Enhancing and safeguarding these natural habitats is crucial for mitigating climate-related hazards and ensuring community resilience.

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) have the potential to contaminate the coastal area of Plawangan Timur, Cilacap, Indonesia. Therefore, this research aims to determine the composition, distribution, source, and contamination level of PAHs in this region. Sediment samples were taken at seven stations. The research findings indicate that among the 16 types of PAHs, the proportion of each PAH varied between 3-12%. Notably, Benzo(a) Pyrene (BaP) had the highest proportion at 12%, while Naphthalene had the lowest proportion at 3%. According to the distribution pattern, PAHs with a high molecular weight (HMW) are more prevalent than those with a low molecular weight (LMW). The total amount of PAHs ranged from 185 to 1289.9 mg.kg-1 (dw), with an average of 1016.97 mg.kg-1 (dw). Using a diagnostic ratio, it was determined that the origin of the PAHs was either petrogenic, pyrogenic, mixed petrogenic and pyrogenic, or pyrolytic. As a result, Plawangan Timur's degree of pollution was classified as a very high polluted. The average concentration value of each PAHs is higher than the values for the Effect Range Low (ERL) and Effect Range Median (ERM) ranges, indicated there is a significant ecological risk that could have negative consequences on marine life and the ecosystem. It is urgently to handle PAHs pollution due to their relatively high content in sediments. This can be achieved by improving the management of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) for industry, optimizing the role of mangrove forests in reducing pollution in the waters, as well as building and increasing collaboration between related agencies in the prevention of marine oil spills.

Ocean Accounts, aligned with the UN System of Environmental Economic Accounting – Environmental Accounting (SEEA EA), bring together economic, social and environmental information in a coherent and standardised manner. Ecosystem extent is a structure to understand environmental assets and uses a basic spatial unit to facilitate the classification and measurement of ecosystems by type. This study tested the impact of grid size and method of designation per grid cell for Marine Basic Spatial Units (MBSU), using Saleh Bay, Indonesia as a case study. The extent of mangrove, seagrass and coral reefs were previously delineated in 2021 for ocean accounting activities. This study tested grids with two different cell sizes (10 x 10 m² and 25 x 25 m²) and two different methods of designation, namely: (i) dominance (extent-based) and (ii) hierarchy (criteria-based) methods. The results indicated that a larger grid size is related to higher error in estimating both total area per ecosystem and spatial configuration within the study area. The dominance method produced more accurate results than the hierarchy method, although, when considering computational trade-offs, a larger grid size and the hierarchy method observed a much lower computational cost. These results demonstrate the need to carefully consider grid size and method when designating basic spatial units for accounting activities, as they impact linked accounting tables and, in turn, have implications when providing information for management and policy.