Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology

This article presents the feasibility of a low-cost hydrokinetic turbine technology developed and experimentally tested in the laboratory for enhancing electricity access in isolated off-grid communities in the rural areas. The research and development involved using e-waste and locally available materials to develop a modular energy conversion system using rivers' kinetic flow. A decommissioned boat motor with a 0.24 m diameter rotor is operated as a turbine. Four augmentation structures were developed and tested in a flume to evaluate their performance for flow acceleration and application for energy conversion. The four varied configurations produced distinctive performances in an overflow test condition at an approach velocity of 0.25 m/s such that: nozzle 1(8.111 ± 0.107 V DC, 7.116 ± 0.098 V AC), Nozzle 2 (10.038 ± 0.103 V DC, 8.804 ± 0.123 V AC), nozzle 3 (8.523 ± 0.009 V DC, 7.543 ± 0.008 V AC) and Diffuser_type 1 (8.053 ± 0.082 V DC, 7.147 ± 0.144 V AC). Only nozzle 1 was tested in dammed condition and produced 13.248 ± 0.123 V DC and 11.395 ± 0.008 V AC. Nozzle 2 produced a promising performance serving as a reference in comparison to the other three configurations under similar flow conditions. ARTICLE HISTORY

Conclusions: Majority of the women who sought IVF treatment were married for at least five years, had a tertiary level of education, formally employed with health insurance and reproductive disorders. The overall pregnancy success rate 12 weeks after IVF treatment at Mediheal fertility centers is 37.1%. Previous fertility treatment was significantly associated with favourable early clinical outcomes of IVF, while having a normal BMI and regular menstrual cycle does not significantly increase the likelihood of normal pregnancy after IVF. Background: Infertility is a major cause of marital conflict and influences the quality of life of couples and their wellbeing. One of the definitive treatments for infertility is in-vitro fertilization (IVF). Despite this, not all patients who receive IVF treatment have favourable desirable clinical outcomes due to multiple underlying patients and procedural characteristics. Objectives: To determine early clinical characteristics and outcomes among women undergoing in-vitro fertilization treatment at a private tertiary hospital and fertility centers in Kenya. Methods : This was a one-year observational prospective study involving 153 women undergoing invitro fertilization as definitive treatment for infertility at Mediheal fertility centers in Eldoret and Nairobi. The participants were sampled consecutively over a nine-month accrual period and followed up at 2, 6 and 12 weeks of IVF treatment. Sociodemographic characteristics were collected using interviewer administered questionnaire. Pregnancy tests, first and second obstetric ultrasound were done on the 2 nd , 6 th and 12 th week after IVF treatment in order to determine early clinical outcomes. Pearson chi-square test and independent samples t-test were used to compare Clinical and Sociodemographic Characteristics and early clinical outcomes. Logistic regression model was used to assess the determinants of IVF success (critical value ≤0.05). Results: The mean age of participants was 36.2 (± 5.7) years. Majority 140 (91.5%) were married, 132 (86.3%) had a tertiary level education, 109 (71.2%) had health insurance and 95 (62.1%) had tried to have children for at least five years. Primary infertility was diagnosed among 83 (54.2%) women, 120 (78.4%) had regular menstrual cycle, regular coitus (>4 times a month) was in % 71 (46.4%) and 112 (73.2%) women had reproductive disorders. Pregnancy tests done on the second and eighth week among 145 women, had a positivity rate of 51.7% (n=75). On the week 6 visit, 61 of 70 women who had an obstetric ultrasound had a normal pregnancy. At 12 th week visit, all the 61 women returned for an obstetric ultrasound, with 52 being normal. The overall pregnancy success rates at weeks 2, 6 and 12 were 51.7%, 43.6% and 37.1% respectively. Women with a regular menstrual cycle (AOR=1.089; 95% CI: 0.741, 1.599) and primary infertility (AOR=1.051; 0.748, 1.477) were more likely to have positive pregnancy tests on the first follow-up visits. A normal BMI (AOR=2.216; 0.663, 7.405) and regular menstrual cycle (AOR=1.406; 0.398, 4.973) increased the likelihood of normal pregnancy at 12 weeks after IVF treatment. Previous intrauterine insemination (IUI) was significantly associated with normal pregnancy outcome after 12 weeks of IVF treatment.

This study sought to establish differences in emotional intelligence between rural and urban primary school orphans and vulnerable children in Alego-Usonga Sub County, Kenya. The study used Ex-post facto research design, using schools that had good performance academically through school progress records. The study sample comprised of 319 pupils (157 males and 162 females) of between 12 to 17 years, representing 32.48% of the study population. The study used a questionnaire as source of data. The analysis of data involved descriptive statistics and independent sample t-test as reflected in tables and figures that appear in the results section. The study found that OVC’s emotional intelligence is influenced by their environment. Compared to rural areas, urban settings tends to provide a better environment for the nurturing of emotional intelligence of primary school children. In addition, flexible, interesting and accommodative school and home environments guarantee a fertile ground for improving the adolescents’ emotional Intelligence. Subsequently, appropriate recommendations were provided.

This study examined the effect of vertical diversification on sustainable livelihoods among fish farmers. The study employs descriptive and survey research designs to collect data from 350 randomly selected fish farmers across the 12 sub-counties in Kakamega County, Kenya. Findings indicate that vertical diversification, through value addition, processing, and packaging, significantly impacts sustainable livelihoods. The results demonstrate that vertical diversification contributes to income gains, physical asset accumulation and social capital growth. The study concludes that fostering vertical diversification strategies, improving access to financial services and promoting cooperative farming models can significantly enhance the livelihoods of fish farmers. These findings underscore the need for policy interventions to support rural economic diversification. The study further recommends improvement of farmers’ access to financial services as well as promotion of cooperative farming for better outcomes.

This study dealt with farm crime experiences and effects on livelihood in Awendo sub County in Kenya. The study employed a descriptive survey design, using the mixed methods research approach, with a sample of 384 respondents. The study used a questionnaire, an Interview schedule and Focus Group Discussion as sources of data. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics and thematic approach. Based on the findings, the study concluded that distinct patterns of farm crime victimization existed in Awendo. They involved offences like night attacks on isolated farms. The study found a rising trend in farm-related crimes, mainly when crops are ready for harvest. In response, local authorities and community leaders should implement targeted security patrols and community watch programs, focused on vulnerable farm locations, especially at night. Law enforcement agencies should raise farmers' awareness of the importance of environmental security measures, including improved lighting and fencing, especially during high-risk times.

This study investigated about effectiveness of self-help groups in enhancing social protection interventions towards climate change adaptation in South Kabras, Kenya. The study employed a descriptive research design and correlation analysis with a sample of 302 out of 1.240 potential respondents. The study utilized a semi-structured questionnaire as source of data. Data was analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics. The study concluded that Programs within the Transformative category, particularly those focused on minority rights and social funds, are viewed positively, suggesting that continued focus and investment in these areas could yield beneficial outcomes for members of self-help groups. Therefore, continuous monitoring and evaluation of the programs is essential to measure their impact and make necessary adjustments so as to maintain their effectiveness in helping communities adapt to the evolving climate change challenges. Furthermore, there is need for an integrated approach that combines immediate relief, preventive measures, livelihood support and structural changes to ensure comprehensive adaptation to climate change.

Postprandial hyperglycemia, typical manifestation of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), is associated with notable global morbidity and mortality. Preventing the advancement of this condition by delaying the rate of glucose absorption through inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymatic activities is of utmost importance. Finding a safe antidiabetic drug is essential since those that are currently on the market have drawbacks like unpleasant side effects. The current study utilized computer-aided drug design (CADD), as a quick and affordable method to find a substitute drug template that can be used to control postprandial hyperglycemia by modulating the activity of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. The Natural Products Activity and Species database (NPASS) (30,926 compounds) was screened in silico, with a focus on evaluating drug-likeness, toxicity profiles and ability to bind on a target protein. Two molecules NPC204580 (Chrotacumine C) and NPC137813 (1-O-(2-Methoxy-4-Acetylphenyl)-6-O-(E-Cinnamoyl)-Beta-D-Glucopyranoside) were identified as potential dual inhibitors for α-amylase and α-glucosidase with free binding energies of -14.46 kcal/mol and -12.58 kcal/mol for α-amylase, and -8.42 kcal/mol and -8.76 kcal/mol for α-glucosidase, respectively. The molecules showed ionic, H-bonding and hydrophobic interactions with critical amino acid residues of both enzymes. Moreover, 100 ns molecular dynamic simulations showed that both molecules are stable on the receptors’ active sites based on root mean square deviation (RMSD), root mean square fluctuation (RMSF), and the Generalized Born surface area (GBSA) energy calculated. The two compounds are thus promising therapeutic agents for T2DM that merit further investigation due to their excellent binding energies, encouraging pharmacokinetics, toxicity profiles, and stability as demonstrated in simulated studies.

In this paper, we study the geomagnetic storm that occurred on April 23–24, 2023. We present variations in the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF-Bz), solar wind parameters (Vsw, Nsw, Tsw, and Psw), geomagnetic index (SYM-H), and vertical total electron content (VTEC) derived from 18 GPS-TEC stations situated in equatorial, mid-latitude, and high-latitude regions. We analyze the Total Electron Content (TEC) variations before, during, and after the storm using VTEC plots, dTEC% plots, and global ionospheric maps for each GNSS receiver station, all referenced to Universal Time (UT). Our results indicate that GNSS receiver stations located at high latitudes exhibited an increase in ionospheric density structures during the main phase and a decrease during the recovery phase. In contrast, stations in equatorial and mid-latitude regions showed a decrease in ionospheric density during the main phase and an increase during the recovery phase. Large dTEC% values ranging from − 80 to 190 TECU were observed a few hours before and during the storm period (April 23–24, 2023), compared to values ranging from − 10 to 20 TECU on the day before (April 22, 2023) and the day after (April 25, 2023). Notably, higher dTEC% values were observed at stations in high and mid-latitudes compared to those in the equatorial region. As the storm progressed, the TEC intensification observed on global ionospheric maps appeared to shift from east to west. A detailed analysis of these maps showed that equatorial and low-latitude regions experienced the highest spatial and temporal TEC variations during the storm period compared to higher latitude regions.

Background HIV prevalence among female sex workers (FSW) is significantly higher than among women in the general population. Studies have shown that FSW engage in unprotected sex which provides higher compensation when they face emergency situations. We co-created a savings intervention – Jitegemee (rely on yourself) – with FSW to encourage them to save part of their earnings to withdraw in emergency situations in order to reduce risk. Methods We undertook a five-phase intervention development process between February 2021 and July 2023: 1) qualitative interviews with FSW to identify essential intervention features; 2) pilot trial to assess intervention feasibility; 3) literature review of studies on economic empowerment of FSW; 4) scoring of key components of Phases 1–3 on a scale of 1–5 (1 = definitely exclude, 5 = definitely include), for inclusion in the intervention package; 5) workshops with FSW and other key stakeholders to co-design the intervention. Results In phase 1, nearly all participants (99%) found the intervention acceptable to them and 95% believed it would be acceptable to other FSW. Participants suggested inclusion of financial literacy (75%), savings groups (38%) and goal-setting (24%). In the feasibility assessment, 41% saved, of whom 46% withdrew some savings. Condom use was higher among FSW who withdrew their savings compared to those who did not (χ² 7.52; p = 0.006). In Phase 3, we identified 14 intervention components. In phase 4, all suggested intervention components scored 4.5 on average. In phase 5, we held 3 workshops with FSW to co-design the intervention, which included instructions for how to save and make withdrawals, financial literacy training, and formation of savings groups. Conclusions A savings intervention for and by FSW was highly acceptable and feasible. Involving end-users in the design process is likely to result in greater economic security among FSW and lower engagement in higher risk transactional sex.

Background: Childhood vitamin A deficiency leads to increased morbidity and mortality. Human milk is the only source of vitamin A for exclusively breastfed infants. Dried Moringa oleifera leaf powder (moringa) is a good food source of provitamin A and other carotenoids. Its effect during lactation on human milk vitamin A and carotenoid content is unclear. Objectives: Our objective was to investigate the effect of maternal moringa consumption on human milk retinol and carotenoid concentrations and maternal and infant vitamin A status. Methods: We conducted a 3-month pilot single-blinded cluster-randomized controlled trial in breastfeeding mother–infant pairs (n = 50) in Kenya. Mothers received corn porridge with (20 g/d) or without moringa with complete breast expressions and maternal and infant serum collected at enrollment (infant <30 days old) and 3 months. Milk was analyzed for retinol and selected carotenoids; maternal/infant serum was analyzed for retinol binding protein (RBP). Results: 88% (n = 44) pairs completed milk and serum samples. Four mothers (9%) had vitamin A deficiency (RBP <0.07 µmol/L); 11 (25%) were vitamin A insufficient (VAI; RBP <1.05 µmol/L). Alpha-carotene concentration in milk was higher in the moringa than the control group at baseline (p = 0.024) and at exit (least squares means, LSM, 95%CI µg/mL 0.003, 0.003–0.004 moringa vs. 0.002, 0.001–0.003 control, n = 22/cluster; p = 0.014). In mothers with VAI, alpha-carotene was higher in the moringa group than controls at exit (LSM, 95%CI µg/mL 0.005, 0.003–0.009 moringa, n = 3, vs. 0.002, 0.000–0.004 control, n = 8, p = 0.027) with no difference at baseline. Milk carotenoids did not correlate with vitamin A status (serum RBP) in infants or mothers. Conclusions: Maternal moringa consumption did not impact concentration of milk vitamin A and resulted in limited increase in milk carotenoids in this cohort.

Laikipia County experienced the land question arising from migration and settlement that stretched over a century. In spite of intervention measures the problem escalated. This study, therefore, sought to establish why migration and settlement of the ethnic communities generated the land question in Laikipia County. The study was hinged on the instrumentalism and articulation of modes of production theories, using the historical research design. The study established that pre-colonial, colonial and post-colonial migrations and settlements of the Pokot, Tugen, Ndorobo, Maasai, Somali, Kisii, Meru, Agikuyu, Europeans and Samburu led to the rise of the land question in Laikipia County. The study recommends that both the Laikipia County assembly and Kenyan national assembly should enact laws that protect pre-colonial, colonial and post-colonial land holding rights. This will fix the land question among the ethnic groups residing in Laikipia County.

This study examines the ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) responses to a solar flare on October 28, 2021, and a geomagnetic storm on November 4, 2021, across low, middle, and high latitude regions. We utilized GPS-TEC data from the University NAVSTAR Consortium’s dual-frequency GPS devices at the IFR1, IISC, YIBL, YKRO, KERG, and SVTL stations. While the solar flare on October 28, 2021, triggered the geomagnetic storm on November 4, 2021, our analysis revealed notable TEC changes during the latter event. TEC fluctuations were observed across all stations during the geomagnetic storm, with significant disruptions and variable depletion rates. However, distinct TEC variations were noted at KERG and YIBL stations before the storm, likely due to the preceding solar flare. Continuous wavelet analysis (CWT) showed higher periodicity during the storm compared to the flare, proving CWT to be an effective tool for analyzing TEC variability by revealing periodicity fluctuations at all stations. In conclusion, we found that both solar flares and geomagnetic storms can cause significant positive TEC changes.

Background Association of early pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and maternal gestational weight gain (GWG), and asthma and allergic disease in children is unclear. Methods We analyzed data from 3176 mother–child pairs in a prospective birth cohort study. Maternal anthropometric measurements in the first and last antenatal clinic visits were obtained through post‐delivery questionnaires to calculate early pregnancy BMI and maternal GWG. Asthma and allergic diseases in children by the age of 5 years was assessed using a validated questionnaire. Furthermore, serum samples were analyzed for IgE antibodies to eight allergens. We applied Cox proportional hazards and logistic regression analyses to estimate the association of early pregnancy BMI and maternal GWG (as continuous variables and categorized into quarters), and asthma, atopic eczema, atopic sensitization, and allergic rhinitis in children. Results Neither early pregnancy BMI nor maternal GWG was associated with asthma and allergic disease in children when analyzed as continuous variables. However, compared to the first quarter of GWG (a rate <0.32 kg/week), mothers in the third quarter (rate 0.42–0.52 kg/week) had children with significantly higher odds of developing atopic eczema (adjusted OR 1.49, 95% CI [1.13–1.96]) by 5 years of age. Conclusion Association of early pregnancy BMI and maternal GWG, and asthma and allergic disease in children, is inconsistent. High maternal GWG may be associated with increased odds of atopic eczema.

Introduction To achieve quality midwifery education, understanding the experiences of midwifery educators and students in implementing a competency-based pre-service curriculum is critical. This study explored the experiences of and barriers to implementing a pre-service curriculum updated with emergency obstetric and newborn care (EmONC) skills by midwifery educators, students and mentors in Kenya. Methods This was a nested qualitative study within the cluster randomised controlled trial investigating the effectiveness of an EmONC enhanced midwifery curriculum delivered by trained and mentored midwifery educators on the quality of education and student performance in 20 colleges in Kenya. Following the pre-service midwifery curriculum EmONC update, capacity strengthening of educators through training (in both study arms) and additional mentoring of intervention-arm educators was undertaken. Focus group discussions were used to explore the experiences of and barriers to implementing the EmONC-enhanced curriculum by 20 educators and eight mentors. Debrief/feedback sessions with 6–9 students from each of the 20 colleges were conducted and field notes were taken. Data were analysed thematically using Braun and Clarke’s six step criteria. Results Themes identified related to experiences were: (i) relevancy of updated EmONC-enhanced curriculum to improve practice, (ii) training and mentoring valued as continuous professional development opportunities for midwifery educators, (iii) effective teaching and learning strategies acquired – peer teaching (teacher-teacher and student-student), simulation/scenario teaching and effective feedback techniques for effective learning and, (iv) effective collaborations between school/academic institution and hospital/clinical staff promoted effective training/learning. Barriers identified were (i) midwifery faculty shortage and heavy workload vs. high student population, (ii) infrastructure gaps in simulation teaching – inadequate space for simulation and lack of equipment inventory audits for replenishment (iii) inadequate clinical support for students due to inadequate clinical sites for experience, ineffective supervision and mentoring support, lack/shortage of clinical mentors and untrained hospital/clinical staff in EmONC and (iv) limited resources to support effective learning. Conclusion Findings reveal an overwhelmed midwifery faculty and an urgent demand for students support in clinical settings to acquire EmONC competencies for enhanced practice. For quality midwifery education, adequate resources and regulatory/policy directives are needed in midwifery faculty staffing and development. A continuous professional development specific for educators is needed for effective student teaching and learning of a competency-based pre-service curriculum.