Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana

In this research paper, the compatible maps and maps of type $\alpha$ and $\beta$ within the context of neutrosophic metric spaces (NMS) has been established. Additionally, the interconnections between $\alpha$ and $\beta$ types maps has been elucidated. Furthermore, the concept of R-weakly commuting mappings and weakly commuting in NMS has been introduced. The foundational work on Pant’s theorem, for intuitionistic fuzzy metric spaces (IFMS) is extended, by adapting it for NMS. While IFMS only consider membership and non-membership degrees, our extension incorporates the crucial element of uncertainty inherent in NMS. This expansion addresses a significant gap in previous research and provides a more robust framework for analyzing scenarios where ambiguity plays a key role. An illustrative example is presented to validate the result. To demonstrate the practical significance and applicability, VIKOR method is applied within a Neutrosophic Multi-criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) framework for sustainable water resource management.

This review explores the impact of architectural design on patient care in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) and labour rooms, focusing on how the physical environment affects maternal and neonatal outcomes. Evidence-based design principles, which emphasise the role of space, lighting, temperature and non-pharmacological interventions, have been shown to improve patient safety, comfort and overall well-being. In labour rooms, factors such as a calming atmosphere, temperature control and sensory elements such as nature imagery and aromatherapy reduce stress and promote the release of oxytocin, facilitating labour and reducing the need for medical interventions. Midwifery-led units, designed with these elements in mind, result in higher maternal satisfaction and lower caesarean rates. In NICUs, single-family rooms offer improved neonatal outcomes, such as reduced rates of sepsis and better weight gain, compared to traditional open-bay units. These private spaces allow for increased parental involvement and bonding, although challenges such as isolation and reduced sensory stimulation for infants have been noted. Overall, architectural design plays a critical role in enhancing patient care in these settings and future research should continue to evaluate long-term outcomes and refine design strategies to meet the evolving needs of patients and healthcare providers.

In the present article, we have synthesized a heteropoly acid salt named Cerium antimonophosphomolybdate (CeSbPMo), an inorganic compound with acid characteristics and an ion exchange capacity of 3.2 ± 0.2 meq/g. The catalyst after synthesis, characterized through a variety of methods, including FTIR, X‐ray diffraction crystallography, SEM/EDS and TGA. N2 adsorption analysis provided information about the catalyst's surface area and distribution of pore sizes in the catalyst, indicating its potential for high catalytic activity. An esterification reaction between fatty acids and alcohol was catalyzed using the prepared compound. Catalytic efficiency was explored for different catalyst ranges from 3 wt% to 20 wt%, and the catalyst displayed remarkable catalytic performance even with just 3 wt%. The results demonstrated that the CeSbPMo (heteropoly acid salt), catalyst effectively promoted the esterification of palmitic and stearic acids on reacting with methanol at 100 ± 0.2 °C and 130 ± 0.2 °C. The impact of the acid to alcohol ratio was also studied for both fatty acids.

Background Chronic Plantar Fasciitis (CPF) is commonly associated with elevated levels of anxiety and pain catastrophizing. Pain Neuroscience Education (PNE) has shown promise in addressing these psychological components, but high‐quality evidence assessing its combined impact with physiotherapy for CPF is limited. Purpose This study evaluates the potential benefits of incorporating Pain Neuroscience Education alongside Physiotherapy for managing Chronic Plantar Fasciitis. Methods A randomized controlled trial will recruit 160 participants between the ages of 18 and 44, all diagnosed with Chronic Plantar Fasciitis (CPF). Participants will be randomly and equally divided into two groups: a conventional physiotherapy group undergoing 45‐min sessions of standard physiotherapy, and an experimental group receiving the same physiotherapy regimen supplemented with a weekly 15‐min Pain Neuroscience Education (PNE) session. The outcome measures will include the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) for assessing morning first‐step pain, the Foot Function Index (FFI) for evaluating foot and ankle function, the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) for measuring catastrophic thinking, the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK) for fear of movement, and the Y‐Balance Test for dynamic balance assessment. Data will be collected at baseline, after 3 weeks, and at 6 weeks. Results Data normality will be checked using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Depending on the data distribution, between‐group differences will be analyzed using either the independent t ‐test or Mann–Whitney U test, and within‐group changes will be assessed using the paired t ‐test or Wilcoxon signed‐rank test. Discussion The findings of this trial are expected to shed light on the additional benefits of integrating Pain Neuroscience Education with conventional physiotherapy in the management of Chronic Plantar Fasciitis. Trial Registration This study was registered with the CTRI registry. The trial number is CTRI/2024/03/064616

Since its first written description around 3000 BC until the present day, cancer has stood as a leading global cause of death, claiming the lives of 1 in 6 individuals. Due to its widespread impact and lethality, it remains one of the most explored yet most challenging disease for the global scientific community. Throughout history, various plant extracts have been used in treating numerous diseases, including cancer. These natural extracts are regaining attention due to their therapeutic benefits and lesser side effects. Thymoquinone, chemically 2-isopropyl-5-methylbenzo-1,4-quinone, constitutes the primary bioactive component of the plant Nigella sativa. Extensive research across in vivo, in vitro models, and clinical trials has revealed Thymoquinone’s noteworthy therapeutic potential against cancer. Thymoquinone has shown promising anti-cancer activity in various cancers including breast cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, cervical cancer, pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer and blood cancers. However, there are challenges such as limited clinical trials, low bioavailability, and the need for more research to understand its long-term safety and effectiveness. This article provides a comprehensive and thorough review of thymoquinone, covering its effectiveness across various malignancies, the molecular signalling pathways it influences, and its role in triggering apoptosis and inhibiting inflammation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Additionally, the review includes a thorough examination of thymoquinone’s pharmacokinetics and safety, making it the first of its kind in its comprehensiveness. Graphical Abstract

We report a 27-year-old male presenting with malalignment of the great toenail, a nail disorder characterised by lateral deviation of the nail plate. This case presented a familial clustering of the condition and the cyclic nature of nail shedding. Clinical examination revealed significant thickening, increased curvature, discolouration and lateral deviation of both great toenail plates significantly impacting the patient’s quality of life. There were no predisposing factors including any history of trauma, systemic illness or fungal infection. This case underscores the importance of considering familial predisposition in the evaluation and management of malalignment of great toenails, highlighting the need for further research into its genetic underpinnings.

Till now, limited information was available on salt tolerance chickpea genotypes. Therefore, in comparison to CSG 8962 (check for salinity tolerance), an experiment on nine chickpea genotypes with different background (BG 1103, DCP 92–3, S7, ICCV 10, BG 256, KWR 108, JG 16, K 850, and ICC 4463) was conducted under medium salt stress of ECiw ~ 6 dS m⁻¹ and high salt stress of 9 dS m⁻¹ to evaluate their salt tolerance potential. Different morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular traits were studied to characterize these genotypes. It was also noted that growth of all the genotypes was affected by salinity, but more reduction was shown by the genotypes BG 256, DCP 92–3, and ICC 4463. Irrigation water loaded with salts disrupted the water relations as displayed by the reducing values of RWC, water potential, and osmotic potential. Chlorophyll content, when compared with control, reduced in the range of 7.06 to 28.93% at moderate salinity level (ECiw ~ 6 dS m⁻¹) and 23.71 to 55.83% at higher salinity level (ECiw ~ 9 dS m⁻¹). S7, ICCV 10, KWR 108, and CSG 8962 (salt-tolerant check) maintained optimum gas exchange traits, i.e., photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate with increasing salinity and osmoregulatory compounds, imino acid proline, and total soluble sugars were also higher in these genotypes. Na⁺/K⁺ ratio at control was 0.084 and it enhanced with increasing salinity and noted mean genotypic values of 0.399 and 0.758 at moderate and higher salinity levels, respectively. Antioxidative defense mechanism was quite active in the genotypes (S7, ICCV 10, KWR 108, and check CSG 8962) because higher values of antioxidative enzymes and low increment in the content of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde were noted in these genotypes. Based on the results, genotypes with salinity contrasting response (KWR 108 as tolerant and ICC 4463 as sensitive) were selected, and gene expression studies were conducted along with CSG 8962 (the check). It was found that KWR 108 showed higher expression of Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS), pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (P5CR), Na⁺/H⁺ antiporter (NHX1), and sodium transporter HKT1 and downregulation of proline dehydrogenase gene than the genotype CSG 8962 (salt-tolerant check). So, it was concluded that genotypes, i.e., S7, KWR 108, and ICCV 10, maintained higher physiological and biochemical efficiency in terms of lower ψw, ψs, and membrane stability, higher RWC, photosynthetic rate, and osmolyte accumulation as well as antioxidative enzyme activities in comparison to the salt-tolerant check used in the study. Further, these results were validated through gene expression studies which revealed similar results that categorized these genotypes to be salt tolerant.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) constitutes a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication skills, social interactions, and stereotypes of behavior, with an estimated frequency of 1.2% of children throughout the world. The lack of specific treatments or molecular biomarkers underscores the complexities of ASD as a nonunified clinical entity. Comorbid medical conditions are particularly associated with gastrointestinal issues that may suggest potential interactions between the brain and gut. This review suggests that serotonin plays a significant role in the enteric and central nervous systems in relation to ASD. The modulatory role of serotonin in the enteric nervous system is examined in relation to the pathophysiology of ASD in order to shed light on prospective biomarkers and therapeutic targets that could increase the precision of diagnosis and treatment.

The transportation sector emits a substantial quantity of carbon dioxide and substances into the atmosphere across the world. The use of Electric Vehicles (EVs) has the potential to significantly cut ${\text{co}}_{2}$ emissions while also providing essential storage of energy to contribute to the acceptance of distributed renewable energy sources (RESs). This chapter presents the development of a hybrid isolated microgrid (MG) system based on the Intelligent Generalized Maximum Versoria Criterion Filtering (IGMVCF) control algorithm (Badoni et al. in CSEE J. Power Energy Syst. 9:722–732, 2023 [1]). This system is used for charging several batteries and supplying electricity to single-phase loads in remote places. This study presents a concept and approach for promoting EV adoption through automated battery swapping at charging stations. In addition, the proposed IGMVCF control with VSC preserves power quality (PQ), load balance, and power support under dynamic conditions. The proposed approach offers unique approaches to some of the most essential issues facing adoption of EV today, including range anxiety, battery swapping with zero waiting periods, and cost.

Harmine is a β-carboline alkaloid derived from Peganum harmala , showing a solid antitumor potential in different types of human cancer cells. Unfortunately, the clinical application of this natural alkaloid has been impeded till now by severe toxic side effects, especially neurotoxicity, besides its poor water solubility. Therefore, over the recent years, several semisynthetic derivatives of harmine have been prepared and studied concerning their abilities to inhibit tumor cell proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, migration, and invasion in diverse preclinical models. This review article summarizes the anticancer effects of harmine and its synthetic derivatives, demonstrating their high potential to be developed as novel anticancer drugs to supplement our current therapeutic arsenal in the fight against the globally increasing rate of malignant disorders.

Proteomics and metabolomics, integral combination of OMICs platform are gaining prominence in cancer research to enhance scientific knowledge of bio-molecular interactions occurs in the cellular processes during cancer progression. This approach designed to identify potential tools for addressing the complexities of this multifaceted disease. This analysis focussed on the intricate interplay between proteins and metabolites within cancer cells and their surrounding microenvironment. By reviewing current proteomics and metabolomics studies, we aim to gain invaluable insights into tumour biology, progression, and its implication in therapeutic responses. This study highlights the importance of proteomics and metabolomics in discovering therapeutic targets and diagnostic biomarkers for targeted cancer treatment. Proteomics facilitates the analysis of protein expression, modifications and interactions, exemplified by the identification of HER2 mutations leads to development of breast cancer hence targeted therapies like trastuzumab could be initiated. Metabolomics reveals metabolic alternations such as elevated 2-hydroxyglutarate levels in gliomas linked to cancer progression and treatment resistance. The integration of these approaches clarifies complex signalling network driving oncogenesis and paves the way for innovative cancer therapies, including immune cheque point inhibitors. Proteomics and metabolomics have revolutionised cancer biology by revealing intricate signalling networks, metabolic dysregulations, and unique molecular alterations. This information is crucial for early cancer identification and prognosis, and for designing personalized therapeutic strategies. Innovative technologies like artificial intelligence and high-throughput mass spectrometry further enhance the potential of these studies. Fostering multidisciplinary collaboration and data-sharing is essential for maximising the impact of these approaches to cure as well as better management of the cancer.

In this paper, we explore the interconnection of natural processes and current technologies to satisfy the emerging requirements of next-generation Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystems. Motivated by biological networks, we propose a novel routing and optical communication approach that leverages nature’s ability for self-organization, flexibility and resilience. This paper presents a model for bio-inspired routing protocols to be used in Internet of Things networks in order to improve scalability, reduce latency and maximize data transmission efficiency. Moreover, we investigate the potential of optical communication technologies, which are fast, low-latency and energy-efficient, to support the immense data transmission requirements of Internet of Things systems. The research finds key barriers and opportunities for integrating nature-based approaches.

The use of natural plants as powerful sources for the treatment of chronic illnesses has drawn more attention from researchers to herbal remedies. Silybum marianum, a naturally occurring plant, is the source of silymarin, a flavonolignan which is used to guard against a range of illnesses in both clinical and experimental contexts. Silymarin is easily absorbed and metabolised in phases I and II, according to its pharmacokinetics. Phase II is the site of its conjugation, and it is finally excreted in bile and urine. In a variety of tissues, the primary active components, silymarin and silibinin, provide protection against cancer. Silibinin has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, antioxidant, and anti-metastatic properties. This further helps to block many oncogenic pathways from being activated such as NF-κB, Wnt/β-catenin, PI3K/Akt, and MAPK pathways. Hence, silibinin helps in preventing proliferation of the tumor cells, initiating the cell cycle arrest, and induce cancer cells to die. This review gives the thorough analysis of silibinin in distinct types of cancer such as lung, liver, breast, bladder, prostate, skin and ovarian cancer.

The escalating presence of antibiotic contaminants, such as norfloxacin (NFX), in water resources poses a pressing environmental challenge, demanding the development of innovative and sustainable remediation technologies.

Chronic wounds significantly contribute to disability and affect the mortality rate in diabetic patients. In addition, pressure ulcers, diabetic foot ulcers, arterial ulcers, and venous ulcers pose a significant health burden due to their associated morbidity and death. The complex healing process, environmental factors, and genetic factors have been identified as the rate-limiting stages of chronic wound healing. Changes in temperature, moisture content, mechanical strain, and genetics can result in slow wound healing, increased susceptibility to bacterial infections, and poor matrix remodelling. These obstacles can be addressed with natural biomaterials exhibiting antimicrobial, collagen synthesis, and granulation tissue formation properties. Recently, silk proteins have gained significant attention as a natural biomaterial owing to good biocompatibility, biodegradability, reduced immunogenicity, ease of sterilization, and promote the wound healing process. The silk components such as sericin and fibroin in combination with nano(platforms) effectively promote wound repair. This review emphasises the potential of sericin and fibroin when combined with nano(platforms) like nanoparticles, nanofibers, and nanoparticles-embedded films, membranes, gels, and nanofibers.

A series of novel 2-(chloromethyl)-5-(pyridin-4-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (3a-h) derivatives have been synthesized as potential anti-TB, antioxidant, and COX inhibitors. The structure of these derivatives is confirmed by the IR, NMR (1H and 13C), and mass spectral analysis. All the newly synthesized derivatives were evaluated for their physicochemical properties by Swiss ADME. Based on our previous work and structural activity relationship study, foresaid isoniazid derivatives were evaluated for in vitro anti-TB, antioxidant, and COX inhibitory activity. The compound 3f exhibited outstanding anti-TB activity with a MIC value of 0.8 μg/mL. The compounds 3d, 3f, and 3h proved promising antioxidant activity at a concentration of 10 μg/ml with inhibition rates of 66.12%, 67.59%, and 66.28%, respectively. The compounds 3e, 3f, and 3h established excellent COX-I inhibitions with IC50 values of 4.21, 3.24, and 4.89 μM compared to standard drugs. Finally, the molecular docking studies carried out with Mycobacterium tuberculosis enoyl reductase (INHA) complexed with 1-cyclohexyl-N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxamide (PDB ID: 4TZK), cytochrome c peroxidase (PDB ID: 2X08), and cyclooxygenase-2 (PDB ID: 6COX) for all the newly synthesized derivatives.