Lviv University

This paper is devoted to the investigation of the plasmonic effect of metal nanoparticles (NPs) formed on the surface of the YAG: Bi, Ce, Yb phosphors in a temperature range between 4 and 300 K. Combination of a thin conversion layer with silver plasmonic nanostructures leads to increase of sensitizer absorption and emission efficiency. Enhancement of Bi³⁺ luminescence in YAG epitaxial films with Ag NPs was observed upon cooling the samples below 200 K. High enhancement factors were associated with closely matching the maximum of plasmon extinction and Bi³⁺ emission bands. The maximum value of enhancement factor near 170% at 4 K was obtained. It is shown that temperature decrease causes an increase in the EM field intensity around the NPs, the probability of spontaneous recombination, the penetration depth of the localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPR) into the substrate, and the adjustment of the position of the LSPR. Simultaneous action of all these factors leads to Bi³⁺ emission intensity enhancement. Comparative analysis of the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) simulation data vs. experimental results of the temperature behavior of plasmon absorption spectra, luminescence spectra of Bi³⁺ ions, and their decay kinetics confirms the correctness of the proposed mechanisms.

The purpose of the work was to determine the thermophysical characteristics of Panasonic NCR18650B (LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 ) batteries under the condition of an external heating source. Obtaining the appropriate thermophysical characteristics of lithium-ion battery (LIB) cells can be confirmed by experimental studies and mathematical calculations. Obtaining relevant results in the future makes it possible to carry out a professional assessment of the heating temperature of such LIB, the conditions of their combustion, and the spread of fire in general. According to the results of experimental studies, namely, under the condition of the action of an external source of high temperature (flame) and uniform heating of the outer walls of the LIB, its inner part is heated to an average temperature of 168 °C for 70 seconds. For comparison, the corresponding temperature in the middle of the LIB without internal filling (cathode and anode) is reached within 45 seconds. The developed mathematical model based on the differential equation of thermal conductivity in the cylindrical coordinate system and the use of the Newton-Richmann`s Law of Heat Exchange made it possible to carry out mathematical modelling of the heating process of a LIB. Further comparison of the experimental values with the mathematical model confirmed the correctness of the experiment. The obtained mathematical model based on the experimental values made it possible to obtain the corresponding numerical values of the specific heat capacity, material density, thermal conductivity coefficient and heat exchange between the surface and the near-surface layer of the Panasonic NCR18650B.

This study employs critical discourse analysis to examine two opinion articles published in Western press that propose divergent strategies for the West in the Russo-Ukrainian war. The analysis focuses on three key aspects: representations of the war, evaluations, and dialogicality. The study also analyses Ukrainian translations of the articles. One article argues for equipping Ukraine with all necessary weapons for a swift victory over Russia, while the other supports incremental weapons supplies, leading to a prolonged war. The findings reveal that the former article portrays the war as Ukraine's fight for independence and a battle to uphold international law, whereas the latter predominantly depicts it as territorial aggression that threatens global nuclear security. The former article employs a wide range of evaluative devices to underscore Russia's brutality and condemn the delayed provision of Western weapons to Ukraine. In contrast, the other article primarily employs evaluative language to amplify fears of nuclear escalation. Regarding dialogicality, one author structures his text as an implied dialogue with hypothetical opponents, employing rhetorical questions, imperative sentences, irony, and first-person narration, whereas the other author references individuals with institutional authority to validate his assertions. The divergent treatment of these articles by the Ukrainian media, both at the macro and micro levels - reflected in the significant disparity in translations (12 to 1) and the manner in which the articles were reframed during translation - reveals the gatekeeping function of translation and suggests the Ukrainian media's focus on positive news from the West as a means to keep up the country's morale.

The article analyzes the publishing series of the Ivan Franko National Literary and Memorial Museum in Lviv, the Franko House Library. This series has been published since 2017; 17 unique publications of various genres prepared by the Museum's researchers have been published. The series' repertoire includes scholarly and nonfiction publications and popular and children's books The article focuses on three different publications about one of the most famous Ukrainian writers, poet, scientist, publicist, translator, traveler, and father of four children - Ivan Franko: a famous science biography "Dr. F. A Little Book about the Great Franko" by Bohdan Tykholoz, a catalog of the exhibition "Franko made in the U.S.S.R. " and a guidebook "Francomandry+". Each publication's content, structure, printing, advantages, and disadvantages intended for different target audiences are analyzed. The article's topic is quite relevant because not many scholars have studied museum publications, particularly publishing series, and we can name only a few names: O. Mikhno, N. Cherhik, N. Liubovets, R. Mankovska, and others. As for Ivan Franko's biography, there are many articles, reviews, and publications about the writer, but the books of the "Library of the Franko House" series, as far as we know, have not yet been analyzed. Therefore, we can confidently insist on the relevance and importance of this topic. General scientific methods of scientific research were used to achieve the research goal, namely analysis, synthesis, the method of analogy and concretization. The uniqueness, importance, and popularity of the publishing series "The Library of the Franko House", which meets the reading needs of the mass audience in learning about the life and work of one of the founders of Ukrainian identity, was proved.

The article explores contemporary trends in the restaurant business, specifically in the context of the development of third-wave restaurant establishments. The article analyzes the influence of innovations and technologies on the gastronomic industry, compares third-wave restaurants with traditional restaurant establishments, and identifies key differences in their organization and operation. The authors examine the use of innovative technologies such as artificial intelligence, data analytics, and automated management systems. Examples of the application of these technologies in the restaurant business are provided, including demand analysis, inventory management, and customer recommendations. The article discusses the difference between third-wave restaurants and traditional establishments in choosing culinary concepts and approaches to menu formation. The authors emphasize the individualized approach to cooking technology and the introduction of the innovative dishes in third-wave restaurant enterprises, characterized by a deeper understanding of modern gastronomic trends and customer preferences. A shift in focus towards individualized service and active interaction with guests through social networks is noted in third-wave restaurant establishments, compared to the potentially more formal approach of traditional establishments. The role of third-wave hospitality establishments in implementing sustainable development concepts is considered. In conclusion, the authors express the belief that third-wave restaurant establishments have the potential not only to transform the gastronomic landscape but also to become key contributors to the development of the restaurant business in Ukraine. It is noted that their innovations and technological approach can set new standards for service, menu diversity, and attitudes toward environmental impact. The article concludes by highlighting the need for the further research in this area and the prospects for the development of the restaurant business in Ukraine in the face of the growing popularity of third-wave restaurant establishments.

The article is devoted to the consideration of speechlessness as a way of expressing trauma in the novel “Die Verwandelten” (2023) by the modern German writer Ulrike Draesner. Speechlessness, as the study finds out, appears here as an opportunity to identify individual trauma and its corresponding image. The methodological basis for the analysis is the achievements of such scientific areas as memory studies and trauma studies, as well as a post-colonial approach to understanding the nature of traumatic experiences. Most modern linguistic and literary studies aim to find out the nature of the verbalization of trauma. This article focuses more on the non-verbal expression of trauma. As a result of the study, it was found that trauma in Ulrike Draesner’s novel is represented non-verbally through verbal silence, the inability to talk about traumatic experiences due to feelings of shame and guilt, conscious or unconscious silencing of trauma, the ineffability of trauma due to the construction of an internal taboo, silence against the background of the political situation, silence as a type communication between characters, “camouflaging” the story of trauma, which is key to the narrative of the work, under an insignificant side story. The novelty of the research consists in considering a new work of art, which represents numerous historical traumas of the 20th century not only through verbal, but also through non-verbal forms. In the context of the modern Russian-Ukrainian war, this topic is relevant and is constantly deepened by new research.

In the article, the author analyzes the columnist works of the public intellectual Anne Applebaum on the Ukrainian topic, their features, and their significance. The article's relevance is due to the need for comprehensive research on the topic of Ukraine in the world media, including the format of columnism. The subject of the study is Anne Applebaum's articles on Ukrainian issues in The Atlantic and The Washington Post. The aim is to outline the journalist's text features and to identify her style. The following methods were used during the research: comparative, historical, systemic analysis, content analysis, and others. The novelty is due to the analysis of journalistic rather than popular science works by Anne Applebaum. During the research, the author reviewed the journalist's articles in periodicals on Ukrainian topics published from the beginning of the current Russian aggression against Ukraine to the present day. Anne Applebaum is known to the Ukrainian audience as the author of a book about the Holodomor of 1932–1933 (Red Famine: Stalin’s War on Ukraine), which has sparked many discussions in Ukrainian and foreign media. We focused on Anne Applebaum as a columnist because, in this format, the author's style and even subjectivity are significant. The article identifies the peculiarities of the journalist's media texts: an attempt to familiarize the English-speaking reader with the causes and consequences of the Russia-Ukraine war. In particular, many of the author's articles are devoted to explaining historical clichés and propaganda narratives used by Russia to portray Ukrainians as Nazis and chauvinists. Within the context of considering Russia's war against Ukraine, it is crucial to highlight the historical continuity of this issue, and Anne Applebaum also writes about this. The author also emphasizes that modern Russia is a threat to peace not only for Ukrainians but for the entire world, and the international community must realize this. The journalist analyzes the methods of manipulation and propaganda used by the Russians and has noted that some have stood the test of time while others have emerged in the process of modern challenges. In this research, we have separately examined the columnist's media texts, in which she views the Ukrainian resistance through the prism of geopolitics and concludes that it is necessary for the world order that Ukraine wins; otherwise, totalitarianism may become the dominant regime in the world. It covers the Russia-Ukraine war for a foreign audience and explains to Ukrainians how the world perceives their struggle. Given this, there is a need to further research Anne Applebaum’s articles.

The article highlights the research related to the accessibility of higher education for different population groups. Based on Ivan Franko University of Lviv, the number and ratio of rural to urban girls who entered the bachelor’s program over the past four years, their choice of specialty, factors that influenced such a choice, the geography of entrants, etc., have been analysed. It has been established that a wide range of specialties and a state educational policy of Ukraine in general provide girls from rural areas with access to higher education. However, girls from the countryside, due to low financial capabilities of their families, are more focused on specialties where there is an opportunity for free education. Compared to urban girls, rural girls have access to a narrower list of specialties because they often receive secondary education of lower quality. An important problem in Ukraine is inaccessibility of higher quality education to young people from depressed villages, which creates spatial inequality and injustice.

Background: Glycopeptide antibiotics (GPAs) are a very successful class of clinically relevant antibacterials, used to treat severe infections caused by Gram-positive pathogens, e.g., multidrug resistant and methicillin-resistant staphylococci. The biosynthesis of GPAs is coded within large biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). In recent years, modern DNA sequencing technologies have allowed the identification and characterization of multiple novel GPA BGCs, leading to the discovery of novel compounds. Our previous research anticipated that the genome of Amycolatopsis bartoniae DSM 45807T carries a novel GPA BGC, although the genomic sequence quality available at that time did not allow us to characterize its organization properly. Objectives: To address this gap, in the current work we aimed to produce a complete genome assembly of A. bartoniae DSM 45807, and to identify and analyze the corresponding GPA BGC. Methods: Bioinformatic and microbiological methods were utilized in this research. Results: We de novo sequenced and completely assembled the genome of A. bartoniae DSM 45807, and fully characterized the BGC of interest, named aba. This BGC has an unusual gene organization and it contains four genes for sulfotransferases, which are considered to be rare in GPA BGCs. Our pathway prediction indicated that aba encodes the biosynthesis of a putatively novel GPA, although we were not able to detect any GPA production under different cultivation conditions, implying that aba pathway is inactive. Conclusions: Our results indicate aba as a promising source for new GPA tailoring enzymes.

A method for estimating the residual life of X70 steel pipe of an oil pipeline with an external surface semi-elliptical crack, in which there is a laminar flow of oil under a pressure of 12 MPa, and a soil corrosive medium penetrates the crack, is proposed. The residual life of such a pipe after 33 years of operation, when corrosion-hydrogen degradation of its material takes place, was studied. Based on the experimental data on the degradation of X70 steel, known in the literature, an approximate basic diagram of the corrosion-mechanical crack growth in such a material was constructed. The energy approach previously formulated by the authors for determining the residual life of an oil pipeline pipe with a corrosion crack is applied to the new problem obtained in this way, when the basic diagram of such crack growth includes the simultaneous degradation of X70 steel. Graphical dependences of the residual life of the pipe on the initial size of the crack based on the simultaneous degradation of its material as well as for the cases of the reserve pipe and the pipe operated for 33 years are constructed and results are compared.

The phase equilibria and division of the Ag2S–GaS–Ga2S3–FeS2–FeS–Ag2S region (A) of the Ag–Fe–Ga–S system below 600 K were established by the modified EMF method. The electrochemical cells (ECs) of the following structure were assembled: (−)C||Ag||SE||R(Ag+)||PE||C(+), where C is the graphite; Ag is the left electrode; SE is the solid-state electrolyte; PE is the right electrode; R(Ag+) is the region of Ag+ diffusion in the PE. Initially assembled PEs are a nonequilibrium phase mixture of binary sulfides with the ratios of simple substances covering all composition space of (A). The catalyst for the reactions in R(Ag+) were Ag+ ions acting as small nucleation centers of equilibrium mixtures of compounds. The division of (A) was realized with the participation of the binary as well as more complex compounds AgGaS2, Ag9GaS6, AgFeS2, Ag2FeS2, Ag2FeGa20S32, Ag2FeGa2S5, and Ag18Fe9Ga2S21. The spatial position of the three- and four-phase regions relative to the Ag point was employed to establish the overall potential-forming reactions for synthesizing quaternary phases in the PEs of ECs. The temperature dependencies of the electromotive force of ECs were used to calculate the values of the standard thermodynamic functions of the quaternary compounds.

We provide information on new records of the Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis) in the Drake Passage area and within the Argentine Islands (Wilhelm Archipelago, Antarctica). Included are notes on the peculiar behavior, and difficulties of this bird in the extreme conditions of the Antarctic.

The purpose of this article is to present a contemporary methodological approach to developing an effective strategy for implementing state financial assistance in the use of alternative energy technologies for critical infrastructure enterprises. The object of the study is critical infrastructure enterprises. The scientific task involves modeling that would allow the formation of an effective strategy for implementing state financial assistance in the use of alternative energy technologies for critical infrastructure enterprises. The research methodology includes the application of the IDEF0 method to construct a model for implementing state financial assistance in the use of alternative energy technologies for critical infrastructure enterprises. As a result of the conducted research, a decomposition of the context diagram was proposed to improve the efficiency of implementing state financial assistance in the use of alternative energy technologies for critical infrastructure enterprises. The study is limited by considering only critical infrastructure enterprises in Ukraine. Prospects for further research will include considering enterprises from other countries, particularly Poland.

In this article, the goal of the research was achieved regarding the definition of regulatory requirements for fire safety of protection devices in 0.4 kV electrical wiring. This article describes the main functions of protection devices that affect the fire safety of electrical installations, identifies the possibilities of strengthening the functions of protection devices, and substantiates the approach to the formation of further research for the introduction of new functions of protection devices. The article describes the study of the development of automation of processes and the saturation of electronic and electrical equipment in industry and everyday life. Because of this, there is a high degree of increase in the risk of the emergency mode of operation of electrical conductors and the occurrence of burning and fire, which may lead to a rise in the number of accidents in the future. Analysis of Ukrainian and foreign publications shows that the direction of development of power supply systems is infrastructure: p2p market for households, electric car charging networks, demand response services, and the possibility of participation in frequency support in the network and operation in the virtual power plant mode. This will lead to a further increase in requirements for reliability, safety, and protection of power supply, in particular, an increase in the functions of protection devices. The development of digitalization, security, and cloud technologies is marked by constant growth and innovation that are aimed at increasing the efficiency and reliability of the protection of electrical networks. This article also describes some modern trends in surge protection devices as a component of low-voltage network protection devices in the fire safety system of electrical installations. Devices for the protection of low-voltage networks play an important role in ensuring the fire safety of electrical installations. Correct selection, installation, and regular maintenance of these devices significantly reduce fire risks and contribute to the facility's overall safety. Due to the rapid development of the complexity of electrical consumers and requirements for their protection, it is necessary to conduct further research on the introduction of new functions of protection devices to increase their reliability, accuracy, and safety.

In this work, SnS films were prepared using spraying ink with a nanoparticle suspension. The average size of the synthesized nanoparticles was (18–20) nm. The structural, optical and photoelectric properties of SnS films were investigated using different characterization techniques. XRD and EDX results show that the investigated films exhibited an orthorhombic SnS phase with a composition close to the stoichiometry (CS/CSn = 0.99) and low level of microdeformation (ε = 1.8 × 10⁻³). In addition, the hexagonal SnS2 and tetragonal SnO2 phases were also observed. The presence of SnS and SnS2 phases is confirmed by Raman characteristics. The band gap of the SnS, SnS2, and SnO2 phases was determined using the novel ACFD method based on the analysis of the spectra of the first derivative of the absorption coefficient, which directly determines the energy of both band-to-band optical transitions and transitions involving defect’s levels. These results correlate very well with data obtained using photoconductivity spectra. The nature of the electronic optical transitions as well as the type and energy position of various defect levels were established. It was shown that the energy of direct and indirect band-to-band optical transitions of SnS compound correspond to 1.72 eV and 1.16 eV, respectively. At the same time, the band gap of SnS2 phase equal to 2.05 eV. The ionization energy of the acceptor (233 meV) and donor (100 meV) levels that determine the p- and n-type conductivity of SnS and SnS2 compounds, respectively were defined. Due to its properties, SnS films may be suitable for the development of novel effective solar cells with SnS absorber layers.

The article investigates the hydrochemical composition of water in the Bystrytsia River basin. The ratio of the main water ions was determined and it was found that along the flow the hydrochemical facies of water changes from HCO3-–Ca2+ to HCO3-–Ca2+–Mg2+. River water has an average mineralization, which increases from 391 mg/l to 463 mg/l. The reaction of the environment in the Bystrytsia River basin is mostly slightly alkaline (pH=8.15) and changes to neutral (pH=7.2) in the village of Hrushiv. Permanganate oxidation of river water in the village of Velyka Ozymyna is higher than in other areas and is associated with the presence of lowland peatlands in this area, which are a source of humic acids. A tendency for a gradual increase in phosphates P–PO43- from the river source to its mouth and sudden changes in the concentration of nitrates N–NO3- has been noted. The contamination coefficients of such biogenic elements are less than 1. Ammonium ions, nitrites and many heavy metals (Zn, Mn, Cu, Co, Ni, Pb) were not detected in the river water of the Bystrytsіa river basin. The water in the Bystrytsia River basin corresponds to class 1 according to the water pollution index (very clean, IW=0.02-0.16) and this indicator is 1.8 times lower than in the Dniester River. The increase in the water pollution index along the river is due to increases in the multiplicity of phosphates in the water. The ecological state of water in the Bystrytsia River basin using the complex indicator СPES was determined to be stable with features of instability (CPESmin=-0.61 and CPESav=0.87), instability was detected in the Novoshytska HPP reservoir, in the villages of Zalokot and Urizh. The negative complex indicator of the ecological state of water in these areas corresponds to the sanitary and toxicological indicators (CPES 3) and is due to the influence of magnesium ions, which dominate over Ca2+ ions in river water, form the HCO3- – Mg2+ or HCO3- – Mg2+ – Ca2+ hydrochemical facies and exceed the permissible content. A stable water state with features of instability has been established in the Dniester and Cherkhavka rivers. According to the IZV, the waters are very clean, but have increased mineralization (>500 mg/l), higher hardness (5.8 and 4.7 mmol-eq/l), stronger acidity (pH=7.2 especially in the Dniester), higher permanganate oxidation (4.2 mg O/l mostly in the Dniester), higher concentration of Fe3+ ions (4.9 μg/ml mostly in the Dniester). The hydrochemical composition of the water is different: HCO3- – Ca2+ – Mg2+ in the Dniester and Ca2+– HCO3- – Na+ in the Cherkhavka. These analytical results would be useful for building a hydrological conceptual model that ensures better use of the natural water system in the Bystrytsia River basin. Key words: Bystrytsia River basin; main ions; biogenic components; chemical oxygen demand; water pollution index; water quality assessment by a complex indicator.

The current stage of development of soil science is characterized by the intensive development of the energy-thermodynamic approach and the solution of theoretical and methodological issues that are directly related to the problem of assessing the energetics of soil formation. The article analyzes the influence of components of the geographical environment as factors of soil formation potential, highlights the features of the formation of various types of energy costs and energy balance during soil formation, and presents the energy and thermodynamic characteristics of carbonate soil-forming rocks and soils of the Western region of Ukraine. Based on energy and thermodynamic indicators (crystal lattice energy, Gibbs free energy and entropy), the ability to intensive soil formation and the suitability for biological development is determined by the characteristics of the studied soil-forming rocks, such as: eluvium of Turonian-Senonian deposits of writing chalk, eluvium of Turonian-Senonian deposits of chalk marls, eluvium of lithothamnian limestones of the Upper Badenian, eluvium of chemogenic limestones of the Upper Badenian, eluvium of clotted limestones of the Upper Badenian. The highest values of crystal lattice energy are characterized by short-profile and full-profile Rendzinas on eluvium of clotted limestones of the Upper Badenian within the Roztochchya-Opilya Upland Region. Significant reserves of internal energy in these soils are due primarily to the highest values of the energy of the crystal lattice of the soil-forming rocks on which they were formed. The lowest values of thermodynamic characteristics are observed in poorly developed and short-profile Rendzinas (Rendzic Leptosols, WRB) within the Voronyaky natural district of the Western Podilsky upland region, formed on the eluvium of Turonian-Senonian deposits of Cretaceous marl. Therefore, significant variability of internal energy in rendzins is due to the influence of various carbonate soil-forming rocks. The proposed results of the study of soil-forming energetics are extremely relevant, as they contribute to a scientifically substantiated solution to one of the most important problems of modern soil science, optimization of the level of soil safety management and reproduction of their potential fertility. Key words: energy-thermodynamic approach; soil formation potential; carbonate soil-forming rocks and soils; potential fertility.