King Juan Carlos University

Detailed geological mapping of a highly fractured Paleozoic basement and the scarce outcrops of overlying Permian-Mesozoic cover in the surroundings of the Duje Valley (Picos de Europa Unit, Cantabrian Mountains, NW Spain), together with new field data have allowed the separation of four genetic fault sets in a polyorogenic area, affected by the Variscan and Alpine cycles. These fault sets are, from oldest to youngest: Variscan thrusts (late Carboniferous), Late Variscan strike-slip faults (late Carboniferous–earliest Permian), Alpine normal faults (Permian–Mesozoic) and Alpine reverse faults (Cenozoic). A structural analysis is reported here, based in the joint use of geometric, kinematic and deformational features, crosscutting and tectono-sedimentary relationships between the structures. This analysis has allowed the recognition and full characterization of the four fault sets. These types of structural analyses are useful for unravelling complex tectonic histories in regions where massive limestone lithologies make reconstructing the timing of fault activity difficult, especially if the basement is affected by late deformation events that are not recorded by cover outcrops.

BACKGROUND Current research supports the fact that prophylactic ankle taping (AT) is effective in preventing ankle injuries in amateur and elite sports athletes. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the effect of AT on balance, knee valgus during drop jump and single-leg countermovement jump (SL-CMJ) landings, and ankle range of motion (ROM) restriction in healthy participants. DESIGN AND SETTING A cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. METHODS Participants: Thirty-nine healthy individuals participated in this study and performed the movements under two conditions (with and without tape). Outcome measurements: ankle ROM, balance, SL-CMJ height, flight time, ground time, and knee valgus. Before any intervention, a random process was developed with a 1:1 allocation ratio, and the participants were assigned to groups A (tape-no tape) and B (no tape-tape). RESULTS Significant differences between tape and no-tape moments were observed for drop jump knee valgus flexion (P = 0.007), with an increase in knee valgus in participants with ankle taping. Similarly, the Y-balance testshowed a significant decrease in all variables (P = 0.001 and), ankle dorsiflexion (P = 0.001) in participants with ankle taping. CONCLUSIONS AT is effective for immediate ankle ROM restriction. However, an increase in knee valgus during drop jump task and a decrease in lower limb balance were observed during drop jump task. Based on these results, it can be concluded that AT application in healthy individuals should not be recommended as it results in increase in injury risk factors. KEYWORDS (MeSH terms): Ankle injuries; Biomechanical phenomena; Kinetics AUTHORS’ KEYWORDS: Hopping training; Kinematics; Biomechanics

Multiple studies have shown that exposure to pollutants can increase genotoxic damage in different taxa. However, to our knowledge, the effects of environmental stress have been explored little. In certain stressful ecosystems, such as seasonally dry tropical forests, the combined effects of anthropogenic activities and ongoing global changes can cause an increase in environmental stresses, in turn, may trigger physiological and genetic effects on biodiversity. The present aims to assess changes in the prevalence of genotoxic damage in birds within three states of forest degradation in the Tumbesian Region of Western Ecuador. We used blood samples from 50 bird species to determine the frequency of micronucleus and nuclear abnormalities in erythrocytes. Our results revealed a significant impact of forest degradation on the occurrence probability of micronucleus and nuclear abnormalities at the community level. Localities with higher levels of degradation exhibited higher levels of abnormalities. However, when analyzing the dominant species, we found contrasting responses. While Lepidocolaptes souleyetii showed a reduction in the proportion of nuclear abnormalities from the natural to shrub‐dominated localities Troglodytes aedon and Polioptila plumbea showed an increase for semi‐natural and shrub‐dominated respectively. We concluded that the degradation process of these tropical forests increases the stress of bird community generating genotoxic damage. Bird responses seem to be species‐specific, which could explain the differences in changes in bird composition reported in other studies.

Owing to the abundance of availability, low cost, and environmental‐friendliness, biomass waste could serve as a prospective renewable source for value‐added chemicals. Nevertheless, biomass conversion into chemicals is quite challenging due to the heterogeneous nature of biomass waste. Biomass‐derived chemicals are appealing sustainable solutions that can reduce the dependency on existing petroleum‐based production. Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs)‐based catalysts and their composite materials have attracted considerable amounts of interest in biomass conversion applications recently because of their interesting physical and chemical characteristics. Due to their tunability, the catalytic activity and selectivity of MOF‐based catalyst/composite materials can be tailored by functionalizing them with a variety of functional groups to enhance biomass conversion efficiency. This review focuses on the catalytic transformation of lignocellulosic biomass into value‐added chemicals by employing MOF‐based catalyst/composite materials. The main focus is given to the production of the platform chemicals HMF and Furfural from the corresponding (hemi)cellulosic biomass, due to their versatility as intermediates for the production of various biobased chemicals and fuels. The effects of different experimental parameters on the conversion of biomass by MOF‐based catalysts are also included. Finally, current challenges and perspectives of biomass conversion into chemicals by MOF‐based catalysts are highlighted.

Background The impact of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) on the outcomes of heart transplantation (HT) has not yet been clearly established. The objectives of this study were to examine the trends in the prevalence of T2D among individuals who underwent a HT in Spain from 2002 to 2021, and to compare the clinical characteristics and hospitalization outcomes between HT recipients with and without T2D. Methods We used the national hospital discharge database to select HT recipients aged 35 and older. The International Classification of Diseases, Ninth and Tenth Revisions (ICD-9 and ICD-10) were used to identify patients with and without T2D. We also recorded comorbidities, complications of HT, and procedures. Propensity score matching (PSM) and Cox regression were used to analyze the effect of T2D on in-hospital mortality (IHM). Results Between 2002 and 2021, a total of 4429 HTs (T2D, 19.14%) were performed in Spain. The number of HTs in patients with T2D decreased from 2002 to 2005 (n = 171) to 2014–2017 (n = 154), then rose during 2018–2021 (n = 186). Complications of HT increased in patients with and without T2D over the study period (26.9% and 31.31% in 2002–2005 vs. 42.47% and 45.01% in 2018–2021, respectively). The results of the PSM showed that pneumonia and Gram-negative bacterial infections were less frequent in patients with T2D and that these patients less frequently required hemodialysis, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), and tracheostomy. They also had a shorter hospital stay and lower IHM than patients without diabetes. The variables associated with IHM in patients with T2D were hemodialysis and ECMO. IHM decreased over time in people with and without T2D. The Cox regression analysis showed that T2D was associated with lower IHM (HR 0.77; 95% CI 0.63–0.98). Conclusions The number of HTs increased in the period 2018–2021 compared with 2002–2005 in patients with and without T2D. Over time, complications of HT increased in both groups studied, whereas IHM decreased. The presence of T2D is associated with lower IHM.

The main objective of this study was to analyze the differences between older adults' symptom profiles (subclinical, anxiety, depressive, and comorbid) in negative aging self-stereotypes, loneliness, and feelings of guilt associated with self-perception as a burden. Participants were 310 community-dwelling people aged 60 years and over. The sample was grouped into four symptom profiles of older adults: anxiety, depressive, comorbid anxiety-depression, and subclinical symptoms. We carried out multinomial logistic regression analyses to analyze the role of assessed variables in the explanation of the four symptom profiles. Older adults who reported a comorbid symptomatology presented higher negative aging self-stereotypes and feelings of loneliness than the other three profiles. Compared with the subclinical profile, older adults who reported clinical symptomatology (anxiety, depressive, and comorbid profile) presented higher feelings of guilt associated with self-perception as a burden. The findings of this study suggest potential associations that may contribute to understanding and treating comorbid anxiety and depressive symptoms in older adults.

Background Radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS) patients might have psychiatric and cognitive deficits, which suggests an involvement of major resting-state functional networks. Notwithstanding, very little is known about the neural networks involved in RIS. Objective To examine functional connectivity differences between RIS and healthy controls using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Methods Resting-state fMRI data in 25 RIS patients and 28 healthy controls were analyzed using an independent component analysis; in addition, seed-based correlation analysis was used to obtain more information about specific differences in the functional connectivity of resting-state networks. Participants also underwent neuropsychological testing. Results RIS patients did not differ from the healthy controls regarding age, sex, and years of education. However, in memory (verbal and visuospatial) and executive functions, RIS patients’ cognitive performance was significantly worse than the healthy controls. In addition, fluid intelligence was also affected. Twelve out of 25 (48%) RIS patients failed at least one cognitive test, and six (24.0%) had cognitive impairment. Compared to healthy controls, RIS patients showed higher functional connectivity between the default mode network and the right middle and superior frontal gyri and between the central executive network and the right thalamus ( p FDR < 0.05; corrected). In addition, the seed-based correlation analysis revealed that RIS patients presented higher functional connectivity between the posterior cingulate cortex, an important hub in neural networks, and the right precuneus. Conclusion RIS patients had abnormal brain connectivity in major resting-state neural networks and worse performance in neurocognitive tests. This entity should be considered not an “incidental finding” but an exclusively non-motor (neurocognitive) variant of multiple sclerosis.

This paper introduces gypsum ecosystem research to southern Africa. It is the result of current joint efforts to compare African gypsum ecosystems with those in other parts of the world. We highlight the expansion of an international network through joint projects and training of young scientists. We propose a research agenda to sensitise the ecological community in Africa to the significance of life on gypsum and to demystify the existence of gypsum soil and associated ecosystems in southern Africa.

Earthquakes with magnitudes greater than 4.5–5 induce massive rockfalls close to the fault rupture zone. Driven by seismic shaking, the blocks collapse through the hillslope, which yields a fresh surface that is unbeatable for new lichen colonization. The lichenometric technique involves dating lichens developed on the surfaces of rockfall blocks induced by earthquakes. This study is focused on Cejo de Cano (Lorca, Spain), which is an earthquake-prone landslide scarp, as shown after the 2011 Lorca shaking (Mw 5.2). After this event, the possibility that the rocky volume at the foot of its slope could have a seismic origin started to be considered. In this research, lichenometry is used to date lichens on rock surfaces and test a possible correlation with the cataloged historical earthquakes. This research is important because of the large number of rockfall earthquakes found at this site by applying lichenometry compared to other studies in the literature. This technique allows us to extend the regional seismic catalog because the oldest lichens are older than the documented catalog of historical earthquakes. An oriented rockfall pattern that correlates with the location of epicenters is observed. In addition, the parallel and oblique previous fracturing of Cejo de Cano makes this scarp a suitable place to test whether the fracturing direction of the scarp could control a greater volume of rockfalls. This research opens up a new field of study to evaluate this correlation in larger areas.

The key issues in any fire emergency are recognising fire hotspots, locating the emergency intervention team (EI), following the evolution of the fire, and selecting the evacuation path. This leads to the study and development of HelpResponder, a solution capable of detecting the focus of interest in hostile spaces derived from fire due to high temperatures without visibility. A study is conducted to determine which model best predicts measured CO2\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\text {CO}_2$$\end{document} levels. The variables used are temperature, humidity, and air quality, obtained from sensors installed in a fire tower. The statistical methods applied, namely ARIMAX, KNN, SVM, and TBATS, allow the adjustment and modelling of the variables. Explanatory variables with temporal structure are incorporated into SVM, a new improvement proposal. Moreover, combining different models showed the best efficiency in forecasting. In fact, another contribution of our work lies in offering a small-scale prediction system that is specifically designed to save batteries. The system has been tested and validated in a hostile environment (building), simulating real emergency situations. The system has been tested and validated in several hostile environments, simulating real emergency situations. It can help firefighters respond faster in an emergency. This reduces the risks associated with the lack of information and improves the time for tactical operations, which could save lives.

This paper focuses on the migrant pay gap in Spain. Going beyond descriptive evidence of the differences between immigrants and nationals in terms of wages, we analyse which part of the gross wage is most affected by features that cannot be captured using econometric models. Relying on microdata from the Wage Structure Survey, we divide the total gross wage into two main parts: base wage and wage supplements. Then we decompose the migrant wage gap into the explained and the unexplained terms, using a simple decomposition methodology, the Oaxaca-Blinder model. Our results show that a part of the differences in wage supplements does not seem to be explained by the set of control variables introduced in the model and that this effect is more pronounced when only men are considered. These findings offer a new perspective on the migrant pay gap in Spain and point to the importance of wage-setting practices related to wage supplements in explaining (and widening) the total migrant pay gap in our country.

The initial training received in Spanish faculties of education by future teachers is influenced by the principles and approaches passed on by their lecturers and professors over the course of their programmes. This in turn will have repercussions on the schooling they provide to their future pupils. An examination was undertaken of the discourse relating to degrowth of academic staff and students at the Faculty of Education of the University of León, as a case study. This discourse was analysed through the triangulation of three research tools of a qualitative nature: interviews, discussion groups, and a documentary review of teaching guides for subjects taught in that faculty. The results show that university teaching staff tends to reproduce models linked to the predominant neoliberal discourse. Although the study has limitations due to the small sample size used in a case study, it is believed that its outcomes may be transferable to other university contexts. The conclusion is that there is an urgent need to provide training in degrowth to the teaching staff of faculties of education if there is to by education in a model of degrowth allowing future generations to inherit a sustainable planet.

El 15M fue un movimiento asambleario surgido en 2011 en el marco de una severa crisis en España. Tras el décimo aniversario de los acontecimientos, la presente investigación estudia el grado de conocimiento que hay entre los estudiantes universitarios en Madrid sobre las principales ideas progresistas, la huella que el 15M ha dejado y el grado de predisposición y sensibilidad hacia los movimientos sociales. Para el efecto, se distribuyó una encuesta a través de redes sociales, la cual fue respondida por 642 participantes. Los resultados arrojan cinco perfiles de individuos claramente diferenciados.

Background Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder in children and adolescents. Recent studies show that video games have great potential for the treatment and rehabilitation of ADHD patients. The aim of the present review is to systematically review the scientific literature on the relationship between video games and ADHD, focusing on adherence to treatment, frequency of the intervention, and the long‐term follow‐up of video games in children and adolescents with ADHD. Methods The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta‐analyses guidelines were adopted. The review protocol was registered in PROSPERO database. We searched in three databases, PubMed, Medline, and Web of Science to identify studies examining the association between video game interventions in ADHD patients. Results A total of 18 empirical studies met the established inclusion criteria. The results showed that video games‐based interventions can be used to improve ADHD symptoms and display high adherence to treatment. In addition, in the studies reviewed, the most common intervention frequency is 30 min three to five times per week. However, there is little evidence from studies with video games showing long‐term effects in patients with ADHD. Conclusion Video games are useful and effective interventions that can complement traditional treatments in patients with ADHD.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) remains a significant health challenge as the number of patients increases with the aging of the population worldwide. AF detection continues to be a significant challenge, particularly in the long term, to improve the quality of life of people suffering from the disease and reduce treatment costs. In recent decades, machine learning and deep learning have provided promising results in classifying heart conditions with moderate interpretability. We hypothesized that the complexity of AF could be handled in low-dimensional latent spaces in terms of non-Gaussian manifolds and that feature selection techniques on an audio-inspired feature set could improve the detection and interpretability of the AF phenomenon. Therefore, we used long-term monitoring databases in which noise-reduction filters preprocessed the signals and extracted their RR-value sequences. From these datasets, several audio spectral characteristics were calculated and used as input vectors for different types of manifold estimators. We also used the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression, a feature selection technique. Our experiments showed that these spectral representations of AF segments can yield better-defined low-dimensional embedding manifolds and acceptable intrinsic separability of AF from sinus rhythm. Moreover, including supervised stages and LASSO regression improved the overall performance of this proposal. The performance obtained in classifying AF signals versus normal ones reaches a precision of 91.2%, a recall of 95.5%, and an accuracy of 94.5%. These results pave the way for manifold learning and low-dimensional latent spaces in AF applications, and they support the advantage of using machine learning methods in different AF problems.

Resumen Objetivo Describir las experiencias y las necesidades de atención médica de un grupo de progenitores de niños con encefalopatías epilépticas y del desarrollo (EED) causadas por las variantes SCN1A , KCNQ2 , CDKL5 , PCDH19 y GNAO1 . Método Se realizó un estudio cualitativo descriptivo. Los participantes fueron reclutados mediante un muestreo intencional. Los criterios de inclusión consistieron en progenitores de niños con EED causadas por las variantes SCN1A , KCNQ2 , CDKL5 , PCDH19 o GNAO1 , con edades comprendidas entre los 4 y los 10 años. En total, se incluyeron 21 progenitores. Los datos se obtuvieron mediante entrevistas en profundidad y notas de campo del investigador. Se realizó un análisis temático. Resultados Se identificaron tres temas principales: (1) Manejando los síntomas, las crisis epilépticas se viven con gran incertidumbre, y se acompañan de síntomas cognitivos, conductuales y motores que limitan la vida del niño; b) Aceptando el tratamiento, la pauta de la medicación idónea es un reto, la decisión de retirar o comenzar una nueva terapia recae en los progenitores; y c) Relación terapéutica y atención médica, existen comportamientos y acciones del profesional que facilitan o dificultan la relación terapéutica con los progenitores. Acudir al servicio de urgencias es vivido con recelo por los progenitores. Interpretación Los profesionales de los servicios de urgencias deben conocer mejor las EED, acoger a los progenitores y mejorar el tratamiento de los niños. Los resultados de este estudio pueden servir como punto de partida para una hoja de ruta de los resultados relevantes reportados por los cuidadores de las EED, a implementar nuevos ensayos clínicos y terapias dirigidas a la etiología.

A checklist of Lichen-forming, Lichenicolous and Allied Fungi of Ecuador is presented with a total of 2599 species, of which 39 are reported for the first time from the country. The names of three species, Hypotrachyna montufariensis , H. subpartita and Sticta hypoglabra , previously not validly published, are validated. Pertusaria oahuensis , originally introduced by Magnusson as ‘ ad interim ’, is validated as Lepra oahuensis . The form Leucodermia leucomelos f. albociliata is validated. Two new combinations, Fissurina tectigera and F. timida , are made, and Physcia mobergii is introduced as a replacement name for the illegitimate P. lobulata Moberg non (Flörke) Arnold. In an initial step, the checklist was compiled by reviewing literature records of Ecuadorian lichen biota spanning from the late 19th century to the present day. Subsequently, records were added based on vouchers from 56 collections participating in the Consortium of Lichen Herbaria , a Symbiota-based biodiversity platform with particular focus on, but not exclusive to, North and South America. Symbiota provides sophisticated tools to manage biodiversity data, such as occurrence records, a taxonomic thesaurus, and checklists. The thesaurus keeps track of frequently changing names, distinguishing taxa currently accepted from ones considered synonyms. The software also provides tools to create and manage checklists, with an emphasis on selecting vouchers based on occurrence records that can be verified for identification accuracy. Advantages and limitations of creating checklists in Symbiota versus traditional ways of compiling these lists are discussed. Traditional checklists are well suited to document current knowledge as a ‘snapshot in time’. They are important baselines, frequently used by ecologists and conservation scientists as an established naming convention for citing species reported from a country. Compiling these lists, however, requires an immense effort, only to inadequately address the dynamic nature of scientific discovery. Traditional checklists are thus quickly out of date, particularly in groups with rapidly changing taxonomy, such as lichenized fungi. Especially in megadiverse countries, where new species and new occurrences continue to be discovered, traditional checklists are not easily updated; these lists necessarily fall short of efficiently managing immense data sets, and they rely primarily on secondary evidence (i.e. literature records rather than specimens). Ideally, best practices make use of dynamic database platforms such as Symbiota to assess occurrence records based both on literature citations and voucher specimens. Using modern data management tools comes with a learning curve. Systems like Symbiota are not necessarily intuitive and their functionality can still be improved, especially when handling literature records. However, online biodiversity data platforms have much potential in more efficiently managing and assessing large biodiversity data sets, particularly when investigating the lichen biota of megadiverse countries such as Ecuador.