Karakalpak State University

Sudden economic changes in the world, destruction of the ecosystem due to the irrational use of natural resources, natural disasters, epidemics that are extremely dangerous for human life are shaking the human society. At the current time, when such global environmental problems are intensifying, the issues of the interaction between nature and society, the impact of humanity on nature are becoming more and more urgent and attract the attention of the scientific community. The ever-increasing environmental problems such as floods, drying up of the Aral Sea, depletion of the ozone layer, caused by global warming, require the study of the social significance of research in all fields of science from an ecological point of view. During the period of the Russian Empire, research is being conducted in areas such as changes in the ecological state, flora and fauna, as well as the impact of the ecological environment on social life as a result of anthropogenic influence on the territory of Turkestan. The article discusses them. Research methods such as historical analysis and synthesis, chronological-comparative analysis, civilizational approach, synergetic method and objectivity were used in the research. As a result of the research, the following results were obtained. Taking into account the high role of animals such as horses, donkeys, camels, cattle, sheep and goats in the socio-economic life of the population, which are considered important for the household by the Governor General of Turkestan, to prevent them from contracting various infectious diseases, if such a disease occurs if infected animals are detected, measures were developed to immediately neutralize and destroy them.

The usage of satellite imagery has been extremely beneficial to many industries, such as environmental monitoring, medical mapping, urban planning, and agriculture. Among the several satellite pictures that are emerging as significant sources of multispectral data that provide crucial insights into the dynamics of the Earth’s surface are Sentinel-2 MSI and Landsat-8 OLI. Understanding the differences between these two satellite systems is essential to maximizing their use in various applications. This study examines the advantages and disadvantages of Sentinel-2 and Landsat- 8 OLI satellite data. The results enabled the use of the pertinent satellite images to create various themed memories, such as the connection between human health and the environment while creating medical-related geographic maps.

In the following study, using highly-developed remote sensing methodologies, a historical over-ten-year study of the LULC phenomenon of the Khorezm Oasis was conducted. The analysis provides valuable insights about agricultural change, water management policies and the alteration of LULC in the region, including several processes, changes in plants and irrigation levels, population density and growth of urban structures. Consequently, the work establishes an interrelation between climate variability and therefore, this assessment comes with useful policy information for any policy maker or relevant stakeholders who wish to implement good land management policies and policies that reduce any negative effects on the environment within the Khorezm Oasis. Based on the below results, it was indicated that there is a divergence in change in agricultural land, water areas, natural vegetation, and urban form based on 2018 to 2022, informing of the decrease in water areas, tree coverage, and cane regions, as well as the increase in built-up areas and bare ground. These transformations are explored with respect to socio-economic characteristics, climate fluctuations, and policy management, providing useful guides for professional communities and policymakers to design more favourable conditions for sustainable management of land and agriculture.

This article presents the results of geobotanical research conducted using geoinformation technologies in pastures and hayfields of the Ellikkala district of the Republic of Karakalpakstan. In this research work, the necessary information about the habitats and distribution environments of the nutritious pasture plants that are mainly consumed by livestock has been provided. Also, suggestions and recommendations are given for improving the methods of regeneration of vegetation cover growing in pastures. In order to ensure the productivity of pastures, research was conducted using 1:10,000 scale map and orthophoto plans of the district to determine the quality of the botanical composition of its plants.

Over the past three decades, remote sensing technologies have become increasingly valuable for monitoring sustainable land management practices. Remote sensing allows for easy and versatile monitoring through various types of imagery, enabling land planners and managers to make well- informed decisions. This article explores key aspects of using Earth Remote Sensing (ERS) tools, particularly for tracking changes in forested areas. By leveraging satellite-derived time-series imagery, it is possible to monitor large regions continuously, assess forest conditions, and evaluate the impact of various natural and human-induced factors over time. This study presents an analysis of forest changes over a specific period, providing insights into the dynamics and health of these ecosystems.

The importance of include environmental costs in the evaluation of land management projects—particularly with regard to agricultural activities in irrigated areas—is covered in this article. It looks at several approaches to determining and measuring environmental costs and evaluating the environmental effects of land management, both good and bad. According to the report, environmental costs must be taken into account when evaluating the financial viability of such initiatives. It also describes the kinds of environmental resources and expenses that have to be taken into account when developing a project, providing a thorough framework for managing land in agricultural contexts in a way that is both sustainable and profitable.

The Karakuduk flint processing workshop is located in the eastern part of the Ustyurt plateau on the northern slopes of the Barsa-Kelmes depression (Republic of Karakalpakstan, a region of Uzbekistan), 1.5-2 km north of the well of the same name. The workshop was uncovered by E.B. Bizhanov in 1978. Surface finds were scattered over an area measuring 200 × 100 m. The collection includes more than 900 lithic finds. One part of them are flinty limestone plates, the other part includes flakes obtained from them. The size of the plates is mostly within 5–10 cm (sometimes bigger), the thickness is on average 1.5-2 cm. The length of most flakes is 2–3 cm (sometimes up to 5 cm). A series of bifacially processed tools was also revealed at the site. E.B. Bizhanov noted different degrees of preservation of artefact surfaces (the collection has not been studied in detail); all of the objects were attributed to the Acheulian. In this article, the author employs the technical and typological method as well as the “deflation rate” method (Derevianko et al., 2000, p. 204) to divide the artifacts from the site into three complexes. These are: Early Paleolithic including 86 items with strong surface deflation; Middle Paleolithic including 703 items with desert tan on the surface, in terms of cultural features they are included in the bifacial faction; and Late Paleolithic – 44 items which only have a patina.

Incorporating multimedia program-based tasks into vocabulary instruction represents a contemporary and effective pedagogical approach that capitalizes on the interactive nature of digital resources. This article aims to describe both the theoretical and practical aspects of the mobile app “Word Case,” which is an innovative multimedia program designed to enhance the vocabulary competence of B1-level learners of English. “Word Case” offers a diverse range of multimedia resources, such as interactive games and audio recordings, catering to various learning styles and preferences. This diversity ensures that students are exposed to vocabulary in different contexts and formats, enhancing comprehension and retention. The program provides opportunities for autonomous learning, empowering students to explore and practice vocabulary at their own pace and according to their individual interests. Moreover, “Word case” facilitates continuous assessment and feedback, enabling teachers to monitor student progress and tailor instruction accordingly. The study analyzes various viewpoints on the “Multimedia program” as considered by scholars of philosophy, psychology, and pedagogy, and describes the results of a questionnaire.

The aim of this paper was to evaluate the heart rate variability (HRV) parameters after long-term wearing of N95 respirators in subjects living at various distances from the epicentre of the Aral Sea environmental disaster. The study included 1100 male volunteers, which were divided into «North» group (unfavourable environment) and «South» group (favorable environment). The 5-minute HRV recordings were made using «BioMouse Complex» without a mask (State 1) and after wearing a N95 respirator and performed the necessary work for 30-40 minutes (State 2). SDNN, pNN50, HF, LF/HF and Baevsky’s Stress Index (SI) was statistically compared in State 1 and State 2. A significant increase was found in RMSSD, SDNN, pNN50%, HF in State 2 in subjects from the «North» and «South» groups. SI and LF/HF ratio increased after N95 wearing in youth from the and «North» group and decreased in volunteers from the «South» group. The prevalence of distribution of subjects having SI more 150 conv. units in State 2 in the «North» group was higher than in the «South» group. Vegetative tone reactivity to wearing N95 respirators was observed in residents from «North» group in the form of increase in sympathetic activity.

The establishment of new green cover on the dry bottom of the Aral Sea has a positive effect on the biodiversity populations of the animal world, and insects, in turn, actively participate in the process of soil formation. Despite the favorable abiotic, soil-edaphic factors for the insects of the Southern Archipelago, the density of larvae of Carabidae in agrobiocenoses is quite low. On the contrary, outside the field, the soil edaphic and abiotic factors, despite the low humidity, the density of species is much higher. Also, the number of beetles collected in containers left over from the water consumed by people along the roads leading to the small island, Kungirot Island and Moynak Island, and died without being able to return from 75 to 500 depending on the size of the containers. causes it to decrease.

This article presents the results of a comprehensive study of the chemical composition, structural characteristics, and porous structures of soil and sand in the dried-out part of the Aral Sea. Chemical analysis of soil samples revealed a high content of basic elements, such as oxides of silicon, aluminium, iron, calcium, and magnesium, which affect chemical activity and interaction with the environment. The structural characteristics of the samples taken in the dried part of the Aral Sea made it possible to evaluate their ability to adsorb and interact with water and other substances. The study of soil’s adsorption and porosity characteristics has revealed its ability to retain moisture and other important components in the porous structures. The results obtained allow us to better understand the mechanisms of interaction of soil and sand with water. Data can serve as a basis for developing effective and sustainable water management practices and optimizing the use of soil materials.

Dust microparticles are known to be bad for public health, we need automated and mobile devices that can quickly and accurately measure the chemical and dispersed makeup of solid pollution components. These devices should replace time-consuming sampling methods and separate methods for figuring out dust’s chemical and fractional makeup. The study aimed to develop and test new methodological, software, and instrumental approaches to monitoring particulate matter in the atmospheric air. A hardware-software complex is proposed that implements a two-stage scheme for recognising solid particles selected from atmospheric air according to the “from coarse to fine” principle. The laser diffraction method determines the total concentration of solid particles at the first stage. We use a miniature iMicro Q2 microscope with 800x magnification to obtain microphotographs of dust. The method shows vast possibilities for quickly establishing the composition and structure of dust, forming profiles of dust pollution, and assessing the contribution of the source to the formation of pollution. The obtained results enhance the correctness and accuracy of assessing health risks associated with dust exposure in atmospheric air.

This article reflects environmental changes associated with a decrease in the level of the Aral Sea, the processes of salt formation and aeolian migration on the southern coast of the Aral Sea, their distribution in the environment, their causes and possible consequences.

The impact of the Aral Sea desiccation on the climate of the Southern Priaralieis presented as a systemic impact of two processes: water area reduction and wind-driven salt removal from the dried seabed. For quantitative assessment of this impact, a system of numerical mathematical models has been developed, including a model of atmospheric salt transport, a model of the influence of sea area reduction on temperature and humidity fields, and models of the influence of salt aerosol on radiation regime and precipitation formation. The results of separate realisations of these models are presented to clarify the mechanism and degree of influence of water area reduction and salt removal on climatic characteristics. Multiyear spatial and temporal dynamics of the systemic influence of water area reduction and aerosol removal on annual precipitation, air temperature and humidity is presented for decades of the modelling period (1966-2015).

In this study, the relationship between the economic growth of Uzbekistan, CO2 emissions and international tourism from 2000 to 2023 was investigated by using the ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag) limit testing approach. The findings suggest that there is a strong long-run equilibrium relationship between these variables. In particular, a 1% increase in GDP per capita is associated with a 1.43% increase in international tourist arrivals, which highlights the positive impact of economic growth on tourism demand. Furthermore, a 1% increase in CO2 emissions corresponds to a 3.93% increase in tourist arrivals, which shows the complex interplay between environmental impact and tourism development. This may be due to the role of urbanization and industrialization, which cause emissions, in improving tourism infrastructure and services. These results highlight the importance of developing integrated strategies aimed at sustainable tourism development that take into account both economic and environmental aspects.

The effect of 2MeV energy electrons with fluences from 0.5×1017 to 4.0×1017 electron/cm² on the crystal structure, surface morphology, absorption spectrum, band gap, Raman spectrum and microhardness of ZnS crystal was investigated. The crystal structure of ZnS is face-centered cubic with space group F-43m. Upon irradiation with a fluence of 4×1017 electron/cm², the unit cell parameter decreased by 0.0195Å, and the coordinates of the Zn+2 ions were changed. Irradiation with fluences ranging from 0.5×1017 to 4×1017 electron/cm² increased crystallite size from 20nm to 28nm. The study of the surface morphology of the ZnS single-crystal revealed that irradiation caused a reduction in both the width (Ra) and height (Rz) of the surface roughness. The band gap of the ZnS single-crystal decreased from 3.521 to 3.506eV when irradiated with fluence electrons from 0.5×1017 to 2.5×1017electron/cm². Raman spectrum observations showed an increase in the longitudinal optical (LO) mode peak (350cm−1) intensity following the irradiation of ZnS single-crystal with electrons. The microhardness of the ZnS single-crystal showed an exponential increase by 20% when irradiated with fluences from 0.5×1017 to 2.5×1017electron/cm².

The accuracy of statistical estimates of unknown distribution parameters depends not only on the bulk of sampling data but also on the method of data acquisition. The information content of experimental data is one of the basic requirements. Problems of mathematical statistics, in particular parametric estimation based on censored observations, have specific features. Typical representatives of models of incomplete observations on a straight line are models of random censoring, competing risks of (single, multiple) random censoring. The purpose of this study is to show that censoring does not always lead to loss of (Fisher) information. It is shown that if censoring is informative, i.e., the distribution of censoring random variables depends on the same parameter, it is possible to specify a model where information can be preserved due to censoring. On the contrary, if the censoring is not informative, then the loss of information is inevitable. The Cramer – Rao efficiency was taken as a criterion for the quality of the assessment, whereas the Fisher information was taken as the criterion for information about the unknown parameter.

See the retraction notice E3S Web of Conferences 549, 00001 (2024), https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202454900001