Jamia Hamdard University

This book chapter deals with the evolving landscape of Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) within the realm of education. As AI increasingly permeates educational systems, the need for transparency and interpretability becomes paramount to foster trust and facilitate effective human-AI collaboration. The chapter navigates through recent trends in XAI techniques and their applications in educational contexts, shedding light on how explainable AI can enhance personalized learning, assessment, and decision-making processes. Moreover, it addresses the inherent difficulties and moral issues related to with implementing XAI in education, emphasizing the importance of balancing transparency with privacy and fairness. Through an exploration of case studies and future directions, this chapter aims to provide insights into harnessing explainable AI as a tool to empower educators, students, and stakeholders in the educational ecosystem.

We studied the impact of COVID-19 on relapse in patients with hematological malignancies who had achieved complete remission (CR) and were either treatment-free or maintained on uninterrupted therapy over a 24-month period. Among 144 patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria, the overall relapse rate was 30.9%, with a significantly higher incidence in COVID-19-positive patients (60.9%) compared to COVID-19-negative individuals (25.2%, HR- p = 0.0001). Stratification by disease risk index (DRI) revealed a pronounced effect of COVID-19 on relapse in the DRI-high cohort (64.3% vs. 20.1%, p = 0.0001). Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) appeared protective, with relapse rates of 22% in HCT recipients and 36.9% in the non-HCT cohort (p = 0.06), with no impact of COVID-19 on relapse in patients undergoing HCT. However, the effect of COVID-19 on relapse was predominantly observed in the non-HCT group (92.3% vs. 27.8%, HR-8.9, p < 0.001). Immune exhaustion markers, including PD-1 on T cells and NKG2A on NK cells, were significantly upregulated in COVID-19-exposed patients, particularly in those who relapsed, compared to recipients of allogeneic HCT with and without exposure to SARS-CoV2. These findings suggest COVID-19-induced immune dysregulation may facilitate relapse, particularly in non-HCT patients, warranting further exploration of the immunobiological mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon and possible immune-targeted interventions in this context.

Aim: This study aims to review research journals on assessing the quality of outpatient services in hospitals, with the aim of continuous improvement. Methods: Methods used by various researchers and authors are reviewed by searching electronic databases. The selection criteria adopted were particularly relevant to the five years between 2020 and 2024. Results: Researchers and authors carried out their work and reported the improvement in the quality of outpatient services. Conclusions: This paper provides information about using software to access the quality of outpatient services. Information can be generated to improve the quality of outpatient services in hospitals. An effective feedback mechanism will help gather the data, and continuous improvements can be achieved in quality services for outpatients in hospitals. Key words: Quality outpatient services; hospital; assessing; improvement

Background Quality maternity care is known to improve a range of maternal and neonatal outcomes. The Lancet Series on Midwifery's Quality Maternal and Newborn Care (QMNC) Framework is a high‐level synthesis of the global evidence on quality maternity care. Initial qualitative work demonstrated the Framework's adaptability in evaluating service user and provider perceptions of the quality of maternity care. However, evaluating services at scale requires a survey instrument. This paper reports the validation of the QMNC Framework index (QMNCFi), a five‐part survey for the evaluation of maternity care across diverse settings. Methods International online English language survey of women who had given birth in the previous year in Australia, Ghana, India and the United Kingdom (UK). It was distributed through service user networks (UK and Australia) and at postnatal clinics (Ghana and India). All forms were completed online. Test–retest was conducted to assess reliability. Results Five hundred and forty mothers completed the survey (Australia 136; Ghana 131; India 153; UK 120). Construct validity: Cronbach's α in 12 of the survey's 13 sections ranged from 0.795 to 0.986; for the remaining section the alpha was 0.594. Reliability: 55 participants completed the QMNCFi a second time. Intraclass correlation coefficient results ranged from 0.657 to 0.939 across the 13 sections. Field researchers in Ghana and India reported that the survey was easily understood and completed. Conclusion This survey has shown that, across diverse contexts, the QMNCFi is a valid, reliable, and comprehensive tool for measuring service user perceptions of the quality of care over time.

Guava is a highly nutritious fruit with abundance of health benefits and is medically recommended for daily consumption. Therefore, quality assessment of guava is of significance. Manual quality grading of fruits is being performed for a long time which suffers from subjective biases. Consequently, development of a computer vision-based automated system for quality grading of fruits is essential. In this paper, maturity assessment of guava is performed using various machine learning classifiers, including neural network, fuzzy logic system, and generative AI models. Thermal images of guava are used for maturity assessment. Performance of these models is evaluated by determining the confusion matrix and classification report, considering both class-wise and overall classification. After careful observation, FLS-based ANFIS is highly recommended for grading the guava on the basis of its maturity level. Furthermore, thermal imaging is also very significant for the development of a holistic computer vision-based fruit quality assessment model.

Cancer study focuses on the intricate association between aggravation and the growth of cancer, which reveals intricate relationships between malignant cells, cytokines, and pro-inflammatory cells inside the tumor microenvironment (TME). The molecular and cellular processes underpinning this interaction and its consequences for cancer treatment are thoroughly reviewed in this chapter. Inflammation has pro- as well as anti-tumorigenic actions, playing two distinct functions in cancer. Pro-tumorigenic inflammation facilitates the origin, growth, and spread of tumors through processes like inducing genome instability, enhancing blood vessel development, and suppressing tumor-fighting defenses. Inflammatory cells including neutrophils, T lymphocytes, and macrophages as well as signaling pathways like STAT3 and NF-κB are important participants in this mechanism. Furthermore, irritation may stimulate anti-tumorigenic effects by encouraging tissue healing, immunological monitoring, and regression of tumors. Using the immune system’s attack against tumors has the potential to lead to the creation of new treatment approaches. Inflammatory management has become an intriguing possibility for cancer treatment. Treatment results may be enhanced by anti-inflammatory medications, immunotherapy procedures, and a combination of treatments that influence the inflammatory TME. But there are still issues to be resolved, like resistance to treatment and variations in inflammation among cancer kinds. Ultimately, comprehending the intricate relationship between inflammation and the advancement of cancer offers new perspectives on methods of therapy and emphasizes the significance of tailored medicines in the fight against cancer. It is highly promising that more studies in this area will help us fight disease and enhance outcomes for patients.

Across all scientific disciplines, nanotechnology is one of the topics that has drawn a lot of interest. The creation of novel materials, the development of new machinery and molecularly controlled systems, and the application of material properties at nanoscale sizes are all possible, thanks to nanotechnology. As a result, using nanoscale items, such as different biological nanoparticles, as medicine transporters and tumor-detecting agents might be viewed as a significant accomplishment. The same is the cause of the recent rise in the number of publications and articles in this area. The complexity of this area necessitates the formation of multidisciplinary research teams that include specialists in fields like biotechnology, engineering, physics, and medicine. This chapter focuses on how nanotechnology is used in medicine, how functional working nanosensors are, and how they are used to identify various diseases. Different sections discuss different types of nanosensors, such as biosensors and nanochemical sensors. With a focus on sensor technology and its use in biological systems, it then evaluates the potential and progress of nanotechnology from its origin to the present.

The electrochemical biosensors offer considerable potential in the biomedical field due to their improved specificity, sensitivity, early diagnosis, label-free nature, and cost efficiency for quick point-of-care illness diagnosis at the bedside. An electrochemical biosensor has the potential to reduce the gap between the patient and the treatment as it is an inexpensive, robust, and highly sensitive approach that helps the public manage their disease at an early stage. In this overview, the influence of electrochemical biosensors on effective diagnosis of various diseases was covered and their different strategies with the goal of boosting biosensor sensitivity and employing effective bioreceptors to provide better specificity and easy detection of biomolecules have been thoroughly examined and different electrode setups utilized in electrochemical biosensor are also depicted. This chapter also covers the different components of electrochemical biosensor along with their recent healthcare applications. So, this chapter provides an impactful overview to the reader and they can fulfill their mind with good knowledge about electrochemical biosensor specially those who are new to this field.

We report the development of an immunotherapeutic molecule, a humanized immunotoxin, for treating hCG-expressing advanced-stage cancers. PiPP, a high-affinity anti-hCG monoclonal antibody, is used in the immunotoxin for ‘homing’ hCG-positive cancer cells. The deimmunized (DI) form of α-Sarcin, a fungal-origin toxin that lacks functional T-cell epitopes, is used in the design to ensure minimal immunogenicity of the immunotoxin for repetitive use in humans. A single-chain variable fragment (scFv) of PiPP was constructed by linking the humanized VH and VL regions of the antibody. The scFv part of the antibody was further linked to the toxin α-Sarcin (DI) at the gene level and expressed as a recombinant protein in E. coli. The immunotoxin was purified from the bacterial cell lysate and analyzed for binding and cytotoxicity to hCG-secreting colorectal and pancreatic cancer cells. The results showed that the scFv(PiPP)-Sarcin immunotoxin was able to bind to colorectal and pancreatic cancer cells and killed approximately 85% of the cells. In vivo testing of the immunotoxin produced results similar to those of in vitro testing against colorectal adenocarcinoma-induced tumors. This immunotoxin could be a promising immunotherapeutic agent for treating colorectal, pancreatic and other terminal-stage hCG-expressing cancers.

The synthesis of 3,5-disubstituted pyrazolines, integrated with heterocyclic systems, represents a crucial area of chemical research due to their pharmacological and biological significance. This article reviews various synthetic methods used to prepare 3,5-disubstituted pyrazolines with different heterocyclic groups. The methodology employed in this study entails a multi-step synthesis, where readily available starting materials are transformed into complex pyrazoline derivatives through strategic reaction sequences. Incorporating heterocyclic systems not only enhances the structural diversity but also imparts unique chemical and biological properties to these compounds. Various heterocyclic groups, such as furans, thiophenes, and pyridines, are introduced at the 3,5-positions of the pyrazoline ring, yielding a versatile library of compounds. This study highlights the potential applications of these novel compounds in medicinal chemistry and drug discovery, emphasizing their bioactivity against specific targets. Preliminary data suggests that certain derivatives possess promising pharmacological activities, making them potential candidates for further development as therapeutic agents. In summary, this review provides a valuable contribution to the field of organic synthesis, offering a novel and efficient route to synthesize 3,5-disubstituted pyrazolines with heterocyclic systems. Furthermore, the structural activity relationship of the compounds is also discussed. The structural diversity and potential pharmacological properties of these compounds make them valuable candidates for further exploration and development in drug discovery and related areas.

The dietary diversity and increased food scarcity demands sustainable food system worldwide. Guava are widely cultivated throughout the tropical region and known for its significant nutritional contents. The present study was conducted with aim to develop a nutritionally rich fermented guava jelly to increase the antioxidants and antimicrobial properties of innovative food product. The pasteurized Guava pulp with sucrose was fermented with Lactobacillus brevis strain KU15152, for 72 hours, at 37°C. and further cooking was done followed by solidification of fermented guava jelly. The proximate analysis including moisture, ash, carbohydrate, protein and fats, along with functional properties such as antioxidants and antimicrobial was estimated of prepared fermented guava jelly. The results showed the presence of moisture (24.6%±1.20) in permissible limit. Ash and protein content was increased in comparison to fresh guava due to fermentation, while the total carbohydrate was decreased. The antioxidant potential has been increased after fermentation and demonstrates 20 µg/ml jelly extract showed potential radical scavenging activity, when compared with ascorbic acid. The antimicrobial properties showed a significant inhibition against gram positive and gram-negative bacteria. Thus the obtained results indicate that, Lactobacillus brevis strain KU15152 can be used as formulation of novel food product. Keywords: Antioxidants, antimicrobial, fermentation, lactobacillus, proximate analysis

The increasing use of illicit drugs has become a major global concern. Illicit drugs interact with the brain and the body altering an individual’s mood and behavior. As the substance-of-abuse (SOA) crisis continues to spread across the world, in order to reduce trafficking and unlawful activity, it is important to use point-of-care devices like biosensors. Currently, there are certain conventional detection methods, which include gas chromatography (GC), mass spectrometry (MS), surface ionization, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), electrochemiluminescence (ECL), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), etc., for the detection of abused drugs. These methods have the advantage of high accuracy and sensitivity but are generally laborious, expensive, and require trained operators, along with high sample requirements, and they are not suitable for on-site drug detection scenarios. As a result, there is an urgent need for point-of-care technologies for a variety of drugs that can replace conventional techniques, such as a biosensor, specifically an immunosensor. An immunosensor is an analytical device that integrates an antibody-based recognition element with a transducer to detect specific molecules (antigens). In an immunosensor, the highly selective antigen–antibody interaction is used to identify and quantify the target analyte. The binding event between the antibody and antigen is converted by the transducer into a measurable signal, such as electrical, optical, or electrochemical, which corresponds to the presence and concentration of the analyte in the sample. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of various illicit drugs, the conventional methods employed for their detection, and the advantages of immunosensors over conventional techniques. It highlights the critical need for on-site detection and explores emerging point-of-care testing methods. The paper also outlines future research goals in this field, emphasizing the potential of advanced technologies to enhance the accuracy, efficiency, and convenience of drug detection.

Novel drug like chloroquinoline‐benzylamine hybrids were synthesized and subjected to comprehensive antibacterial evaluation in the present investigation. The pharmacological evaluation comprises determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), disk diffusion assay, hemolysis and combination assays against both Gram‐negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram‐positive (Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus aureus) bacterial strains. Among all, 7‐chloroquinoline‐benzylamine hybrid bearing p‐bromophenyl substituent (SA11) demonstrated significant antibacterial efficacy (MIC=128μg/mL) against the tested panel of Gram‐positive strains with no sign of toxicity towards human red blood cells (hRBCs). Furthermore, another hybrid with o‐hydroxyphenyl substitution (SA12) exhibited notable activity against the tested isolates with MIC values ranging from 64 to 256μg/mL. Molecular docking studies suggested compound SA11 binds within the active site of the biofilm causing protein (PDB: 7C7U) further supported by the molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies at 100 ns. Compound SA11 exhibited significant efficacy in inhibiting S. aureus growth in the disk diffusion assay. Moreover, it displayed a synergistic effect when combined with ciprofloxacin (CIP), implying its potential utility in addressing antibiotic‐resistant bacterial strains through combination therapy. The pkCSM‐Pharmacokinetics assessment indicated favourable ADME profiles for SA11, supporting its potential as a viable drug candidate.

In recent years, advances in nanotechnology have significantly influenced electronics manufacturing, industrial processes, and medical research. Various industries have seen a surge in the use of nanomaterials. However, several researchers have raised the alarm about the toxicological nature of nanomaterials, which appear to be quite different from their crude forms. This altered nature can be attributed to their unique physicochemical profile. They can adversely affect human health and the environment. Nanomaterials that have been released into the environment tend to accumulate over time and can cause a significant impact on the ecosystem and organisms with adverse health effects. Increased use of nanoparticles has led to increased human exposure in their daily lives, making them more vulnerable to nanoparticle toxicity. Because of their small size, nanomaterials can readily cross biological membranes and enter cells, tissues, and organs. Therefore, the effect of nanomaterials on the human environment is of particular concern. The toxicological effects of nanomaterials and their mechanisms of action are being researched worldwide. Technological advances also support monitoring new nanomaterials marketed for industrial and household purposes. It is a challenging area because of the exceptional physicochemical properties of nanomaterials. This updated review focuses on the diverse toxicological perspective of nanomaterials. We have discussed the use of different types of nanoparticles and their physiochemical properties responsible for toxicity, routes of exposure, bio-distribution, and mechanism of toxicity. The review also includes various in vivo and in vitro methods of assessing the toxicity of nanomaterials. Finally, this review will provide a detailed insight into nano material-induced toxicological response, which can be beneficial in designing safe and effective nanoparticles.

Inositols, regarded as a sugar-alcohol isomeric group, is a class of polyol compounds with six-carbon ring structure and each carbon being hydroxylated. Among different biologically active isomers of the group, myo-inositol (MI), is regarded one of the most widespread and versatile metabolite with occurrence in plants, animals, yeasts, and microorganisms. With respect to mammals, MI is particularly abundant in the brain and other organs such as kidneys, ovaries, heart, liver, and muscle tissues. Additionally, MI represents an important constituent of membrane phospholipids and mediating osmoregulation with its phosphorylated derivatives participating in several intracellular signalling pathways and other physiological processes. Of late, significance of MI has been also observed in medical research wherein altered levels of MI in the brains are associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), epilepsy, and psychiatric disorders. Moreover, MI supplements do help in preventing insulin resistance, decreasing hyperandrogenism, preventing polycystic ovarian syndrome, etc. Keeping in view the diverse roles of MI, the present chapter summarizes the current understanding on the role of MI as an osmolyte in response to hyperosmolarity, a cellular metabolite in the human brain and a biomarker for both healthy and disease conditions and an effective supplementation for treatment of wide variety of diseases such as polycystic ovary syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory distress syndrome, and neurological disorders. Future insights in this direction are also highlighted at the end of the chapter.

The gut microbiota is a varied population of microorganisms that live in the human gastrointestinal system. Emerging research emphasizes the importance of this microbial ecology in general health and its influence on a variety of disorders. The review explores the synergy between herbal treatment and traditional medicine, emphasizing their cultural significance and therapeutic benefits. It delves into the intricate relationship between herbal remedies, traditional healing practices, and their sustained usage over centuries. The review highlights the pivotal role of the gut microbiota in herbal medicine, elucidating how treatments influence the gastrointestinal microorganisms, impacting overall health. Dietary phytochemicals are underscored for their significance in herbal medicine and nutritional well-being, along with the interdependence of plant extracts and botanicals. The investigation explores the molecular connections between phytoconstituents and gut microbiota, aiming to deepen the understanding of herbal medicine's tailored approach to specific health challenges. The summary concludes by emphasizing herbal treatments' unique ability to regulate gut flora, contributing to overall gastrointestinal wellbeing. In closing, the review provides a concise overview, serving as a valuable resource for integrative medicine research, with recommendations for future exploration of herbal medicine's potential in healthcare.

In recent years, developments in natural language processing (NLP) have made it possible for novel applications to be developed in the field of mental healthcare. Roberta and BERT are two examples of these advances. They are examples of state-of-the-art language models that have exhibited extraordinary skills in comprehending and processing human language. To enhance the efficiency and reduce the error rate, it proposes the integration of PSO in Bert and Roberta models at the time of pre-processing in order to filter useless data. Integration of PSO is done in both Bert and Roberta for filtering. The current study compares the proposed integrated approach with existing approaches on various validation measures like accuracy, Precision, Reccall and error rates. It demonstrates that LSTM achieves an accuracy of 99.2%, Bert with integrated PSO, demonstrates slightly higher accuracy at 99.4%. Impressively, Roberta with PSO surpasses both Hybrid LSTM and Bert with PSO with the highest accuracy of 99.6%. Also, Hybrid LSTM, exhibits an error rate of 0.35%. In contrast, Bert with integrated PSO, achieves a lower error rate of 0.27%. Notably, Roberta with integrated PSO demonstrates the lowest error rate among the three approaches, with an impressive value of 0.12%. This study underscores the transformative impact of advanced NLP models like Roberta and BERT on mental healthcare. By harnessing language data, they enable precise diagnosis and tailored interventions, improving accessibility and efficacy. Integrating PSO enhances accuracy and performance.

Cancer has been the cause of the highest number of deaths in the human population despite the development and advancement in treatment therapies. The toxicity, drug resistance, and side effects of the current medicaments and therapies have left the void for more research and development. One of the possibilities to fill this void is by incorporating Triazole moieties within existing anticancer pharmacophores to develop new hybrid drugs with less toxicity and more potency. The placement of nitrogen in the triazole ring has endowed its characterization of being integrated with anticancer pharmacophores via bioisosteric replacement, click chemistry and organocatalyzed approaches. This review paper emphasizes the discussions from articles published from the early 2000s to the current 2020s about the triazole-based derivatives used in anticancer therapy, elaborating more on their chemical structures, target receptors or enzymes, mechanism of action, structure-activity relationships, different triazole-derived hybrid drugs under clinical and nonclinical trials, and recent advancements toward developing more potent and less toxic anticancer agents.

Leishmania donovani is the causative agent of the fatal visceral leishmaniasis (VL) disease in humans in the tropical regions, mainly the Indian Subcontinent and Africa. We have previously described centrin1, a basal body associated cell division specific protein in this parasite important for the parasite’s host intracellular stage. In this study, we identified a novel centrin1-binding protein called LdDRP through pull-down and MS/MS analysis, which is a homolog of the XPC protein of humans involved in DNA damage. The protein interaction with LdCen1 was also confirmed through peptide spectrum analysis against the UniProt database. Immunofluorescence analysis confirms that LdDRP is localised within the nucleus, suggesting the protein’s possible role in DNA interaction. The overexpression of three LdDRP forms in the parasite, each fused with HA-tag (LdDRPF [full length] LdDRPN [only N-terminal], and LdDRPC [only C-terminal]), revealed that only LdDRPF and LdDRPC were able to support the retention of the parasite’s shape and promote rapid division following the UV-damage recovery period. This was also correlated to the elevated level of expression of both LdDRPC and LdCen1, by Western blot analysis soon after UV-C exposure in the parasites compared to control. The study emphasizes the role of the LdDRP, and its crucial domains involved in the DNA binding process, DNA damage response, and interaction with centrin, particularly in response to UV-C light-induced DNA damage.