Isra University

Being inactive before becoming pregnant increases the risk of not initiating exercise during pregnancy. Although exercising has numerous advantages and physical inactivity can be detrimental, research indicates that the majority of pregnant women do not engage in regular exercise. This study aimed to examine knowledge, attitudes, and practices of pregnant Jordanian women towards physical activity during pregnancy. This is a cross-sectional observational study that was conducted between November 2022 and June 2023 in Irbid, Jordan. Jordanian pregnant women were interviewed using the survey tool with the assistance of doctors in the participating health centers. The questionnaire tool examined physical activities profile, knowledge of safety of practicing specific physical activities regularly during a healthy pregnancy, and perception, motivations and barriers related to physical activities during pregnancy. A total of 429 participants were involved in this study. Around 69.0% of the study participants reported that they practiced moderate intensity physical activities outside pregnancy during the past year and only 42.0% achieved the recommended duration of 2.5 hours per week. More than half of the study participants (64.8%) reported that they practice moderate physical activity during pregnancy but only 28.9% achieve the recommended duration of 2.5 hours per week. The mean knowledge score among the study participants was 1.8 (SD: 0.8) out of 5 (represents 36.0% of the maximum attainable score); which reflects low level of knowledge of physical activity during pregnancy. Binary logistic regression analysis identified that higher education level and working in the medical field were factors that are associated with higher likelihood of being knowledgeable of physical activities during pregnancy ( P < .05). Older participants (aged 31.6 years and above) were 70.0% more likely to practice physical activity during pregnancy compared to others ( P < .01). This study found disparity in reported physical activity levels, and inability to reach specified exercise duration indicates the need for targeted interventions. The impact of age, smoking status, education, and occupation on knowledge and practice implies that different subgroups need different methods. Next studies should focus on creating and implementing effective educational programs and interventions to promote health-conscious physical activity during pregnancy.

Background Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of global mortality, claiming 17.9 million lives annually. Major risk factors include unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, tobacco use, and excessive alcohol consumption. Text messaging interventions have the potential to improve individual risk factors and encourage healthy habits. These interventions have been shown to help manage risk factors and slow disease progression. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy of text messaging interventions for the primary prevention of CVD risk factors. Methods This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines. Searches were conducted on PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and CINAHL using MeSH and free-text terms related to cardiovascular disease and text messaging interventions on February 12, 2024. Results Out of 5,748 identified articles, 22 studies met the inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis revealed that text messaging interventions significantly improved medication adherence, with a pooled effect size (Mean Difference [MD]) of 0.62 (95% CI: 0.37 to 0.86; p < 0.01; I² = 0.0%). They also significantly reduced diastolic blood pressure (MD: -2.66; 95% CI: -4.63 to -0.70; I² = 85%; p < 0.01) and systolic blood pressure (MD: -6.12; 95% CI: -10.26 to -1.97; I² = 96%; p < 0.01). However, no significant improvements were observed in BMI, LDL, HDL, total cholesterol, or HbA1c levels. Conclusion Text messaging interventions effectively improve medication adherence and reduce blood pressure, making them a promising tool for CVD risk control. However, their impact on other cardiovascular risk factors is limited, highlighting the need for further research to explore long-term effects and personalized interventions for diverse populations. Integrating these digital tools into healthcare strategies could enhance CVD prevention efforts and improve cardiovascular risk factor control outcomes.

The application of pH-sensitive polymers has been widely explored in pharmaceutical industry because of their versatile properties. This work aims to delay the release of indomethacin (IND), a commonly used anti-inflammatory drug, using a pH-dependent polymer within orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) and to investigate the effect of the polymer particle size on the ODTs. When developing delayed-release formulations for orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs), it's essential to balance the pellet's matrix properties to maintain integrity and delayed release. Different sizes of Eudragit L100 were used to create IND-containing pellets via extrusion spheronization, which were then embedded into the matrix of ODTs. The particle sizes displayed good elastic properties with low Young's modulus (YM) values, and there was no significant difference between the different sizes (45, 60, 93 µm; p > 0.05). The tensile strength of the pellets was directly proportional to YM ( p < 0.05), providing enough support to maintain their integrity under compression. Pellets made from 63 µm Eudragit L100 had a suitable balance of mechanical and pharmaceutical properties compared to other sizes. 63 µm pellets had an aspect ratio of 1.49 ± 0.26 and 61% yield, while their ODTs showed a fast disintegration time of 14 ± 0.6 s, while modifying the drug release. Furthermore, IND exhibited modified release in acidic media (pH 1.2) and immediate release in buffer media (pH 6.8). Overall, protecting pellet integrity was crucial to delay release in acidic media and enable immediate release in alkaline media. The newly developed formulation will improve compliance and reduce side effects associated with IND and other irritant drugs particularly in elderly populations. Graphical Abstract Graphical illustration for developing delayed release indomethacin loaded Eudragit L100 pellets embedded in orally disintegrating tablets

Background: Zearalenone (ZEN) is an estrogenic mycotoxin ('mycoestrogen') that contaminates global grain crops leading to detectable concentrations of ZEN and its metabolites, including the synthetic version alpha-zearalanol (ZER), in human populations. Despite in vitro and in vivo animal evidence of endocrine disruption by ZEN, there has been limited investigation in humans. Objectives: To examine markers of fetal growth following prenatal exposure to ZEN and evaluate the role of the placental efflux transporter BCRP/ABCG2 in protecting against ZEN's potential fetoplacental toxicity. Methods: Placentas were collected from participants (n= 271) in the UPSIDE cohort (Rochester, NY, USA). Placental ZEN and its metabolites were analyzed from tissue samples using HPLC-MS. Birthweights and placental weights were obtained from medical records and direct measurement, respectively; fetoplacental weight ratio (FPR) was calculated by dividing birthweight by placental weight. Covariate-adjusted generalized linear regression models were used to examine ZEN, ZER, and total mycoestrogens (sum of ZEN, ZER, and their metabolites) in relation to birth length, birthweight, placental weight and FPR. We additionally stratified models by infant sex and ABCG2 C421A (Q141K) genotype. Results: Mycoestrogens were detected in 84% of placentas (median ZEN: 0.010 ng/g) and total mycoestrogens were associated with lower FPR (-0.20, 95%CI: -0.32,-0.08), particularly in female infants (-0.31, 95%CI:-0.52,-0.09). Associations with birthweight were inverse and overall nonsignificant. Among the 17% of participants with the reduced function 421A ABCG2 variant (AA or AC), total mycoestrogens were associated with lower birthweight (-113.5g, 95%CI: -226.5, -0.50) whereas, in wild-type individuals, total mycoestrogens were associated with higher placental weight (9.9, 95% CI: 0.57, 19.2) and reduced FPR (-0.19, 95%CI: -0.33,-0.05). Discussion: Results from this epidemiological study of prenatal mycoestrogen exposure and perinatal health suggest that mycoestrogens may reduce placental efficiency, resulting in lower birthweight, particularly in female and ABCG2 421A infants. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP14478.

Background Localized low back pain is a frequent complaint after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery (CD). Objectives This study aimed to examine the pressure pain threshold (PPT) and biomechanical properties (stiffness, elasticity, relaxation time, and creep) of the L4-5 supraspinous ligament at the spinal anesthesia needle insertion site in women who had CD. These measurements were compared with those from the controls who never had pregnancy or anesthesia, and correlations between the variables were explored. Methods A retrospective cohort study involved 44 women, divided into two groups. Group A: 22 women experienced spinal anesthesia for CD, and Group B: 22 women represented the controls. L4-5 supraspinous ligament's PPT was measured using pressure algometry, and its biomechanical properties were assessed with the MyotonPRO device. Results Significant differences were found in PPT between the two groups (P = 0.0001), but non-significant differences were observed in stiffness, elasticity, relaxation time, or creep (P = 0.318, 0.344, 0.241, and 0.227, respectively). There were also non-significant correlations between PPT and biomechanical properties. Conclusion Women who experienced spinal anesthesia for CD showed increased tenderness and lower PPT at the L4-5 site, 6–12 weeks postpartum, with minor changes in supraspinous ligament biomechanics. The relationship between PPT and these properties was negligible.

Hydroxyapatite nanoparticle (HANPs) utilization has recently been notable in bone tissue engineering. This surge owes itself to the biocompatibility of HANPs and their striking resemblance to the minerals found in natural bone. Furthermore, dental pulp-derived stem cells (DPSCs) have garnered attention due to their remarkable differentiation potential into multilineages, thus positioning them as a pivotal cell reservoir for regenerative medicine. This study aims to investigate the impact of HANPs on DPSCs cellular processes. The HANPs have been synthesized using the wet chemical precipitation method followed by freeze-drying and characterization using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The size of HANPs was reported to be in the range of 55–67 nm. Our dataset divulges that DPSCs can endure concentrations of HANPs up to ≤ 0.81 mg/mL without incurring any conspicuous alterations in their morphology or the pace of proliferation. Furthermore, the self-renewal potency of HANPs was upheld at concentrations ≤ 0.20 mg/mL. Flow cytometric analysis affirms a significant divergence in cell distribution across all cell cycle phases in DPSCs treated with 0.81 mg/mL HANPs. Intriguingly, no variance surfaced in the migratory capacity of DPSCs exposed to HANPs of ≤ 0.40 mg/mL. For osteogenic differentiation, HANPs at concentrations of ≤ 0.40 mg/mL demonstrated the aptitude to incite osteogenic differentiation within DPSCs, facilitating the formation of calcium deposits. In conclusion, combining HANPs and DPSCs shows promise for restoring damaged hard tissues, like bone and teeth, and enhancing regenerative therapies.

Background: Although psychotropic medications (PMs) have enormous adverse events and may cause serious harm if administered inappropriately, there is a scarcity of research concerning the patterns and appropriateness of prescribing these medications in primary care in Jordan. This study aimed to investigate the patterns and appropriateness of PM prescription in primary care, as well as the types and frequency of pharmacist interventions in community pharmacies. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted in 16 community pharmacies across Jordan. A data reporting sheet was developed, validated, piloted to ensure its applicability, and filled out over 12 weeks (April to June 2023), covering three regions in Jordan. Results: Overall, 426 patients with 469 prescriptions containing 919 PM orders were observed. Among the PMs prescribed, 19.4% were prescribed inappropriately. Among the PMs, 78.7% were dispensed by pharmacists. The inappropriate prescription categories (n = 178) were overprescribing (45, 25.3%), underprescribing (19, 10.7%), inappropriate medication choice (39, 21.9%), inappropriate duration of medication therapy (64, 36.0%), and inappropriate medication dosage (11, 6.2%). The top therapeutic category requested was anti-epileptics (23.9%). Conclusions: This study evaluated the prescribing patterns and appropriateness of PMs in Jordan, revealing notable instances of inappropriate PM prescriptions alongside varied and extensive pharmacist interventions.

Background Family caregiver’s role can be involving patients with heart failure (HF) in each behavior of self-care such as treatment adherence, and healthy eating, which will \ultimately lead to disease control. This study aimed to investigate family caregivers’ contributions to self-care behaviors among patients with heart failure in Oman. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional design was used. A convenience sample of 136 family caregivers of patients with HF has completed the family caregivers’ demographics characteristics sheet and the Caregiver Contribution to Self-Care of HF Index2 (CC-SCHFI 2). Results Caregivers demonstrated low levels of contribution to patients’ self-care. The mean and (standard deviation) of caregivers’ contribution to maintenance tasks, patients’ ability to perceive symptoms, and to patients’ ability to manage self-care tasks scored 64.12 (SD = 15.70), 66.78 (SD = 14.72).and 52.26 (SD = 15.98) respectively. Education, exercise, and quality of social support were found to have a statistically significant association with caregivers’ contribution to self-care maintenance at a p–value of 0.004, 0.004, 0.004 respectively. While gender, education, marital status, exercise, and quality of social support had statistically significant association with caregivers’ contribution to self-care perception at a p-value of 0.003, 0.002, 0.006, < 0.01, and 0.004 respectively. Moreover, gender, education, marital status, exercise, and health compared to 1 year ago had significant association with caregivers’ contribution to self-care management at a p-value of 0.009, 0.006, 0.005, < 0.01, 0.007 respectively. Conclusion Giving attention and support to caregivers can indirectly impact the self-care behaviors of patients with HF and consequently enhance patients’ outcomes.

This study aims to assess the length of stay and cost per hypoglycemia episode, as well as to determine the factors that influence the length of stay, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and hospitalization costs among patients with diabetes mellitus. This is a retrospective cross-sectional study conducted on a cohort of diabetic individuals who experienced confirmed hypoglycemia episodes. The data pertaining to these patients were obtained from their respective hospital medical records, covering the period from January 2021 to December 2022. King Fahd Medical City was selected as the site of data collection for this study. A total of 396 patients were involved in this study. The median duration of stay for the patients was 7.0 (2.0–16.0) days. Only 3.0% of the patients had a previous hypoglycemia admission history. Around 53.3% of the patients were admitted to the ICU. The median duration of ICU admission stay was 1.0 (0.0–1.0) days. The highest cost driver for patients with hypoglycemia was ICU stay with a median cost of 9000.0 (1125.0–15750.0) Saudi Arabia riyal (SAR) (2399.6 (300.0–4199.2) United States dollar (USD)). The total median cost associated with hypoglycemia hospitalization was 4696.0 (886.5–12789.5) SAR (1252.0 (236.4–3410.0) USD). Ex-smokers were more likely to have higher hospitalization costs for hypoglycemia (4.4-folds) ( P < .001). Being admitted to the ICU increased the likelihood of having a longer length of hospitalization by 2.6-folds ( P < .001). Patients with longer diabetes duration (above 9 years) were more likely to be admitted to the ICU by 2.9-folds ( P = .008). Understanding the factors that affect hypoglycemia hospitalization cost and length is essential for improving diabetes care and resource usage. Identifying high-risk patients and implementing efficient preventative strategies can lower the economic burden of DM and accompanying hypoglycemic episodes and enhance DM management.

This study investigated the radiation shielding properties of gamma photons for lead and bismuth-modified borotellurite glasses at certain energy values in the 0.122–0.867 MeV range. The investigated glasses’ mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) was explored, with the samples’ highest value at 0.122 MeV. The glass sample with lowest percentage concentration of Bi2O3 and PbO2 (7 mol% each) has lower MAC than the other glasses, suggesting a low attenuation ability. The glasses’ linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) varied in the 4.579–8.273 cm⁻¹ range at 0.122 MeV, with the results emphasizing that Bi2O3 and PbO2 addition improves the prepared glasses’ radiation shielding effectiveness. Investigation of the glasses’ half-value layer (HVL) found a decrease with increased density. At 0.779 MeV, the HVL values were in the 1.92–2.49 cm range. A positive relation between the Bi2O3 and PbO2 amount and the glasses’ attenuation performance was found through the effective atomic number (Zeff) results, with the highest Zeff recorded for the glass with 11 mol% of both Bi2O3 and PbO2. The glasses’ transmission factor (TF) was also calculated, with the results demonstrating an improved attenuation ability with increased sample thickness, and as the Bi2O3 and PbO2 concentration increased, the TF values decreased.

Zirconium-doped copper ferrite nanoparticles were synthesized by a wet chemical synthesis process with the composition CuFe2-xZrxO4 where x = 0.00, 0.015, 0.03, and 0.05 wt. %. The microstructure and phases presented in the nanopowder were investigated by x-ray diffraction analysis, in which a single tetragonal spinel phase was revealed for samples without Zr content. In contrast, dual tetragonal phases were revealed at different Zr concentrations. Also, the powder’s particle size was calculated at 5, 6, and 9.2 nm at X = 0.00, 0.03, and 0.05 wt. % using X-ray patterns and Williamson-Hall size analysis. The prepared samples were calcinated above 800 °C to obtain ceramic samples. Ferrite ceramic’s surface morphology was inspected using a scanning electron microscope; elemental mapping was performed using energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. Additionally, the prepared ceramic samples’ γ-ray shielding ability was examined via Monte Carlo simulation over the 0.0332–2.506 MeV energy range. Cu and Fe’s partial substitution by Zr ions decreased the prepared zirconium-doped copper ferrite ceramic samples’ linear attenuation coefficient by 15.37%, 18.46%, and 18.63% at 0.059 MeV, 0.662 MeV, and 2.506 MeV, respectively, and the radiation protection efficiency from 44.89% to 38.48%, when the Zr concentration raised throughout 0–4.3 wt. %.

Understanding of the mechanisms involved in the occurrence of psychotic experiences (PEs) in highly autistic individuals is crucial for identifying appropriate prevention and intervention strategies. This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of susceptibility to social pain and loneliness in the relationship between autistic traits (ATs) and PEs in adults from the general population of 12 Arab countries. This cross-sectional study is part of a large-scale multi-country research project. A total of 7646 young adults (age range 18–35 years, mean age of 22.55 ± 4.00 years and 75.5% females) from twelve Arab countries (i.e., Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Lebanon, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, and Tunisia) were included. Mediation analyses showed that, after adjusting over confounding variables, both loneliness (indirect effect: Beta = 0.18; Boot SE = 0.02; Boot CI 0.14; 0.21) and social pain (indirect effect: Beta = 0.03; Boot SE = 0.01; Boot CI 0.001; 0.05) partially mediated the association between ATs and PEs. Higher ATs were significantly associated with more loneliness and susceptibility to social pain, and directly associated with more severe PEs. Finally, higher loneliness and susceptibility to social pain were significantly associated with greater PEs scores. Findings indicated that individuals with higher ATs tend to experience greater loneliness and feel more pain from rejection, which can in turn be associated with higher levels of PEs. Interventions targeting susceptibility to social pain and loneliness as a means of mitigating PEs among highly autistic adults should be considered.

This study aimed to identify the impact of audit committee characteristics on voluntary risk disclosure and to discover the moderating effect of family ownership on the relationship between audit committee characteristics and voluntary risk disclosure. Its population is represented by Jordanian commercial banks registered and operating in Jordan from 2017 to 2023. Significantly, it concluded by revealing that the characteristics of the audit committee, namely, independence, experience, and committee size, obviously impact the disclosure of voluntary risk in the selected banks. However, the results made it obvious that the number of audit committee meetings did not affect the degree of voluntary risk disclosure. In addition, the results reveal that family ownership moderately affects the relationship between some audit committee characteristics and voluntary risk disclosure.

Nomophobia, the fear of being without a smartphone or disconnected from mobile networks, has become a growing concern in today’s digital era, impacting mental health and professional productivity. This study assesses the prevalence of nomophobia among respiratory therapy (RT) staff in Saudi Arabia and examines sociodemographic factors associated with moderate to severe levels of nomophobia, offering insights into digital dependency within this healthcare workforce. A nonprobability cross-sectional survey, utilizing the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q), was distributed via social media platforms to respiratory therapists (RTs) in Saudi Arabia from October 17, 2022, to January 13, 2023. Data were presented in terms of frequency and percentage, and logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify factors associated with moderate to severe nomophobia. Overall, 1,001 RTs completed the online survey. The prevalence of nomophobia among RT staff was 95% (95% CI 67–94), with a mean ± SD of 56 ± 20, indicating a mild level of nomophobia among the participants. Female RT staff were one time more likely to experience moderate to severe levels of nomophobia [OR: 1.4 (95% CI 1.06–1.85); p = 0.019]. RT staff with work experience ≥ 11 years were twice as likely to experience moderate to severe levels of nomophobia [OR: 2.07 (95% CI 1.28–3.34); p = 0.003]. Staff who reported active smoking status were almost twice as likely to experience moderate to severe levels of nomophobia [(OR): 1.79 (1.24–2.60); p = 0.045]. Finally, RT staff who worked in private hospitals were one time more likely to experience moderate to severe levels of nomophobia [(OR): 1.4 (1.01–1.95); p = 0.002]. Nomophobia is prevalent among respiratory therapy staff in Saudi Arabia, with a majority experiencing moderate to severe levels. The identification of key sociodemographic risk factors associated with this condition underscores the need for targeted interventions and support strategies to improve both the well-being and productivity of the workforce.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the primary contributors to mortality and morbidity on a global scale. The aim of this study is to examine knowledge, attitude and practices of the general public regarding CVDs in Saudi Arabia. This is a cross-sectional survey study that was conducted in Saudi Arabia to examine KAP of the general public regarding CVDs between January and February 2024. There were 605 participants in total enrolled in this study. The mean knowledge score for the study participants was 7.1 (2.5) out of 11 (64.5%); which indicates moderate level of knowledge of CVD. A considerable proportion of participants (61.5%) report engaging in vigorous physical activity for a minimum of 30 minutes per day throughout the week, including activities like running, lifting large loads, or drilling. In terms of knowledge, there is no significant difference between males and females across gender categories (odds ratio = 0.92, P = .603). Within the age group category, those between the ages of 24 and 30 (odds ratio = 0.44, P < .001) and 31 and 40 (odds ratio = 0.39, P < .001) demonstrate noticeably diminished probabilities of possessing superior knowledge in comparison to those between the ages of 18 and 23. In relation to marital status, the odds of possessing superior knowledge are considerably lower for married individuals (odds ratio = 0.43, P < .001), divorced individuals (odds ratio = 0.39, P = .003), and widowed individuals (odds ratio = 0.11, P = .004) in comparison to singles. The survey found moderate level of awareness of cardiovascular diseases and strong recognition of preventive measures including physical activity and a healthy diet. There are gaps in CVD symptom knowledge. Participants are typically favorable about CVD prevention and willing to adopt healthy lifestyles. Decision-making recommendations include targeted teaching efforts on symptom awareness, physical activity, and healthy diets. Further research is needed to determine how educational interventions improve knowledge across demographic groups. Longitudinal studies could also evaluate lifestyle treatments for CVD risk reduction.

The radiation shielding properties of barium-bismuth-borotellurite glasses were explored via Eu-152 source-emitted gamma-ray energies. Specifically, the glasses have a composition of (21 + 2x)BaO-14Bi2O3-(60–3x)B2O3-5TeO2+xEr2O3, where x = 0, 1, 2, and 3 mol%. The glasses’ linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) was compared at 0.122 and 0.245 MeV, two energies where the photoelectric effect is dominant, and the results showed a positive correlation between the LAC and Er2O3 and BaO content. When comparing the samples’ LAC values, at all energies the samples with Er2O3 had larger LAC values than the sample with no Er2O3. The effective atomic number (Zeff) differences of the samples with the most and least Er2O3 was also tested, and a positive difference was found at all energies, due to Er having a greater atomic number than B. The Te5Er3 sample also had a lower tenth value layer than the Te5Er0 glass. The half value layer of the glasses were also compared against various other previously tested glasses, and the results demonstrated that those glasses with high BaO and Er2O3 amounts performed very well against the other samples.

Background Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a highly prevalent, yet under‐diagnosed sleep disorder and has a strong association with type 2 diabetes and diabetic retinopathy (DR). Vascular abnormalities, nocturnal glucose dysregulation, impaired blood flow, and hypoxia during OSA induce oxidative stress and promote the inflammatory pathways which increase the VEGF factor levels, leading to the progression of DR. Aims To date, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the most effective, gold‐standard treatment for patients with moderate to severe OSA. However, the implications of CPAP for the treatment of DR due to OSA is still a topic of ongoing debate. Conclusion Evidence suggests that the administration of CPAP therapy led to a reduction in retinal exudates and optical coherence tomography indices for retinal edema and also exhibited improvement in glycemic control, sleepiness, and overall health‐related quality of life. Nevertheless, there are limited studies present that have evaluated the impact of CPAP therapy on DR in patients with OSA and well‐designed studies are needed to confirm CPAP's therapeutic effect on DR despite these findings. Moreover, concerns regarding its long‐term safety, adherence challenges, and inconsistent study designs limit definitive conclusions about CPAP's efficacy in managing DR. This indicates the need for future studies to advocate for enhanced CPAP adherence strategies, refined diagnostic criteria for OSA, and large‐scale clinical trials to explore CPAP's therapeutic role in DR. Addressing these challenges could revolutionize clinical practices, optimize patient outcomes, and establish CPAP as a cornerstone in the integrated management of OSA and DR.