Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting University

1‐Indanone derivatives are efficiently synthesized via a radical cyclization reaction of 1,6‐enynes, using TBHP as both oxidant and reactant, in the presence of Cu(I) as the catalyst and 4‐methyl benzoic acid as the cocatalyst. Notably, in the absence of 4‐methyl benzoic acid, the reaction undergoes a dramatic shift in product selectivity, yielding 1H‑cyclopropa[b]naphthalene‐2,7‐diones exclusively under the same conditions, with Cu(I) acting as the sole catalyst. This transformation offers key advantages, including operational simplicity, cost‐effective and readily available materials, scalability to gram quantities, and compatibility with a wide range of functional groups. Mechanistic studies and DFT calculations confirmed that the reaction proceeds through a radical pathway, highlighting the pivotal role of 4‐methylbenzoic acid as the cocatalyst in altering product selectivity.

Introduction Information transparency in healthcare systems is critical for ensuring public trust, enhancing service quality, and reducing costs. However, many countries face significant challenges concerning information opacity, which leads to inequality, discrimination, and increased risks for patients and healthcare providers. This study aims to explore the obstacles, consequences, and challenges of information opacity in healthcare systems, along with proposing solutions for improvement. Method This review synthesized findings from scientific literature, including articles, reports, and governmental sources, to investigate how the lack of information transparency affects healthcare performance and public trust. A comprehensive search was conducted across major databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, utilizing relevant keywords. Selection criteria focused on the relevance, quality, and timeliness of the sources, leading to a critical analysis of the extracted data through thematic synthesis. Findings The study identifies several key consequences of information opacity, including a decrease in public trust, reduced service quality, increased corruption, and heightened healthcare costs. The findings align with existing literature that highlights the importance of transparency for effective decision-making and accountability in healthcare systems. Furthermore, obstacles to achieving transparency were identified, such as difficulties in accessing necessary information, privacy concerns, commercial interests, and the need for systemic reforms in healthcare financing. Discussion The implications of this study underscore the necessity for clear policies and procedures regarding information dissemination in healthcare. The proposed framework for improving transparency includes establishing robust communication channels, enhancing public access to information, fostering a culture of accountability, and leveraging emerging technologies like blockchain and artificial intelligence. Addressing these challenges is essential for building trust and improving healthcare outcomes. Conclusion Enhancing information transparency within healthcare systems is vital for improving public trust and service quality. This study provides a foundational framework for policymakers to implement necessary changes, promoting a more equitable and efficient healthcare environment. Future research should focus on evaluating the effectiveness of these proposed measures in diverse healthcare contexts, particularly by integrating theoretical frameworks such as stakeholder theory and institutional theory.

Waterborne polyurethane (WPU) is one of the most applicable products used in various industries to manufacture smart coatings with self‐healing ability due to its being environmentally friendly. However, the self‐healable WPU coatings suffer from long healing times, low transparency, and poor physicochemical properties. Herein, ionic nanocomposite coatings were prepared based on SiO 2 ‐nanoscale ionic materials (SiO 2 ‐NIMs) and novel WPU, with fast self‐healing ability, high transparency, and UV‐blocking performance. We demonstrate that SiO 2 ‐NIMs can significantly act as a unique healing agent in the WPU due to their fluid 3D‐dynamic networks of hard core‐corona (SiO 2 ‐SO 3 ⁻ ) and soft segments (canopy). The optical micrographs show the WPU film containing 3 phr SiO 2 ‐NIMs completely repaired after 20 min at 50°C. The tensile test illustrates that elongation at break, tensile strength, and toughness values of the healed sample recovered 78.2%, 94.2%, and 69.3% of the original film, respectively. The differential scanning calorimetry, x‐ray diffraction, and dynamic mechanical‐thermal tests were applied to confirm core‐corona‐canopy segments' hardening and excellent damping behavior in the WPU matrix. The thermogravimetric and tensile analyses demonstrate that SiO 2 ‐NIMs can enhance the thermal stability and mechanical properties of WPU. This study introduces a novel strategy based on SiO 2 ‐NIMs for preparing self‐healing polymers with outstanding physicochemical properties. Highlights Synthesized novel WPU based on anionic Congo red. Introducing a novel strategy‐based SiO 2 ‐NIMs for self‐healing of coatings. Enhancement of self‐healing and thermo‐mechanical properties of the WPU. Introducing healable and UV‐blocking abilities of ionic nanocomposite coating.

Epoxy resins (EP), as significant thermosetting macromolecules, are widely used in various engineering applications due to their wide range of properties. However, the poor control over curing process of EP, limits their manufacturing process. Here, a SiO2‐nanoscale ionic materials (SiO2‐NIMs)/EP nanocomposite was prepared. The Friedman, Kissinger, Ozawa, Málek, and Friedman autocatalytic models were used to determine kinetic parameters and reaction models, which demonstrates that the SiO2‐NIMs improve the curing characteristics of EP through an exclusive mechanism. The solvent role of SiO2‐NIMs decreased viscosity and increased reactant mobility, leading to increased curing reactivity. The multi‐function groups in the corona‐canopy make multiple hydrogen bonding and proton transfer interactions in EP resin, leading to the autocatalytic curing mechanism and effectiveness of treatments. The frequency factor of EP increased by 9% with the addition of SiO2‐NIMs. The differential scanning calorimetry tests revealed that SiO2‐NIMs decreased Tonset and Tpeak compared to EP. The non‐isothermal rheometric mechanical spectrometery (RMS) test indicated that SiO2‐NIMs decreased the Tgel of EP resin from 75 to 71°C and increased the initial storage modulus by 90.9%. This study introduces SiO2‐NIMs as significant fillers to enhance control over the process conditions and curing kinetic of EP resin for advanced applications such as aerospace and satellite industries. Highlights Introducing new catalyst based on 3D‐dynamic networks strategy of SiO2‐NIMs. The SiO2‐NIMs show great potential in improving curing characteristics of EP. The SiO2‐NIMs increase the frequency factor of EP by 9%. The RMS test indicated SiO2‐NIMs increased initial storage modulus by 90.9%. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated that SiO2‐NIMs accelerate curing process of EP.

Photothermal therapy, in which a laser is an effective tool, is a promising method for cancer treatment. Laser parameters, including power, irradiation time, type of laser radiation (continuous or chopped), and the concentration of the photothermal agent, can affect the efficiency of this method. Therefore, this study investigated and compared the effects of different laser parameters on the efficiency of photothermal treatment for cervical cancer, which is the fourth most prevalent cancer in women. In addition, we investigated the properties of graphene oxide (GO) synthesized as a photothermal agent under laser radiation, and its effectiveness in achieving the desired therapeutic temperature. This study examined and compared the effects of temperature, nanoparticle concentration, irradiation time, and laser power to understand their impact on heat transfer. The toxicity of graphene oxide at different concentrations in HeLa cancer cells was also evaluated. These results demonstrated low toxicity, particularly after 24 h, with approximately 10% toxicity. The study explored mortality under laser irradiation at various powers and time intervals using continuous and chopped beam irradiation. In addition, a model for temperature prediction using a regression tree was presented. Finally, the combined photothermal effects of graphene oxide and laser irradiation were investigated. The MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) test results reveal significant effects, with a mortality rate of 90% in continuous radiation with a concentration of 0.3 mg/ml and 75% in chopped beam irradiation with concentrations of 0.3 and 0.4 mg/ml. A regression tree model was developed to predict temperature changes based on the GO concentration, laser power, and irradiation time, providing valuable insights for optimizing photothermal therapy parameters. Statistical analysis showed that the combined effect of graphene oxide with continuous laser irradiation was more effective than chopped-beam laser irradiation. However, the chopped-beam irradiation method is expected to cause less damage to surrounding tissues. These findings indicate that photothermal therapy with graphene oxide, chopped, and continuous laser irradiation can potently treat HeLa cancer cells and pave the way for further exploration of targeted cancer treatments.

Owing to multiple reactive sites, such as an acidic α‐carbon and an isocyano group, isocyanide esters can successfully participate in the synthesis of various five‐ and six‐membered N‐heterocycles through the cycloaddition reactions under metal‐catalyzed systems. Considering the unique and versatile functionality of this synthon, in this review, we have highlighted silver and copper‐catalyzed cycloadditions of isocyanide esters over the last decade.

This article concentrates on identifying problematic usage of Instagram, emphasising the mediation effects of Instagram use gratification among students. A quantitative methodology was employed via a structured questionnaire survey. A sample comprising 392 students from Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in Iran was selected utilising a stratified random sampling technique. The students’ ages varied from 18 to 47, with the majority being in the younger group of 18 to 23. The pattern and purpose of using Instagram influence the gratification derived from its use. Instagram use gratification demonstrates significant associations with social isolation; however, this correlation is not evident to the purposes and patterns of Instagram usage. The findings indicated that no substantial relationships existed between the patterns of Instagram usage and the gratification obtained from it, nor with Instagram addiction. However, a significant correlation was observed concerning the purpose of Instagram usage. The mediating effect of Instagram gratification was notably significant solely in social isolation. The moderating influences of gender, academic discipline, marital status and parental educational level were deemed insignificant. The implications arising from this study are subsequently discussed.

The combining of therapeutic agents with electrospun nanofibers boosts their regeneration potential; therefore, Researchers have increasingly turned towards the development of electrospun nanofiber scaffolds to encapsulate or surface-adsorb biological payloads, such as cytokines, exosomes, peptides, nucleic acids, and enzymes. Due to their high surface-to-volume ratio, ease of manufacturing, and drug-loading capacity, electrospun nanofibers are hopeful in tissue engineering and scaffold fabrication. Electrospun multilayer scaffolds offer a promising construction for preserving the integrity and bioactivity of therapeutic factors while permitting the controlled and prolonged release of biomolecules into the environment. The present study aimed to evaluate the mechanism of controlled release of electrospun exosomes from a three-layer nanofiber scaffold and its effect on the expression of DDR2 and VEGF genes in fibroblast cells in vitro. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells were obtained and isolated from liposuction surgery samples, and their intrinsic nature was confirmed using flow cytometry. After the exosomes were separated from the cell supernatant, their size, shape, and index markers were identified. The cytotoxicity, biocompatibility, and mechanical characteristics of scaffolds were evaluated. The qRT-PCR results showed the upregulation of DDR2 and VEGF genes in the three-layer scaffold containing the exosomes was 2.04 and 1.47-fold compared to the control group. The design and construction of multi-layered electrospun nanofibers loaded with bioactive substances and favorable mechanical and biological properties for controlled and sustained release will be promising and effective scaffolds for therapeutic purposes.

In recent years, access to clean energy sources has been a critical issue for sustainable development. The availability of energy resources and the problems associated with fossil fuels moved us toward biomass. Municipal solid waste (MSW) is a type of biomass that may be used as a raw material for energy production. The small-scale downdraft gasification was combined with an internal combustion engine power production and applied to reform municipal solid waste to energy in the shapes of electricity power and heat. A qualified thermo-equilibrium model has been presented for forecasting a composition and an amount of syngas and outputs of char and tar discharged throughout a gasification. An integrated model is validated, and experiments are accomplished to obtain relations and parameters for modeling. Also, in this research, a method for estimating the capacity factor of waste-to-energy power plants has been developed. Available data from waste decomposition in an area present that its contentment, involving a mass fractions of a food, plastic, and paper, varies seasonally and daily. A probability distribution functions of a MSW physical analysis are calculated roughly from source. A Monte Carlo simulation is applied for linking the MSW content stochastic nature with the plant operation and simulation, modeled by MATLAB R2019a. The mean value of net power, syngas composition, flow rate, and ash flow rate for all systems was obtained using the Monte Carlo method. The results indicated that the system had a 33.53 Nm3 h−1 syngas flow rate, 0.8366 kg h−1 ash flow rate, 10.35 kW generated power, and 0.985 power factor.

Simulating the natural cellular environment using magnetic stimuli could be a potential strategy to promote bone tissue regeneration. This study unveiled a novel 3D printed composite scaffold containing polycaprolactone (PCL) and cobalt ferrite/forsterite core-shell nanoparticles (CFF-NPs) to investigate physical, mechanical and biological properties of magnetoactive scaffold under static magnetic field. For this purpose, core-shell structure is synthesized through a two-step synthesis strategy in which cobalt ferrite nanoparticles are prepared via sol-gel combustion method and then are coated through sol-gel method with forsterite. The characterization regarding CFF-NPs reveals that Mg2SiO4-coated CoFe2O4 nanoparticles is successfully synthesized with a core-shell structure. Afterwards, CFF-NPs are embedded within the PCL with different percentages, ultimately 3D printed scaffolds were fabricated. The in vitro assessments demonstrated that the incorporated CFF-NPs are able to cause a decrease in contact angle which was responsible for modulating purposefully the degradation rate of PCL scaffold, resulting in providing the obligatory environment for bone growth. In addition, it was observed that scaffolds including PCL combined with CFF-NPs are susceptible to improve the mechanical performance of nanocomposite scaffolds, up to a certain concentration (50% CFF-NPs and 50% PCL) with compressive modulus of 42.5 MPa. Moreover, when being exposed to simulated body fluid (SBF) solution, hydroxyapatite deposition on the surface of scaffolds was observed. Thus, these compositions may be useful for improving the osteointegration between the implant and bone tissue after implantation. Finally, the simultaneous effect of magnetic nanoparticles and magnetic field of 125 mT evaluated on cellular behavior of scaffolds. The results showed that the cell viability of all groups under magnetic field were better than that for standard condition. Likewise, SEM images of cultured cells on scaffolds confirmed that the combined effect of these factors could be lead to promote better cell adhesion, dispersion, and bone regeneration.

In addition to the basic and main parts of hospital equipment, 316 L stainless steel is widely utilized in futures such as nails and screws, wires and medical bone clips, dental implants, heart springs (stents), needles, surgical scissors, etc. In the present study, the electrophoretic deposition of a composite based on chitosan (CS), gelatin, nano and microparticles of hydroxyapatite on a 316 L stainless steel substrate was investigated. Hydroxyapatite particles are added to it due to the ossification abilities of steel and due to an enhanced adhesion and bone production, CS and biocompatible gelatin polymer particles were also added to hydroxyapatite. These particles were mixed in an ethanol/deionized water/acetic acid solution to create a suspension for the electrophoretic procedure. A mixture of 5 g l⁻¹ of hydroxyapatite, 0.5 g l⁻¹ of CS, and 1 g l⁻¹ were present in the suspension. The best coating time was 1200s, and the best voltage was 30 V. The high density of the hydroxyapatite particles in the CS/gelatin polymer matrix was seen in scanning electron microscopy pictures. Additionally, the outcomes of the immersing samples in the simulated body fluid were evaluated, and the results revealed that, after 14 d, hydroxyapatite nanoparticles grew more rapidly than microparticles. The presence of CS, gelatin, and hydroxyapatite in the coating was verified by energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and x-ray diffraction. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and Potentiodynamic polarization in Phosphate-buffered saline were used to assess the corrosion results. In comparison to the bare sample, the corrosion resistance of the coated sample increased from 1.22 × 10⁵ to 7.17 × 10⁵ Ω.cm² under best circumstances, according to EIS results. Additionally, in the polarization test, the corrosion potential increased from −225.24 to −157.01 mV (vs. SCE) and the corrosion current dropped from 2.159 to 1.201 µA cm⁻².

Although the gender landscape has been experiencing a significant amount of change and flexibility in many parts of the world over the past few decades, societal messages regarding gender roles and expectations can still remain conventional. It is likely that such a perplexing paradox becomes reinforced while portraying male or female characters in fiction. Inspired by Sandra Bem’s gender schema theory introduced in 1981, this research aims to examine gender representations in the protagonists of two novels, namely The Blind Assassin and One Sentence Is Ten Thousand Sentences. Iris Chase and Yung Baishun (Wu Moxi) are analyzed according to a modified version of The Bem Sex-Role Inventory ( BRSI ) to see whether they’re sex-typed (masculine or feminine) or androgynous. The results calculated in an “androgyny ratio” ( AR ) indicate that while Atwood’s character is marked as feminine, Yung Baishun is characterized as androgynous according to BRSI .

In this research, new nano buds of C60 fullerene compound and nanobowls were designed and their structure, electrical properties and optical properties were calculated. The absence of imaginary frequency and high cohesive energies is proof of stability and confirmation of the possibility of their formation. Calculation of the relative population showed that the E configuration is the dominant population. The calculation of electrical properties showed that combining the structures with each other improves the electrical properties of nanobuds. The highest electric charge transfer from nanobowl to C60 was observed in the configuration of C nanobuds. A high improvement in NLO properties was observed in all nanobud configurations. Calculating the contribution of the dispersion term in the energy of the nanobuds showed that compared to the parents, larger dispersion energy was obtained for the designed nanobuds (especially configuration E). It was shown that the energy of nano buds and their parents decreases in the presence of solvents. The decrease in energy as a function of increasing the dielectric constant of the solvents may be due to the increase in the dipole moments of the nanobud as a result of the electron transfer from the nanobowl to the C60 fullerene.

Fibroblast growth factor1 is a powerful signaling molecule that plays a critical role in injury repair of diverse tissue by stimulating cell growth and angiogenesis. FGF1 has significant role in the cell fate and regulating inflammation with short half‐life and poor in vivo stability. The encapsulation of the growth factor in the hydrogel led to peptide protect from the degradation and/or immune recognition and enable controlled drug delivery over a longer period of time. The aim of this study is to develop and evaluate a hydrogel carrier with adjustable release rate while maintaining bioactivity of FGF1. Here we describe an optimal ratio of sodium alginate and polyacrylic acid without additional cross linker containing optimum amount of FGF1 with the potential of sustained release to be used as a therapeutic agent. The carrier was characterized by FTIR, contact angle and swelling ratio. The activity of FGF1 after release from the hydrogel was confirmed by ELISA and Western blot. Further assessment of genes related to inflammation were evaluated by RTPCR. This hydrogel is able to deliver growth factors by restricting the essential proteins within the matrix to prevent rapid proteolysis and explosive release and is therefore widely applicable.

Background Approximately 20% of all transient ischaemic attacks (TIAs) and ischaemic strokes occur within the posterior circulation, with vertebrobasilar stenosis identified as the cause in roughly 25% of the cases. Studies have shown that about a quarter of these patients have atherosclerotic stenosis of at least 50% of the vertebrobasilar artery. Stenosis has been shown to be associated with an increased risk of 90-day recurrent vertebrobasilar stroke, particularly in the first few weeks, which is significantly higher when compared with patients with stenosis of the anterior circulation. Therefore, aggressive treatment is important for the patient’s prognosis. Stenting is emerging as a promising therapeutic strategy for persistent ischaemia events that do not respond to the best medical treatment, but it is not without complications. We systematically reviewed the literature on percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting (PTAS) for intracranial vertebrobasilar artery stenosis (IVBS). Methods PubMed, Web-of-Science and Scopus were searched upon the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines to include prospective/retrospective cohort, randomised/non-randomised clinical trials and case series studies describing PTAS for IVBS. Pooled rates of intervention-related complications and outcomes were analysed with random-effect model meta-analysis using StataMP V.18.0 software. Results 31 studies were found eligible which included 1928 cases. 1103 basilar artery stenosis cases were reported in 27 studies 0.65 (95% CI 0.53, 0.76), I²: 99.72%. 648 vertebral cases were reported in 18 studies 0.60 (95% CI 0.49, 0.70), I²: 97.49%. In four studies, the rate of vertebrobasilar stenosis cases calculated as a proportion of the total sample size was 0.10 (95% CI 0.05, 0. 15). Mean stenosis in 21 included studies was found to be 0.83 (95% CI 0.79, 0.88), I²: 0.00%, which shows variation of baseline stenosis between studies was minimal. 51 deaths were recorded in 24 studies. Meta-analysis of mortality showed the overall rate of mortality was 0.03 (95% CI 0.02, 0.05), I²: 44.90%. In 14 studies, symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage events were recorded at an overall rate of 0.01 (95% CI 0.00, 0.02), I²: 0.00%. Generally, a follow-up period of at least 3 months was reported in the included studies. Furthermore, procedural stroke/TIA was evaluated in seven studies, four of which reported no events (0.03 (95% CI 0.00, 0.08), I²: 20.38%). Mean time from initial symptoms to recanalisation was 23.98 (95% CI 18.56, 29.40), I²=98.8%, p=0.00 days. Conclusion In certain individuals with medically unresolved, severe, symptomatic and non-acute IVBS, elective vertebrobasilar PTAS appears to be both safe and effective. Various stent designs and angioplasty-assisted techniques should be taken into consideration based on the specific clinical and radiological traits of the lesions. Future randomised controlled trials are required to verify these results.