International University of La Rioja

Aims: The most used assessment tool to measure family-centered care and the perception of the care process is the Measure of Processes of Care questionnaire. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the MPOC-SP, specifically by assessing the reliability of its item scores, testing whether its factor structure aligns with the original version, and examining differences in scores across professional profiles. Methods: The Spanish-adapted MPOC-SP questionnaire was completed by 278 early childhood service professionals across Spain. Analyses assessed internal consistency, construct validity through confirmatory factor analysis, and differences in scores across professional profiles. Results: The Spanish MPOC-SP demonstrated strong psychometric properties, with Cronbach’s Alpha values above 0.70 for total and dimensional scores. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the alignment of the data with the specified model. No significant differences in scores were found across professional profiles, indicating consistency in its application. Conclusion: The Spanish version of the MPOC-SP is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing family-centered care. It provides valuable insights for evaluating and improving family-centered practices in early childhood services, thereby contributing to the enhancement of care quality.

This research presents a comparative analysis of machine learning models for detecting fraudulent banking transactions, a growing problem in the digital financial sector. The aim is to evaluate and determine the most effective model for identifying suspicious transactions, overcoming the challenge of a highly imbalanced dataset. Using data from 565,000 real-world transfers, models based on algorithms such as Random Forest, Neural Networks and Naive Bayes were built and tested. Of these, the Random Forest model proved to be the most robust, achieving 100% accuracy for legitimate transactions and 95.79% accuracy for fraud detection. This level of accuracy reinforces its viability for implementation in real-time banking systems. This result underlines the feasibility of integrating such a model into banking systems for real-time analysis, allowing the interception of dubious transactions. This capability would drastically reduce exposure to financial fraud, optimizing transaction security without compromising operational fluidity. In addition, limitations were identified and future approaches discussed, including oversampling techniques and adjusting class weights to improve detection in unbalanced datasets.

School anxiety is among the most common attendance problems in childhood and one of the main causes of school absenteeism. This emotional response is linked to other non-specific reactions, such as school-based distress. However, in Spain, there are no studies analyzing the relationship between different forms of school anxiety and school-based distress. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to analyze the relationship between school anxiety profiles and school-based distress in a sample of Spanish Primary School children. A sample of 660 Spanish students aged 8–11 years (M = 10.04, SD = 1.37) was recruited through cluster sampling. The results revealed positive and statistically significant relationships between school anxiety and school-based distress. Latent profile analysis (LPA) revealed four profiles of school anxiety (Low, Moderate-Low, Moderate-High, and High School Anxiety). The MANOVA results confirmed that students with high school anxiety obtained higher scores in the different sources of school-based distress. The conclusions advocate the planning and development of psychoeducational actions adapted to the pattern of anxiogenic reactivity and the sources of stress in Spanish Primary School students.

This article aims to analyse the discourses of educational agents on cultural diversity in primary school on both sides of the Strait of Gibraltar (Andalusia, Ceuta and Melilla, southern Spain), as well as the opportunity identified in these discourses for the promotion of interculturality in this Spanish area, from a rights‐based approach (RBA). To this end, the article analyses the discourses of the technical and political staff of educational administrations on cultural diversity in primary schools, through in‐depth personal interviews, together with the discourses of teachers, representatives of family associations and educational unions through focus groups. On the basis of the data, the article analyses the two models of cultural diversity, endogenous and exogenous, identified in the three regions studied. Within the national scope of this research, this phenomenon has been found in southern Spain on both sides of the Strait only, due to its geopolitical and historical characteristics. The way in which these two models contribute to promoting interculturality in primary schools depends on the recognition of human and citizenship rights. The discourses identified in these two models of cultural diversity, as well as the opportunity they set to address interculturality from an RBA, are discussed in detail in the article.

This paper advances in the understanding of motivation in terms of flow in groups from a physiological perspective. We use wearable devices to monitor the heart rate variation during a set of sessions of face-to-face STEAM project-based learning. By using Action Research with mixed-methods design, we observed a set of 28 students in real-world settings during 18 classes and used both customized and commercial tools to analyze data retrieved. Based on the cognitive absorption and motivation obtained from EduFlow-scale-based physiological data, we propose mathematical models to predict the Flow that a group will experience in a teaching–learning session. Our preliminary results may challenge the central axiom of Flow Theory, while clarifies the balance hypothesis.

Childbirth is a life-changing event in a mother’s life. While the transition to motherhood has recently been recognized as one of the most neuroplastic periods in adulthood, no study has yet explored whether the hippocampus and amygdala change during the peripartum in relation to childbirth experience and perinatal depression symptoms. In this longitudinal neuroimaging study, we assessed 88 first-time gestational mothers in late pregnancy and early postpartum and 30 nulliparous control women. We used optimized high-resolution MRI scans to quantify volumetric changes in the hippocampus and amygdala, along with their substructures. We found that increases in depression symptoms during the peripartum were positively correlated with changes in the right amygdala. A more challenging birth experience was associated with bilateral increases in hippocampal volume. These findings show that studying the neuroanatomical changes during the transition to motherhood can inform not only about adaptive processes but also about potential vulnerabilities, highlighting the importance of tracking perinatal experiences to enhance women’s health.

Depression is a common disorder that impacts on individuals’ ability to perform daily activities, including those required for working. People with poor health tend to have problems needing medical care and therefore need time away from their work. This paper considers a structural model of labor absenteeism, considering the effect of depression. Our objective is to estimate the effects that depressive symptoms (among other factors) have on absenteeism while avoiding inconsistency in estimators due to sample selection and endogenous regressor. We are unwilling to impose strong assumptions, which are sometimes not required by theory, so our model is semiparametric. Based on microdata from the European Health Survey in Spain, our results indicate that depressive symptoms have a negative effect on working time and increase absenteeism. We conclude that depressed workers lose on average around 12 more days per year than non depressed ones. Levels of absenteeism are also estimated to be higher on average among obese people and among older people (the effect of age is positive). On the other hand, non-college education, being male and being self-employed are factors related to lower levels of absenteeism.

Background Attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) is a leading mental disorder among adolescents globally and is associated with premature mortality. Knowing the trends and key determinants of ADHD in youth are critical for earlier diagnosis and interventions. Methods We retrospectively examined all hospitalizations in patients aged 11 to 18 years with ADHD in Spain, using data from the Spanish National Registry of Hospital Discharges spanning 2000 to 2021. We compared our data with available literature. Results Over the 22-year study period, there were 2,015,589 hospitalizations among adolescents in Spain, with 118,609 (5.9%) cases involving mental disorders. There were 10,292 admissions with ADHD, representing 8.7% of all hospitalizations among youth with mental disorders. Median age was of 14 years. Boys represented 72.6%. Admissions with ADHD experienced a 17-fold increase during the last decade ( p < .001). The in-hospital mortality rate for adolescents with ADHD was 0.1%, lower than for other mental disorders. During the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, admissions decreased but resumed its rising trend thereafter. Conclusion Hospital admissions for ADHD among adolescents have significantly increased in Spain during the last two decades. This increase outpaced the mild upward trend in ADHD diagnoses over the same period, which is not due to actual increases in the incidence of ADHD, which has remained stable at 5% worldwide. Factors beyond increased awareness, improved identification, and changes in diagnostic criteria must be considered. Boys represented 72.6% of these admissions. In-hospital mortality in adolescents with ADHD was lower than for admissions with other mental disorders.

This study examines digital public services within the European Union, focusing on digital inclusion and the barriers preventing widespread e-government adoption. A significant knowledge gap exists in understanding the interaction between citizens and digital public services, particularly for vulnerable groups, and in evaluating the impact of regional and sector-specific factors. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, including a systematic review based on PRISMA methodology, a document analysis of the digital and programs of the European Union and the Member States, 33 semi-structured expert interviews, and a survey targeting Spanish intermediate leaders, to explore digital divides in access, skills, and outcomes. Key findings reveal that barriers such as limited digital skills, access to technology, and inadequate service design disproportionately affect the elderly, low-income populations, and those with minimal education. Eighteen recommendations have been proposed, associated to five indicators of the model proposed to evaluate the key dimensions of e- government adoption and digital inclusion: internet access, digital skills, user interaction, social drivers and barriers, and outcomes. The recommendations include, among others, enhancing digital skills through tailored training programs, involving the third sector, simplifying service interfaces, and promoting a hybrid service model combining digital and face-to-face options. The study also highlights gaps in addressing civic participation as part of e- government, suggesting it as a focus for future research. These findings underscore the need for user-centred, context-specific policies to ensure equitable access to digital public services and reduce digital exclusion.

Background: The role of high-volume low-intensity training for enhancing endurance performance has gained growing interest in recent years. Specifically, so-called "zone 2 training" is currently receiving much attention, and many propose that this is the target intensity at which a large proportion of total endurance training should be performed. However, despite the popularity of this concept, there is no clear consensus among coaches, athletes, and scientists regarding the definition of zone 2 training. Purpose: This commentary summarizes the perspectives, experience, and knowledge of an expert panel of 14 applied sport scientists and professional coaches with the aim of providing insight and a basis for definitional consensus on zone 2 training. Moreover, potential training strategies at this intensity are proposed, and the expected physiological adaptations when exercising at this intensity and related research gaps are also discussed. Results: Experts reached consensus that zone 2 training should preferably be performed at intensities located immediately below the first lactate or ventilatory threshold through continuous, variable, or interval-type sessions. Furthermore, experts expected a broad range of central and peripheral adaptations from zone 2 training. These expected adaptations might not be unique to zone 2 and could also be induced with sessions performed at slightly higher and lower intensities. Conclusions: This commentary provides practical insight and unified criteria regarding the preferred intensity, duration, and session type for the optimization of zone 2 training based on the perspectives of acknowledged sport scientists and professional coaches.

Background The higher mortality rates in patients with Systemic sclerosis (SSc) are related to SSc activity, cardiovascular disease, and neoplasms, among other factors. Our objective was to assess the impact of solid organ neoplasms (SON) and hematological neoplasms (HN) on mortality among SSc patients. Methods A retrospective, observational comparison of SON and HN-related deaths in SSc patients with those in the general Spanish population was conducted using data from the Spanish Hospital Discharge Database. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the impact of SSc on mortality risk from each neoplasm. Results During 2016–2019, 139,531 in-hospital deaths from neoplasms were certified in Spain (67 in patients with SSc). Malignancies accounted for 9.7% of all deaths in SSc patients, and disease activity for 11.5% (p > 0.05). Compared to the general Spanish population, patients with SSc had a higher death ratio from lung neoplasms (18.6 vs. 25.4%, OR = 2.228, 95% CI 1.260–3.937), gynecological neoplasms (3 vs. 13.4%, OR = 4.804, 95%CI 2.372–9.730), attributable to the increased risk of uterine tumors (0.9 vs. 4.5%, OR = 6.177, 95% CI 1.931–19.758) and ovarian carcinomas (1.3 vs. 4.5%, OR = 3.456, 95% CI 1.083–11.032), and from T/NK lineage lymphomas (0.3 vs. 3.0%, OR = 8.955 95% CI: 2.181–36.767). Conclusion The detection of chronic comorbidities such as cancer is emerging as a noteworthy component of standard care for SSc patients. This can be addressed during their follow up or even in specific screening programs aimed at achieving better long-term quality of life and prognosis.

This contribution uses two distinct gridded seismicity models to present a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment for Northeastern Algeria. Both local regional models and the next generation of attenuation (NGA) equations supplied the ground-motion prediction equations (GMPEs) that have been used. A logic-tree approach is applied to depict the epistemic uncertainty, or the uncertainty in the evaluation caused by the lack of knowledge about the model used. Expert judgment associated with the available acceleration recorded data was used to evaluate the weights assigned to each of the distinct GMPEs. In the final stage, the study offers estimated ground-motion parameters for soil classes B, B/C and C (National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program) with return periods of 475 and 975 years. Along with uniform hazards spectra for the examined soil conditions and return periods, seismic hazard curves for the main cities are also included. Among the computed ground-motion characteristics, the mean horizontal peak ground acceleration values for the B/C soil types in Setif have been estimated to be 0.30 ± 0.05 g and 0.44 ± 0.05 g for the two considered return periods (475 and 975 years), respectively. Using the exceedance and occurrence deaggregation methodologies, for some locations, a deaggregation investigation was also performed in terms of three parameters (magnitude, distance and azimuth) in order to look at how specific sources influenced the hazard level. This has made it possible to identify the earthquake that contributes most in terms of the considered parameters in the specified locations, known as the "control" or "modal" earthquake.

In this article, I show that, when denialists attempt to deny a certainty in Wittgenstein’s sense, they do not even deny anything at all because they are articulating mere nonsense. To clarify this point, I start by providing a brief introduction to Wittgenstein’s conception of “certainty,” paying particular attention not only to the distinction between seeming and genuine doubt, but also to the nonsense generated when violating a certainty. Then, I analyze why we cannot even understand denialists when they try to deny certainties about the existence of the Holocaust and the sphericity of Earth. To this end, I consider the consequences of delegitimizing research procedures, regarding the case of doubt as the normal case, and formulating the denialist doubt through words whose use is incompatible with such doubt. Subsequently, I describe the main tactics used by denialists to try to substitute scientific certainties with alternative ones. Lastly, although denialism concerning certainties cannot even be refuted because it is nonsense, I propose to make deniers as well as the general public aware of such nonsense by asking questions that revolve around incongruences such as those I have previously noted concerning Holocaust denialism and the flat-Earth “theory.”

This paper has assessed the dynamics of entrepreneurial ecosystems across the US states. To do this, we have used the Startup Formation Rate (SFR) and the Entrepreneurial Quality Index (EQI) from a novel data set called the Startup Cartography Project, which spans from 1988 to 2014. For this purpose, we have applied the Phillips and Sul (Econometrica 75:1771–1855, 2007, Econometrics 24:1153–1185, 2009)’s club clustering algorithm in order to identify the existence of absolute or regional convergence. Our results suggest the existence of two and three clubs convergence, respectively. More importantly, when attending EQI, California and Massachusetts form a club, which is evidence of the importance of quality entrepreneurship over quantity. Furthermore, from a geographical point of view, SFR clubs show a scattered distribution throughout the national territory, while the EQI clubs are more homogeneous. In this sense, we apply the Local Moran I test to the EQI club that is formed by California and Massachusetts to analyze the possible spillover effects of these states, to their neighbours. Finally, this gives valuable information for designing entrepreneur policies at different levels.

Breast cancer claims thousands of lives annually, emphasizing the need for swift and accurate histopathology image classification to expedite diagnoses. Despite the rapid evolution of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), the conventional softmax loss lacks the robustness required to discern intricate features in breast cancer classification from histopathological images. In response, our study introduces the Cosine Additive Angular Margin Loss (CAAM) to address this limitation and achieve both enhanced intra-class cohesion and distinct inter-class boundaries concurrently. By normalizing weight and feature vectors, we eliminate radial variations before imposing angular and cosine margin constraints on the softmax angle space. This process maximizes the decision margin, resulting in a discriminative feature embedding. Extensive experiments conducted on the BreakHis dataset demonstrate that CAAM consistently outperforms existing methods in breast cancer histopathological image classification. Our findings underscore the efficacy of angular margin-based softmax losses in bolstering the performance of advanced CNN models for breast cancer classification.

The Ericales encompass a diverse group of plants, including commercially significant species such as persimmon, blueberries, kiwifruits, Brazil nuts, argan, and azalea. However, to date, no research has been conducted on the isolation of protoplasts in blueberry species such as Vaccinium corymbosum L. and Vaccinium floribundum Kunth (mortiño). The use of protoplasts for in vitro propagation has become a powerful tool to overcome sexual incompatibility barriers between plant species or genera and to transfer genes for resistance to diseases, pests, herbicides, and other stress factors, thereby enabling the production of a large number of high-quality hybrid plants. Consequently, the isolation of a substantial quantity of protoplasts and the establishment of an efficient regeneration protocols are essential prerequisites for the successful advancement of modern botany. Nonetheless, the establishment of efficient protoplast-based systems remain a challenge for numerous crop plants. The present work outlines the state-of-the-art of protoplast isolation systems within the Ericales order. Furthermore, we have successfully established the first and highly efficient system for the isolation of blueberry protoplasts from leaves employing an enzymatic solution comprising 1% cellulase, 1.5% macerozyme, and 0.3% pectinase at incubation for 28 h resulting in a yield of 5.95 × 104 protoplasts (FW). Additionally, callus induction was achieved in mortiño leaf explants by using semi-solid Woody Plant Medium supplemented with 2.5 mg/L of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Subsequently, we developed a highly efficient system for the isolation of mortiño protoplast, employing an enzymatic solution containing 2.5% cellulase, 3% macerozyme, and 0.3% pectinase atincubation for 5 hours resulting in a yield of 1.05 × 105 protoplasts (FW). Here, we have reported for the first time a highly efficient system for protoplast isolation in blueberries, making a significant milestone in the advancement of new plant breeding technologies for these species and other related crops.