Instituto Federal Goiano

Domestic violence (DV) against women in intimate relationships is a global public health issue with significant legal and institutional challenges. While legal reforms seek to enhance victim protection and perpetrator accountability, their implementation faces barriers within the criminal justice system, particularly in police and judicial institutions. A multi-agency approach—coordinating police, courts, social services, and NGOs—has emerged to improve institutional responses. This systematic review protocol follows PRISMA-P 2015 guidelines to assess the impact of legal reforms on DV policies within police institutions. A qualitative synthesis will analyse contextual factors, with searches conducted in Web of Science, Scopus, and MEDLINE/PubMed, complemented by citation mapping via Litmaps. The PICo framework and validated using the PRESS 2015 guided the search strategy, while PRISMA-S will inform data extraction and Rayyan will manage references. Independent reviewers will assess studies, resolving disagreements with a senior researcher. The review will evaluate legal reforms’ effects on DV recidivism, their effectiveness across contexts, and perceptions of punitive versus restorative approaches. Key challenges include resource constraints, institutional resistance, and program sustainability. Findings will support policymakers in refining legislative measures and strengthening institutional responses.

This study aimed to use the daily maximum temperature and humidity index (THImax) to calculate the ratio between average milk composition in the three hottest (stress) and three mildest months (comfort) of the year in an important milk-producing region in Brazil, with potential practical application in other tropical regions. The study was conducted in the municipalities of Araxá, Sacramento, and Uberaba in Minas Gerais State, from 2017 to 2020. THImax was calculated using daily maximum temperature and minimum relative humidity data. The three months with the largest number of days with THImax ≥ 76 were classified as the stress period, and the three months with THImax < 76 as the comfort period. Average fat, protein, and lactose content, total solids, and non-fat solids were calculated for both periods using 10,063 milk composition analyses, and the stress-to-comfort (S:C) ratio of the milk components was determined. Fat content declined during the stress period, with an S:C ratio below 1.0. Most ratios were also below 1.0 for protein and total solids, while values for lactose and non-fat solids showed minimal deviation from 1.0. THImax values ≥76 significantly alter the milk composition of crossbred dairy cows in tropical regions, largely by decreasing the fat content, resulting in an S:C ratio below 1. Determining the milk composition ratio between the hottest and mildest months enables the identification of thermal discomfort in crossbred cows in tropical regions and provides a practical tool for dairy producers to monitor heat stress. Key words: animal welfare; dairy cows; milk quality; temperature; tropical cattle

The scarcity of registered herbicides that are effective in controlling monocotyledonous weeds is a risk for sorghum growing in Brazil. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the tolerance of sorghum grain hybrids to the post-emergence application of tembotrione. Two experiments were carried out in the field in the Southwest of Goiás (Santa Helena de Goiás and Montividiu). Eleven grain sorghum hybrids were evaluated in Santa Helena de Goiás and three hybrids were evaluated in Montividiu, in association with five doses of tembotrione, always with the addition of atrazine to the application mixture. Herbicide treatments were applied in post-emergence when sorghum plants had six to seven leaves developed (V6/V7). Sorghum hybrids showed variations in tolerance to the herbicide tembotrione, demonstrating different responses in terms of phytotoxicity, plant height, stem diameter, shoot dry biomass and yield. Tembotrione causes reductions in the yield of grain sorghum, in average percentages ranging from 25.9 to 61.9%, depending on the dose used, demonstrating that it is not selective for the crop. The results obtained indicate low potential use of tembotrione for grain sorghum at the doses evaluated, in association with atrazine, in areas of soils with both more clayey texture and sandier texture. Keywords: Crop succession; Weeds; Yield; Selectivity; Sorghum bicolor

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of combining Dinoprost tromethamine and D-cloprostenol in a fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) protocol on ovulation, fertility and pregnancy rate in Nelore heifers. A total of 28 Nelore heifers were evaluated. On D0, they received an intravaginal progesterone (P4) device and an intramuscular (IM) injection of 2 mg of oestradiol benzoate (BE). On D7, an application of 2mL of dinoprost tromethamine, on D9 the P4 device was removed and 0.3 mL of oestradiol cypionate (eCP) and 1.5 mL of equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG) were administered, on D11 all the females were inseminated and randomly divided into three groups: T1, T2 and T3. The control (T1; n = 8), in which the animals received 2 mL of saline IM; T2 (n = 11), received 2 mL of dinoprost tromethamine IM; and T3 (n = 9), received 2 mL of D-Cloprostenol IM. Follicle diameter was assessed on D0, D7, D9, D11 and corpus luteum (CL) diameter on D12. Gestation diagnosis (GD) was carried out 30 days after artificial insemination (AI). Non-parametric variables were analyzed using the Friedman test, with a significance level of 5%. The pregnancy rate was different between treatments (p < 0.05), being higher in T3 when compared to T1 (55.55%) vs. (12.5%), as well as T2 (55.55%) vs. (27.27%). There was no interaction between treatments in terms of follicle diameter at D11 and CL formation. It was concluded that the use of two doses of PGF2α (dinoprost tromethamine and D-cloprostenol) was efficient in synchronizing small follicles (< 10mm) and increasing pregnancy rates.

Context Changes in landscapes due to the conversion of natural vegetation into agroecosystems are causing an alarming and rapid loss of biodiversity on a global scale. Objectives We assess how local environmental factors and landscape structure influence Squamata reptiles’ abundance, and alpha and beta diversities in agricultural landscapes in the Brazilian Cerrado. Methods We sampled 20 sites using active visual search and pitfall traps to record Squamata reptiles’ abundance and richness. For each sampling site, we measured seven variables of vegetation structure at local scale and calculated four landscape metrics at five spatial scales. Results We recorded 145 individuals of 30 Squamata species comprising 15 lizards, 12 snakes, and three amphisbaenians. Agriculture cover had a negative effect on lizards’ abundance and richness. No effect was found on the abundance and richness of snakes. Species turnover was the major process responsible for Squamata reptile dissimilarity among sites. Reptile total beta diversity and species turnover were influenced by variations in the number of trees at the local scale. Conclusions Our results highlight the negative effects of agriculture expansion on species abundance and richness in lizard communities. Moreover, vegetation structure may act as an environmental filter and predict the variation in Squamata reptiles’ species turnover between sites. Our findings show that maintaining well-preserved patches of natural vegetation in agricultural landscapes is of utmost importance for Squamata reptiles’ conservation and should be considered in landscape conservation and management design.

Background: Evidence supporting the validity of photogrammetry for assessing body segment alignment remains limited, with most studies focusing on spinal evaluation. Thus, there is a lack of robust research examining its use for other body segments such as the lower limbs. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the concurrent validity of three photogrammetric methods for measuring knee alignment in the sagittal plane with and without corrections for potential rotational deviations in the participant’s thigh and leg. Methods: A total of 21 adults underwent sequential evaluations involving panoramic radiography of the lower limbs and photogrammetry at a private radiology clinic. Photogrammetric analysis involved identifying the following anatomical landmarks: the greater trochanter of the femur (GTF), the lateral condyle of the femur (LCF), the head of the fibula (HF), and lateral malleolus (LM). Three photogrammetric methods were employed: (1) the condylar angle (CA) defined by the GTF, LCF, and LM points; (2) the fibula head angle (FHA) defined by the GTF, HF, and LM points; and (3) the four-point angle (4PA) incorporating the GTF, LCF, HF, and LM. Concurrent validity was assessed using correlation analysis, agreement with radiographic measurements, and the root mean square error (RMSE). Each photogrammetric method was tested using raw (CA, FHA, and 4PA) and corrected (CAcorr, FHAcorr, and 4PAcorr) values, accounting for thigh and/or leg rotational deviations. Results: Correcting for thigh and leg rotations significantly improved the validity metrics for all methods. The best performance was observed with the corrected condylar angle (CAcorr: r = 0.746; adjusted r² = 0.533; RMSE = 2.9°) and the corrected four-point angle (4PAcorr: r = 0.733; adjusted r² = 0.513; RMSE = 3.0°); however, the measurements presented proportional errors, possible due the method of assessment of rotations. Conclusions: The findings validate the evaluated photogrammetric methods for assessing sagittal knee alignment. Accounting for thigh and leg rotational deviations is critical for achieving accurate measurements, raising the need of accurate tools for measuring rotational changes in the lower limbs to avoid errors.

Chemoenzymatic strategies to synthesize complex molecules have been developed by combining biocatalytic and synthetic methods in a multistep approach toward a target molecule. Dihydrobenzofuran neolignans (DBNs), a class of plant-derived natural compounds, display several biological activities. Oxidative coupling of phenylpropanoids is commonly used to obtain DBNs, but yields are low, and stereochemical control is poor. This study reports the novel eco-friendly and stereoselective conversion of methyl trans-ferulate (1) into DBN 2 ((±)-trans-dehydrodiferulate dimethyl ester) promoted by Trametes versicolor FC in 47% yield. Compared to Ag2O-promoted oxidative coupling, this biotransformation approach is enantioselective (66.7% ee of the main enantiomer) and affords DBN 2, as confirmed by chiral-HPLC and NMR data analyses. Our preliminary results highlighted the combination of biotransformation and traditional chemical processes as a promising starting point for obtaining DBNs from the corresponding phenylpropanoids enantioselectively.

Medium and large-sized mammals contribute with high relevance to ecosystem processes, being considered key species in the preservation and integrity of biological systems. Information about the distribution, structure, and composition of mammal communities is crucial for developing effective conservation strategies. In this study, we inventoried medium and large-sized mammals and investigated habitat use by mammalian fauna in a transitional area between the Amazon-Cerrado ecotone, in the Cantão region, Tocantins state, Brazil. From July 2019 to November 2020, we conducted bimonthly campaigns to survey mammalian fauna in Woodland Savanna, Shrubby Savanna, Flooded Forest, and Flooded Grassland using active searches, camera traps, footprint traps, and transect censuses. The sampling resulted in 1,654 records of 40 species of mammals (39 species of medium and large-sized and one small size), among which the Carnivora order was the most representative, with 37.5% of the total species; and Perissodactyla and Didelphimorphia the least representative orders, both with 2.5% of the total species. Although the region is an area of ecotone, with great Amazonian influence, the results of this study indicate that the composition of the community of medium and large-sized mammals of the Cantão is more similar to the mammalian fauna of the Cerrado. There was a difference in the richness of mammal species in the studied habitats and in the composition of species recorded between the habitats, with Woodland Savanna and Shrubby Savanna having the highest species richness and being the most similar habitats to each other. The species Tapirus terrestris (South American tapir), Subulo gouazoubira (brown brocket), Cerdocyon thous (crab-eating fox) and Leopardus pardalis (ocelot) were the only ones common to all types of environments sampled. The results obtained reinforce the importance of the study area for biodiversity conservation and maintenance, since it is an area of ecotone with high species richness and which is home to medium and large-sized mammals that occur in the Cerrado and Amazon biomes.

This study aimed to evaluate the carcass and meat quality of young bulls from different genetic groups supplemented on pasture during the rainy season and finished in a feedlot. The experiment was conducted in 2014, lasting 224 days, in Rio Verde, Goiás, Brazil. The evaluated genetic groups were ½Brangus½Nellore, Nellore, and ½Canchim½Nellore. The animals underwent two experimental phases: in the first phase, they received mineral and mineral-energy supplementation on pasture; in the second phase, they were finished in a feedlot, where the residual effect of supplementation on carcass and meat quality was evaluated. ½Brangus½Nellore animals showed increases in slaughter weight of 48.40 and 44.60 kg compared to Nellore and ½Canchim½Nellore, respectively. Mineral-energy supplementation resulted in increased carcass weight and special cuts. The highest marbling score was obtained for ½Canchim½Nellore animals. However, in the meat chemical composition, no effects of genetic groups and supplementation were observed. Thus, despite the lower carcass weight and lower marbling degree, Nellore breed, when receiving mineral supplementation, shows greater potential for meat production in tropical climate regions, as it produces meat with similar quality to other genetic groups.

The leather tanning industry generates significant environmental impacts due to the release of effluents containing high concentrations of heavy metals, particularly chromium (Cr). This study investigates the efficacy of mercerized microcrystalline cellulose particles (MCPs) as a sustainable adsorbent for Cr removal from tannery effluents. MCPs were synthesized and characterized using Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to assess their structural modifications post-mercerization. Adsorption assays were conducted under various experimental conditions, including agitation rate, pH, temperature, effluent concentration, and MCP concentration. The adsorption capacity was modeled using Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and Temkin isotherms, with Langmuir providing a better fit (R² = 0.9884), indicating indicating a monolayer adsorption of Cr ions onto the MCPs surface. Results showed a maximum adsorption capacity of 28.17 mg/g for Cr, with optimal conditions identified as 400 rpm agitation, pH 5.0, 35 °C temperature, and 25 mg/L MCP concentration. Multiple regression analysis highlighted pH and effluent dilution as significant factors affecting adsorption efficiency. Additionally, cluster analysis and Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) confirmed the complex interactions among the variables. Our findings suggest that mercerized MCPs are a promising and sustainable solution for Cr removal from tannery effluents, offering a high adsorption capacity and potential for environmental application. Future research should focus on the regeneration and reuse of MCPs, assessing other pollutants, and the economic feasibility of large-scale implementation.

Background The mechanized harvesting and transportation of tomatoes can significantly impact their physicochemical characteristics, affecting quality and industrial processing efficiency. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of harvesting methods and transportation conditions on the firmness, titratable acidity (TA), total soluble solids (TSS – °Brix), pH, and percentage of loss of fresh mass (LFM) of tomatoes intended for industrial use. Methods The mechanized harvesting and transportation of tomatoes can significantly impact their physicochemical characteristics, affecting quality and industrial processing efficiency. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of harvesting methods and transportation conditions on the firmness, TA, TSS (°Brix), pH, and percentage of LFM in tomatoes intended for industrial use. Results Mechanized harvesting reduced tomato firmness, TA, pH, and increased mass loss. Manual harvesting resulted in 29.7% greater firmness than mechanical harvesting. The vibration effects varied depending on the floor and direction within the container, but container type did not significantly influence tomato quality. The position of the fruit in the transport medium affected firmness, with tomatoes at the rear exhibiting greater firmness and lower quality loss. Depth was negatively correlated with firmness, LFM, TA, and pH. The LFM increased with longer unloading times. Conclusion The findings highlight the need for improved handling and logistics strategies in the tomato production chain to reduce quality deterioration during harvesting and transportation. Effective interventions can minimize economic losses and increase industrial processing efficiency. Additionally, the results of this study suggest that laboratory models that use equipment such as shakers can replicate these effects for other bulk-transported crops, including fresh fruits and tubers.

The effect of agricultural practices on soil bacterial communities is not constant and depends a lot on the climatic context, changes in the soil characteristics, land use, and agricultural strategy. Thus, knowledge about how different land use systems in the Cerrado influence the diversity and taxonomic structure of microbial communities under the same soil type remains limited. In this context, the objective of this work was to analyze and compare the bacterial communities of Cerrado soil under two different land use systems (cover crop and potato cultivation) and in a neighboring native Cerrado area. For this, we used high-throughput amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA genes (metabarcoding) to characterize the bacterial community at different taxonomic levels in a native Cerrado area, in a potato crop area, and in an area with cover crops. Our data indicated significant impacts on soil physicochemical properties and enzymatic activity, which directly reflect the dynamics of bacterial communities. The three bacterial phyla with the highest relative abundance in the three areas were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota, and Acidobacteriota. At the taxonomic class level, small variations were observed among areas, while at the amplicon sequence variant (ASV) level, these variations were more pronounced. The alpha diversity indices showed that the bacterial communities among the areas are rich and diverse. Bray–Curtis and Jaccard distance-based PCoA demonstrated an overlap of bacterial communities present in the cover crop area with the native Cerrado area and separation from the potato cultivation area. The in silico prediction demonstrated that the native Cerrado area presented the highest values of functional diversity of the soil bacterial community compared to the others. Thus, our results provide a holistic view of how different land use systems in the Cerrado can influence the taxonomic and functional diversity of soil bacterial communities.

Introduction This research explores how various characteristics influence supervisors’ research output and engagement. It focuses on undergraduate research (UR) programs at a Brazilian federal educational institution. The study examines academic curricula, including the number of publications and the impact of their productions, and looks for possible academic inequalities. Accordingly, it analyzes the influence of sex-related, academic path, and subject areas on the productivity of UR supervisors in this institution. Methods A case study approach was employed, utilizing quantitative methods for data collection. Data was collected on diverse variables, such as education, academic trajectory, publications, patents, and supervisory roles, by examining the administrative records and the data registered in the Lattes Curriculum platform. Descriptive and inferential statistics, including non-parametric tests and correlation analyses, were employed for data analysis, offering insights into the characteristics and contributions of UR supervisors at the undergraduate level. Results The study included 307 supervisors (59.0% of men), primarily in the Agrarian Sciences (51.5%), aged 37–46 years, and holding doctorate degrees (78.8%). Notably, supervisors in the Agrarian Sciences area had the highest mean experience in UR supervision (51.5%). Statistical analyses revealed significant differences among supervisors based on their research area and between supervisory activities, more prominently in research outputs and impact measures (p < 0.001) for master’s studies supervisions. On average, supervisors had 2.19 articles per year, with higher productivity in the Health Sciences followed by the Biological Sciences field. A positive difference (18.0%) in supervisor participation was found between males and females, with men having a higher rate (14.7%), consistent with previous studies. Conclusion The investigation emphasizes addressing sex disparities and promoting scientific research to enhance academic output indicators through public policies. This analysis provides valuable insights for fostering public policies directed toward educational institutions. Ethics and disclosure The Research Ethics Committee approved the study, ensuring the confidentiality of participant data and compliance with ethical standards.

The use of nickel (Ni) as a fertilizer remains a topic of debate, particularly in non-legume species, as Ni is required only in trace amounts for optimal plant function. Urea application in plants, whether foliar or root-based, relies on the urease enzyme to convert urea into NH4⁺ and CO2, with Ni serving as an essential cofactor. In this study, we conducted an experiment using a 2 × 2 factorial design, combining two urea concentrations [4% and 8% (w/v)] with the absence or presence of Ni (0.3 g L⁻¹ supplied as NiSO4·6H2O). Gas exchange parameters were measured two days after fertilization. We quantified urease enzyme activity, urea content, photosynthetic pigments, carbohydrates, and other nitrogenous metabolites. The presence of Ni during foliar urea fertilization significantly increased the photosynthetic rate and photosynthetic pigments, which we attributed to improved urea assimilation. The combination of urea and Ni enhanced urease activity, leading to higher levels of various nitrogenous metabolites. Ni positively influenced foliar urea assimilation, promoting its conversion into organic compounds, such as proteins, while mitigating the toxic effects associated with urea accumulation.

The fungus Metarhizium anisopliae is under development as a bioinsecticide for Euschistus heros. To further elucidate the effect of this fungus on E. heros behavior, we monitored the feeding activities of adults treated with the fungus at 1 × 10⁸ conidia mL⁻¹ on soybean in the pod-filling stage (R5) through electropenetrography (EPG) AC-DC. We also determined the virulence of M. anisopliae to adults and its damage to soybean seeds. M. anisopliae displayed high levels of virulence to adults even at low concentrations of 5 × 10⁶ conidia mL⁻¹ (98% mortality). E. heros females were more susceptible to M. anisopliae than males, exhibiting a lower LT50 for mycosed adults (7.1 and 9.7 days, respectively). The EPG experiment showed that fungus-treated adults spent significantly less time on probing activities (reduced by 86% at day four and ceased at day five) than untreated insects, and the number of waveform events per insect significantly decreased. This information is valuable for managing stink bugs at the field level, as it shows that even though the insect is alive, its feeding is compromised, consequently minimizing the damage inflicted to the crop. This study paves the way for further research employing entomopathogenic fungi in pest control.

Biostimulants may be a management strategy to mitigate injuries caused by herbicides in soybean crops due to their antioxidant properties. This hypothesis was evaluated in field experiments conducted over two crop seasons through based on assessments of plant growth and yield of soybean crops. Increasing rates (0.00, 0.33, 0.66, and 0.99 L cp. ha− 1) of a commercial biostimulant were applied at 0, 3, 6 and 9 days after application (DAA) of the herbicide lactofen (protox or PPO enzyme inhibitor); a control treatment was implemented without application of these products. The biostimulant Megafol® composed of urea, potassium acetate, vinasse, and extract from the algae Ascophyllum nodosum, was tested. The application of lactofen reduced plant growth (average reduction of 15.6 cm in the first harvest and 6.8 cm in the second harvest), resulting in losses in grain yield (average reduction of 559.7 kg ha− 1 in the second harvest) and the profitability (average reduction of US$2,780.0 ha− 1 in the second harvest) of using the biostimulant. However, this biostimulant mitigated damage to the crop, resulting in a lower impact on grain yield and profitability. Therefore, biostimulants should be applied at 3 DAA at a of 0.33 L ha− 1 (higher productivity observed: 3,946.9 kg ha− 1) or at 6 DAA at a rate of 0.66 L ha− 1 (greater profitability observed: US$4,835.4 ha− 1) to mitigate lactofen phytotoxicity. Thus, extreme and irreversible damage to soybean plants during their development caused by exposure to this herbicide is avoided.

This article assesses the behavior of full-scale static load tests (SLTs) conducted with instrumentation for strain measurements, in order to provide insights into the pile load transfer curves along its length. A collection of instrumented SLTs from a specific region offers a valuable dataset for the geotechnical community, which can be leveraged for machine learning-based neural network studies and probabilistic-statistical analysis, ultimately enhancing the reliability of regional semi-empirical methods. This study presents an analysis of a database containing the results of 80 instrumented SLTs conducted on CFA (continuous flight auger) piles in the metropolitan area of Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil, spanning from 2016 to 2022. It establishes correlations between the pile’s maximum skin friction (qlmax) and soil resistance, as well as between the pile shaft and pile base resistances, and relative displacement at the pile-soil interface (δint). The geotechnical surveys accompanying each SLT are also included in the database under examination, aiding in the definition of a representative geotechnical profile of Goiânia’s soil. The qlmax values derived from the database exhibit significant dispersion compared to the semi-empirical methods commonly employed in Brazil. Additionally, these values span a broad range of δint, with considerably lower values for the superficial, porous, and structured layer of sandy clay compared to the deeper layers.

Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease, affects approximately 10 million individuals worldwide. The disease is characterized by both motor and non-motor symptoms, and clinical aspects are pivotal for diagnosis. Vocal abnormalities can be identified in about 90% of PD patients in the early stages of the condition. Machine Learning (ML), a prominent subfield of Artificial Intelligence (AI), holds significant promise in the medical domain, particularly for early disease detection, enabling effective preventive measures and treatments. In this paper, we considered the unique characteristics of each ML algorithm. Seventeen ML algorithms were applied to a dataset of voice recordings from Healthy Control and PD individuals, sourced from a publicly available repository. We leveraged the PyCaret Python library's ML algorithms and functions, which were introduced in this article, to demonstrate their simplicity and effectiveness in dealing with real-world data. Among these algorithms, Extra Trees Classifier (ETC), Gradient Boosting Classifier (GBC), and K Neighbors Classifier (KNN) exhibited the best performance for the given dataset. Furthermore, to enhance the models' performance, we employed various techniques, including Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE) to address class imbalance, feature selection based on correlation, and hyperparameter tuning. Our findings highlight the potential of the PyCaret ML library demonstrated in this article as a valuable tool for applying ML to the classification of Parkinson's disease through voice analysis. The application of ML in this context can greatly support clinical decision-making, leading to more informed and precise interventions.

Galls result from the abnormal growth of plant tissues triggered by the stimulus of different taxa of gall-inducing organisms. The gall tissues and gall-inducing organisms utilize primary metabolites for their respective needs: cell machinery maintenance and feed. The main primary metabolites commonly detected in galls include lipids, proteins, reducing sugars, and starch grains. These components are localized within different compartments of the gall tissues. Thus, we made a systematic review to bring the main aspects of primary metabolites in galls, highlighting the main storage sites, gall tissue compartments, and the relation of gall-inducer taxa with the metabolite compartmentalization. We confirm the morphofunctional compartmentalization of primary metabolites in gall tissues is associated with the taxa of gall-inducer organisms. Herein, we reinforce the significance of the gall-inducing organism in manipulating the metabolism of the host plant. This manipulation results in the formation of a gall with specific tissue organization that facilitates the gall-inducing feeding.