Instituto Federal do Acre

This study compared the effects of two culture systems, semi-solid (SS) and temporary immersion bioreactor (TIB®), on the micropropagation and morphoanatomical features of two banana varieties (‘Preciosa’ and ‘Thap Maeo’). The multiplication phase utilized Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 2.5 mg L−1 of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) in both systems. Following multiplication, elongation and rooting stages were conducted, and growth-related variables were evaluated after 40 d. Acclimatization was performed for 60 d, and morphoanatomical studies were carried out on banana leaves. Results showed that the TIB® system promoted greater height and biomass increment during multiplication, along with an increase in the number of leaves in ‘Preciosa’ variety. However, it resulted in lower multiplication rates. Specific anatomical modifications were observed in each variety. ‘Preciosa’ displayed enhanced functionality of adaxial stomata and increased abaxial stomatal density, while ‘Thap Maeo’ showed increased functionality of adaxial stomata and thicker palisade parenchyma. After acclimatization, the TIB® system led to greater height and diameter increments in ‘Preciosa’ plants, while the SS system improved the survival rate of ‘Thap Maeo.’ However, ‘Thap Maeo’ plants in the TIB® system exhibited lower survival rates due to issues such as etiolation and hyperhydricity. Regardless of the culture system, acclimatization for 30 d resulted in increased epicuticular wax deposition, higher stomatal density, and reduced stomatal functionality.

Wood density is a critical control on tree biomass, so poor understanding of its spatial variation can lead to large and systematic errors in forest biomass estimates and carbon maps. The need to understand how and why wood density varies is especially critical in tropical America where forests have exceptional species diversity and spatial turnover in composition. As tree identity and forest composition are challenging to estimate remotely, ground surveys are essential to know the wood density of trees, whether measured directly or inferred from their identity. Here, we assemble an extensive dataset of variation in wood density across the most forested and tree-diverse continent, examine how it relates to spatial and environmental variables, and use these relationships to predict spatial variation in wood density over tropical and sub-tropical South America. Our analysis refines previously identified east-west Amazon gradients in wood density, improves them by revealing fine-scale variation, and extends predictions into Andean, dry, and Atlantic forests. The results halve biomass prediction errors compared to a naïve scenario with no knowledge of spatial variation in wood density. Our findings will help improve remote sensing-based estimates of aboveground biomass carbon stocks across tropical South America.

Understanding the capacity of forests to adapt to climate change is of pivotal importance for conservation science, yet this is still widely unknown. This knowledge gap is particularly acute in high-biodiversity tropical forests. Here, we examined how tropical forests of the Americas have shifted community trait composition in recent decades as a response to changes in climate. Based on historical trait-climate relationships, we found that, overall, the studied functional traits show shifts of less than 8% of what would be expected given the observed changes in climate. However, the recruit assemblage shows shifts of 21% relative to climate change expectation. The most diverse forests on Earth are changing in functional trait composition but at a rate that is fundamentally insufficient to track climate change.

Several studies have shown effects of temporal variation on ecological interactions such as those involving ants and plants bearing extrafloral nectaries (EFNs), however, little is known about how climate shapes the structure of these interactions in tropical rainforests. We specifically investigated whether rainfall seasonality in tropical rainforests influences the organization of ant-plant interaction networks mediated by EFNs, in terms of the number of interactions, network size, network specialization, diversity of interactions, and nestedness (using both binary and weighted data). We collected ants foraging on EFN-bearing plants in ten forest fragments situated in the west of the state of Acre, in the Brazilian Amazon. These ant-plant interactions were recorded in both dry and rainy seasons, resulting in a total of 20 ant-plant networks (n = 10 networks sampled in the dry season and n = 10 in the rainy season). We observed that network size and network specialization were not affected by rainfall seasonality, however we found that the diversity of ant-plant interactions was higher in the rainy season, while the number of ant-plant interactions and nestedness was higher in the dry season. We also observed that the central core of highly interacting ant species tends to be more stable than the central core of highly interacting plant species between dry and rainy seasons. In short, our results indicate that rainfall seasonality is a determining factor shaping the organization of ant-plant interaction networks in tropical rainforests.

The different bakery products consumed worldwide require wheat flour with specific viscoelastic characteristics, which are not always available on the market. To meet these particular demands, wheat flour mills and baking industries turn to ingredients, additives, and processing aids. These improving agents act on the gluten network and other flour components, adapting them to produce various products with the desired technological and sensory properties. Many studies relate increases in the parameters obtained in flour quality analyses, such as farinographic, extensographic, alveographic, and others, with the flour-strengthening effect of various ingredients, additives, and processing aids used; however, this is not a direct relationship. In this review, we evaluated each strategy for improving wheat flour, considering key studies in the field of baking, and examining how these strategies work. Focusing on gluten, which is crucial for the technological quality of the flour, we explored strategies involving additives (oxidizing agents, emulsifiers, and hydrocolloids), processing aids (enzymes), and the ingredient vital wheat gluten. We also evaluated the regulatory aspects governing the use of these enhancers in various countries.

Resumo O objetivo é identificar, por meio de uma revisão integrativa, o perfil epidemiológico da mortalidade em crianças indígenas brasileiras menores de cinco anos. Foram incluídos artigos que avaliaram a mortalidade de crianças indígenas brasileiras menores de um e/ou cinco anos, entre 2000-2020, em português, inglês e/ou espanhol, nas bases LILACS, SciELO e MEDLINE. Das 3.229 publicações encontradas, 22 foram inseridas na revisão. A mortalidade infantil variou de 15,2/1.000 NV (1995-1999) para a etnia Kayabí a 307,7/1.000 NV (2000) para a etnia Hupdäh. Entre os estudos que avaliaram a mortalidade infantil pelos componentes etários, destaca-se o período pós-neonatal, com proporções que variaram de 15,2% (1990-1994), para crianças indígenas do Paraná, a 83,3% (2007-2008) para a etnia Guarani. A principal causa de mortalidade foram as doenças respiratórias, variando de 17,1% (2010) a 75% (2007-2008) entre a etnia Guarani. Crianças indígenas brasileiras menores de um ano apresentaram taxas de mortalidade elevadas, quando comparadas às crianças não-indígenas, para todas as etnias e regiões do país. Entre os componentes de TMI, observou-se elevado número de óbitos no período pós-neonatal, tendo como principal causas de óbito as doenças do aparelho respiratório.

The aim is to identify the epidemiological profile of mortality among Brazilian indigenous children under five years of age, through an integrative review. Articles that evaluated the mortality of indigenous Brazilian children under one and/or five years of age, from 2000 to 2020, in Portuguese, English, and/or Spanish, in the LILACS, SciELO, and MEDLINE databases were included. Of the 3,229 publications found, 22 were included in the review. Infant mortality ranged from 15.2/1,000 live births (LB) (1995-1999) for the Kayabí ethnic group to 307.7/1,000 LB (2000) for the Hupdäh ethnic group. Among the studies that evaluated infant mortality by age components, the post-neonatal period stands out, with proportions that varied from 15.2% (1990-1994), for indigenous children from Paraná, to 83.3% (2007- 2008) for the Guarani ethnic group. The main cause of mortality was respiratory diseases, ranging from 17.1% (2010) to 75% (2007-2008) among the Guarani ethnic group. Brazilian indigenous children under one year of age experienced high mortality rates, when compared to non-indigenous children, for all ethnicities and regions of the country. Among the IMT components, a high number of deaths were observed in the post-neonatal period, with respiratory system diseases representing the main causes of death.

Purpose: To create tridimensional (3D) anatomical models of diaphyseal fractures in dogs (3D AMDFD) and to evaluate the models from their radiographs. Methods: The study consisted of six stages: preparation of femur from a healthy dog cadaver; digitalization of the bone through a 3D scanner and creation of the base model; creation of a 3D AMDFD based on the image of the base model, 3D modeling carried out to reproduce five different types of diaphyseal fractures; printing the models produced on a 3D printer with a thermoplastic material; insertion of neodymium magnets in the fracture line to allow the assembly and disassembly of the parts; and radiography of 3D AMDFD in lateromedial and craniocaudal positions. Results: The base model and 3D AMDFD had high precision in the replication of bone structures, like the bone in natura. The radiopacity and radiolucency of the 3D AMDFD did not necessarily correspond to the bone densities found in the radiography of the natural canine femur. Conclusion: The 3D AMDFD and their respective radiographs accurately reproduced the anatomical structures and fracture lines. Key words Printing, Three-Dimensional; Anatomy; Orthopedics; Teaching Materials; Femur; Femoral Fractures

Maize is an important cereal that is grown and consumed all over the world. Among the selection methods that contribute to increasing the frequency of favorable alleles in native maize populations, selection between and within and stratified mass selection in half-sibling families has proven efficient. This study aimed to conduct an individual selection between and within and stratified mass selection in ten half-sibling families of native maize and to estimate the variance components, genetic parameters, and selection gains for them. Ten half-brother families of families were evaluated. The experimental design was DBC, with two replications totaling 20 experimental units, evaluating four plants per plot. The spacing used was 0.8 by 0.3 m. The following were evaluated: stalk diameter (SD), ear length (EL), ear diameter (ED), number of rows (NF), number of grains per row (NGR), ear mass (EM), and total grain mass (TGM) were evaluated. Individual analyses were carried out for all the traits evaluated, selected to increase the original means with a selection intensity of 50% between/50% within. Stratified mass selection yielded higher selection gains than selection between and within families. The selection of the character’s ear mass and total grain mass showed the highest estimates of genetic gain, 54.45 and 48.37%, respectively. Keywords variance components; half-sib families; genetic variability

Objective To describe the polio vaccination status in 26 state capitals, the Federal District, and 12 municipalities in Brazil, among children born between 2017 and 2018. Methods This was a population-based household survey conducted from 2020 to 2022, which assessed polio vaccination coverage in children, considering valid, administered, and timely doses by municipality. Results Data were collected from 37,801 children. Vaccination coverage for the complete valid dose schedule was 87.5% (95%CI 86.2;88.7), dropping to 79.6% (95%CI 78.1;81.0), when the booster dose was considered. The dropout rate was 4.5% for the complete schedule, and 11.7% for the first booster. There was no correlation between campaign implementation and high coverage. Conclusion Vaccination coverage for the complete valid dose schedule and the first booster did not meet the 95.0% target. Regional disparities and the association between vaccination coverage and social indicators should be taken into consideration in strategies to increase coverage.

Objective To analyse vaccination coverage and factors associated with incomplete polio vaccination in a cohort of children born in 2017-2018, in state capitals and interior region municipalities of Northeast Brazil. Methods Household survey of children aged ≤24 months conducted between 2020 and 2022. Vaccination coverage and dropout rates were estimated, as well as factors associated with incomplete vaccination, analyzed by calculating odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Results : Among 12,137 children, vaccination coverage (4 doses) was 80.9% (95%CI 78.4;83.1); 8.4% were not vaccinated. Not having a vaccination card (OR=18.06; 95%CI 10.01;32.61) and use of private services (OR=1.46; 95%CI 1.23;1.74) were associated with incomplete vaccination. Higher dropout rates were found for the booster dose, especially in the highest stratum. Conclusion Low vaccination coverage, poor dose follow-up and high dropout rates were found for polio vaccines in the areas studied.

Objective To analyze vaccination coverage and factors associated with incomplete vaccination in inland municipalities of Northeastern Brazil. Methods This was a household survey using cluster sampling conducted in Vitória da Conquista, Bahia state, Caruaru, Pernambuco state, Sobral, Ceará state and Imperatriz, Maranhão state between 2020 and 2022. Vaccination coverage by valid doses and vaccine hesitancy were analyzed, with the odds ratio (OR) estimated and adjusted using logistic regression. Results Among 1,847 children, complete vaccination coverage was 49.2% (95%CI 43.9;54.5). Factors associated with incomplete vaccination included: higher income (OR 1.53; 95%CI 1.02;2.31), residence in Sobral (OR 4.35; 95%CI 3.04; 6.21) and >1 child (OR 1.20; 95%CI 1.11;1.32). Parental decision not to vaccinate and difficulties in traveling to vaccination centers contributed to vaccine hesitancy. Conclusion Low vaccination coverage and incomplete vaccination were associated with social issues in the socioeconomic strata analyzed.

Objective To evaluate opportunity for vaccination in children born alive in Londrina, up to 6 months old and the relationship between socioeconomic stratum and vaccination regularity. Method Population survey study based on a retrospective cohort of children born in 2017 and 2018 that identified vaccines not administered in a given session. Vaccination regularity was compared between socioeconomic strata using Pearson’s chi-square test. Results Out of 456 vaccination cards, the proportion of vaccination opportunities not recovered for doses to be administered at birth and at two, four and six months was 5.0% (95%CI 3.1;7.5), 4. 5% (95%CI 2.8;6.9), 7.2% (95%CI 5.0;10.2) and 2.1% (95%CI 1.0;4.0), respectively. There was no statistical difference in vaccination regularity between the strata. Conclusion Missed opportunities for vaccination were found at all ages. Socioeconomic stratum did not influence vaccination regularity. Keywords Immunization; Vaccination Coverage; Immunization Programs; Health Surveys

Objective To estimate prevalence of the full vaccination schedule for children 12 to 24 months old and to analyze associated factors. Methods Survey with cluster sampling carried out in Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil, between December 16, 2020, and January 4, 2021. Children born in Vitória in 2017 and 2018 were included. We estimated the prevalence of vaccination schedules. Poisson regression was used to verify association with full vaccination coverage. Results We included 788 children. Full vaccination coverage was found to be 57% taking a 95% confidence interval (95%CI 50.98;62.98). Prevalence of full vaccination coverage was lowest when private services were used for immunization (prevalence ratio [PR] 0.67; 95%CI 0.51;0.86) and when mothers had ≥ 4 children (PR 0.55; 95%CI 0.32;0.94). Conclusion We found low vaccination coverage and a drop in booster doses. Use of private services for immunization and number of children were associated with incomplete vaccination coverage. Keywords Vaccination Coverage; Vaccines; Immunization; Child Health; Population Surveys

Objective To analyze vaccine hesitancy associated factors and repercussions on vaccination coverage. Methods Cohort of children born in 2017-2018, living in Brazilian state capitals, Federal District (FD), and 12 inner region cities, stratified by socioeconomic level. National Vaccination Coverage Survey (2020) data on hesitancy, access and programmatic difficulties were obtained by interview and coverage was calculated from vaccination card dose and date records. Results 37801 children were studied, 31001 in the capitals/FD, 6800 in the inner cities. Hesitation between 38.8(95%CI 33.6;44.4) and 57.9(95%CI 54.1;61.6) in high versus low stratum; 64.1(95%CI 58.9;68.9) to 41.7(95%CI 38.4;45.8) among mothers with <8 years of schooling versus 16 years or more; 42.1(95%CI 38.2;46.2) to 55.0(95%CI 52.0;54.7) among private service users versus public service only users. Coverage: full=7.2(95%CI 1.0;38.3); 25.3(95%CI 18.7;33.3) for hesitant people; and 44.7(95%CI 43.0;46.4) for the remainder. Conclusion High vaccine hesitancy in several groups affecting vaccination coverage and hindering vaccination target achievement. Access problems and programmatic difficulties contribute to low coverage. Keywords Vaccination Hesitancy; Immunization Programs; Socioeconomic Factors; Vaccination Coverage; Health Surveys

Objective To estimate and compare vaccination coverage among children born in 2017-2018 in São Paulo and Campinas, according to the Vaccination Coverage Survey (ICV 2020) and the National Immunization Program Information System (SI-PNI). Methods ICV 2020 analyzed vaccination card records. Coverage was calculated and compared to doses recorded on the SI-PNI, divided by the target population. Results In São Paulo, according to ICV, in 2017 only BCG (91.7%; 95%CI 87.0;94.7) and rotavirus first dose (90.6%; 95%CI 86.5;93.5) achieved the goals; in 2018, BCG (93.4%; 95%CI 89.5;95.8), rotavirus first dose (90.5%; 95%CI 85.3;94.0), pneumococcal first dose (95.3%; 95%CI 91.7;97.4), meningococcal C first dose (95.1%; 95%CI 91.5;97.2) and pneumococcal second dose (95.0%; 95%CI 91.4;95.0). In Campinas, only BCG achieved the target in 2017 (93.0%; 95%CI 88.8;95.7) and none in 2018. According to the SI-PNI, no vaccine achieved the target in either city. Conclusion Vaccination coverage was lower than expected and more precise estimates are necessary for adequate monitoring of childhood vaccination status. Keywords Vaccination Coverage; Child Health; Health Surveys; Immunization Programs

Objective To estimate vaccination coverage and analyze factors associated with full vaccination among children up to 15 months old in the city of Natal-RN, Brazil. Methods Population-based survey with data recorded on children’s vaccination cards and interviews conducted in 2020 and 2021. Analysis of factors associated with complete vaccination was performed by calculating prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) using Poisson regression. Results Among 688 children studied, vaccination coverage was 45.4% (95%CI 37.2;53.9) and 15.5% (95%CI 10.6;22.2) for valid and on-time doses, respectively. Higher vaccination coverage was associated with females (PR=1.08; 95%CI 0.78;1.48) and socioeconomic strata C and D (PR=1.44; 95%CI 1.03;2.02). Conclusions The results demonstrate that the city of Natal has low vaccination coverage for all immunobiologicals. Keywords Immunization Programs; Vaccination Coverage; Health Surveys; Immunization

This paper investigates how experience of change is construed as meaning by analysing the lexicogrammatical patterns associated with the notion of ‘social transformation’. Through the experiential system of TRANSITIVITY, we analyse instances of the verb ‘transform’ and the nominalization ‘social transformation’ from the COCA corpus. We found two complementary models: a material model of conversion and a relational model of becoming. There are also two complementary models of agency: a middle model, where ‘transforming’ is construed as spontaneous and an effective model, where it is construed as caused by an external Agent. The metaphorical variant ‘social transformation’ displays patterns related to the use of “social” as a Classifier and ‘social transformation’ as part of extending nominal group complexes. Keywords: ideational grammar; transitivity; grammatical metaphor; social transformation; systemic functional linguistics

In several works by the Circle (Bakhtin, Vološinov, Medvedev), the reference to Saussure and/or the specificities of Linguistics, as a science of language, can be found in a dialogue, more or less controversial, between thinkers and epistemological, theoretical and methodological trends that propose different approaches to the complexity represented by human language and, consequently, to its study. In this article, the objective is to circumscribe and discuss the presence of Linguistics, as a science of language established by Saussure, in the writings of Mikhail Bakhtin. After an introduction, the text is organized into three sections, which deal with (1) Saussure’s strong presence in the Circle’s writings; (2) Bakhtin’s dialogue with science in the unity of culture; (3) the dialogue with the linguistic science of the Geneva school in “PCMF”; and, finally, of inconclusive but necessary considerations. Important key moments of reflection stand out in texts signed by Bakhtin, in which Saussure (although not named, but designated by the science he established) deserves to be highlighted, as a necessary scientific-philosophical counterpoint for the constitution of another possibility of understanding and study of language: the dialogical perspective. As a result, it is expected to demonstrate that, since the 1920s, the Bakhtin/Saussure dialogue has been established to distinguish and qualify two complementary ways of understanding language and the place of science in the unity of culture. KEYWORDS: Bakhtin; Saussure; Linguistics; Dialogue