Institut Universitaire de France

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are widely implemented tools for long‐term ocean conservation and resource management. Assessments of MPA performance have largely focused on specific ecosystems individually and have rarely evaluated performance across multiple ecosystems either in an individual MPA or across an MPA network. We evaluated the conservation performance of 59 MPAs in California's large MPA network, which encompasses 4 primary ecosystems (surf zone, kelp forest, shallow reef, deep reef) and 4 bioregions, and identified MPA attributes that best explain performance. Using a meta‐analytic framework, we evaluated the ability of MPAs to conserve fish biomass, richness, and diversity. At the scale of the network and for 3 of 4 regions, the biomass of species targeted by fishing was positively associated with the level of regulatory protection and was greater inside no‐take MPAs, whereas species not targeted by fishing had similar biomass in MPAs and areas open to fishing. In contrast, species richness and diversity were not as strongly enhanced by MPA protection. The key features of conservation effectiveness included MPA age, preimplementation fisheries pressure, and habitat diversity. Important drivers of MPA effectiveness for single MPAs were consistent across MPAs in the network, spanning regions and ecosystems. With international targets aimed at protecting 30% of the world's oceans by 2030, MPA design and assessment frameworks should consider conservation performance at multiple ecologically relevant scales, from individual MPAs to MPA networks.

We establish upper bounds on the diameter of compact Kähler manifolds endowed with Kähler metrics whose volume form satisfies an Orlicz integrability condition. Our results extend previous estimates due to Fu–Guo–Song, Y. Li, and Guo–Phong–Song–Sturm. In particular, they do not involve any constraint on the vanishing of the volume form. Moreover, we show that singular Kähler–Einstein currents have finite diameter, provided that their local potentials are Hölder continuous.

The use of complex technologies by humans (Homo sapiens) and their ancestors is a key feature of our evolution, marked by the appearance of stone tools 3.3 million years ago. These technologies reflect cognitive complexity and an advanced understanding of materials and mechanics. Studying current primates, especially those that use stones, offers insights into the evolution of human behaviours. In particular, stone manipulation by macaques suggests that some complex behaviours in humans, such as creation of cutting and biface tools, could have emerged unintentionally. The Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) of Shodoshima were observed to leave marks on the ground with stones and chalk. By analysing this manipulation of stones, I suggest that drawing in humans could have appeared unintentionally; these unintentional origins of mark-making behaviours may represent early precursors to human drawing.

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) combined with polymers as hybrid materials offer numerous advantages such as enhanced performances through synergistic effects at their interface. The primary challenge in developing polymer/MOF hybrid matrix films is ensuring optimal dispersion and strong adhesion of crystalline MOFs to the polymer without aggregation, weak interaction, or phase separation. In this study, hierarchically porous UiO-66_NH2/chitosan (ZrCSx-f) films were designed by crystallizing UiO-66_NH2 within a chitosan (CS) skeleton. The resulting ZrCSx-f films displayed remarkable homogeneity with high loadings of UiO-66_NH2 crystals, up to 45 wt %, coupled to a high adsorption capacity of iodine in gas phase, up to 317 mg.g–1.

Even if MOFs are recently developed for large‐scale applications, the road to applications of MOFs is long and rocky. This requires to overcome challenges associated with phase discovery, synthesis optimization, basic and advanced characterization, and computational studies. Lab‐scale results need to be transferred to large‐scale processes, which is often not trivial, and life‐cycle analyses and techno‐economic analyses need to be performed to realistically assess their potential for industrial relevance. Based on the experience in the field of stable, functional MOFs combining advanced synthesis, characterization, and modeling, this mini‐review gives recommendations especially for non‐specialists, for example, from chemical engineers to medical doctors, to accelerate and facilitate knowledge transfer which will ultimately lead to the application of MOFs. The recommendations will include the reporting of synthesis and characterization data as well as standardization and detailed information required for the application of data mining and machine learning techniques, which are increasingly used to accelerate the discovery of new materials and data analysis. Once a suitable MOF is identified and its key properties determined, translational studies shall finally be carried out in collaboration with end‐users to validate performance under real conditions and allow understanding of the processes involved.

Huddling behaviour is present in many animal species. This behaviour involves maintaining close physical contact with conspecifics to minimise heat loss and, in general, reduce energy expenditure. Additionally, this behaviour also facilitates complex social interactions within a population. In Japanese macaques, this behaviour is observed in many populations across Japan, including Shodoshima, where huddling clusters can reach up to 100 individuals in winter. Based on several studies on this species, it appears that huddling, or sarudango in Japanese, is influenced by both meteorological factors and social relationships between individuals. The objective of this study is to understand the determinants that drive the expression (presence or absence) and the organisation (number of individuals and identities) of huddling clusters. Two hypotheses were formulated. The first hypothesis posits that the formation and variations in the size and number of clusters are influenced by meteorological factors, while the second hypothesis suggests that the number and position of individuals within a cluster are related to existing relationships between individuals. To test these, data on the number, size, and individuals composing a cluster were collected, allowing building huddling social networks. Simultaneously, meteorological measurements were taken, along with observations on dominance and grooming interactions between individuals. This allowed us to create several statistical models and social networks for comparison. Our results suggest that the probability for observing huddling is mainly related to solar radiation energy, while variations in number and size could be explained by temperature. Moreover, the organisation within a cluster is not random but reflects relationships between individuals. The ones sharing more grooming and having similar dominance ranks have more probabilities to be in the same huddling cluster.

Oxidative stress is augmented under hypoxic environments, which may be attenuated with antioxidant supplementation. We investigated the effects of dietary nitrate (NO3−) supplementation combined with high-intensity training performed under hypoxic conditions on antioxidant/pro-oxidant balance. Thirty trained participants were assigned to one of three groups – HNO: hypoxia (13% FiO2) + NO3−; HPL: hypoxia + placebo; CON: normoxia (20.9% FiO2) + placebo – while performing 12 cycling high-intensity interval training (HIIT) sessions during a 4-week period (3 sessions/week). Before and after the intervention, venous blood samples were collected and a time to exhaustion test (Tlim) was performed (with vastus lateralis changes in local O2 saturation: SmO2 monitoring). Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity increased in CON (p = 0.017, ~20%) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) did not change in any group. Malondialdehydes (MDA) increased in both HNO (p = 0.001, ~60%) and CON (p = 0.023, ~30%) but not in HPL. Advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), uric acid, and myeloperoxidase activity were not modified by the protocol. Only the CON group recovered faster after the Tlim test (SmO2recovery: p = 0.0003, ~58%). Hypoxic exposure during high-intensity training blunted the increase in GPX and MDA after the intervention period. However, the effects of NO3− supplementation seem to very slightly mitigate the detrimental effect of performing high-intensity training under hypoxic conditions.

Tetra-chloro-phthalate is a promising ligand for the design of luminescent lanthanide-based coordination polymers.

The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) is commonly used to detect depressive or anxious states, but its 14-item questionnaire is time-consuming. Visual analog scales (VAS) are easy to use and quick to implement. Although the VAS has been validated to assess pain and occupational stress, VAS scores for anxiety and mood have never been evaluated in the workplace. We aimed to validate the use of visual analog scales (VAS) for anxiety and mood compared to HADS in workers. A HADS self-reported questionnaire associated with VAS assessing perceived anxiety and mood on a horizontal line of 100 mm was administered to 182 workers, with a second test (retest) proposed one week later. Sociodemographic, characteristics of work, sleep, well-being, and stress were also assessed. VAS anxiety and mood correlated with the HADS sub-scores (0.70 and 0.65, respectively). The test-retest reliability was good. Optimal VAS cut-offs were ≥ 60/100 for anxiety and ≤ 60/100 for mood, to define at-risk patients. The VAS is quick to perform, easy to use, and reliable for screening depression and anxiety in occupational medicine. We recommend validated questionnaires for at-risk patients. Trial registration. Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02596737. Available at: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02596737.

Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite (HOIP) single crystals have captured significant attention due to their remarkable luminescent features, excellent photo-absorption capabilities, high exciton binding energy, and environmental stability. Current research focus on halide perovskites incorporating phenethylammonium (PEA), butylammonium (BA), and benzylammonium (BZA), methylammonium (MA), generating considerable interest within the scientific community. Despite notable advantages such as high light yields (LY) (> 10 photons/keV) and faster photoluminescence (PL) decay time (< 3 ns), challenges such as the fast component of decay, high mass density, and efficiency of electron-hole transfer persist, limiting their suitability for timing applications. Thus, enhancing structural, optical, and scintillation properties requires a comprehensive exploration of crystal growth optimization through the incorporation of dual-organic cations and inorganic ion doping. This review emphasis an impact of structural variations on the optical and scintillating properties of HOIP crystals using a low-temperature solution process. Our review discuss investigation techniques, including X-ray diffraction, PL, time-resolved PL, radioluminescence, thermoluminescence, pulse height spectra (PHS) and scintillation time profiles. Our review begins by introducing dual-aliphatic organic cations in 2D HOIP, which demonstrate promising improvements in LYs and energy resolution. Subsequently, we expand our review to include dual-aromatic organic cations, which contribute enhancing scintillation decay time and electron-hole charge transfer efficiency. Then, our approach integrates the incorporation of three-dimensional HOIP into two-dimensional HOIP structures, resulting in new perovskite crystal structures with higher mass density over 3.0 g/cm 3 , fastest PL decay time of <1 ns, and fast component of scintillation decay of <<9 ns. Finally, we briefly expand our review to include inorganic ion-doping, which tune the band gap and enhance the LYs. This review emphasizes the significant role of dual-organic cations and inorganic ion doping in advancing scintillating materials, paving the way for applications such as positron emission and photon-counting computed tomography.

In this study, we present a hybrid Physics-Assisted Machine Learning (PAML) model that integrates Deep Learning (DL) techniques with the classical Discrete Element Method (DEM) to simulate the slurry drying during a lithium ion battery electrode manufacturing process. This model predicts the microstructure evolution leading to the formation of the electrode, as a time-series along the drying process. The hybrid approach consists in performing a certain amount of DEM simulation steps, n_DEM, after every DL prediction, mitigating the risk of unphysical predictions, like overlapping particles. Our PAML model was rigorously tested by evaluating different functional metrics of the predicted electrodes, including density, porosity, tortuosity factor, and radial distribution function. We conducted an in-depth analysis of performance versus accuracy, particularly focusing on the impact of the n_DEM hyperparameter, which represents the number of DEM steps executed between two subsequent DL predictions. Despite the model being trained on a specific formulation (96 % of Active Material, AM, and 4 % of Carbon Binder Domain, CBD), it demonstrated exceptional generalization capability when used to extrapolate to a different formulation (94 % AM and 6 % CBD). This adaptability highlights the robustness of our PAML hybrid approach. Furthermore, the integration of DL significantly reduced the computational cost versus the original DEM model simulation, decreasing the calculation time from 615 minutes to 36 min for the whole slurry drying simulation process. Our findings underscore the potential of combining ML with traditional simulation methods to enhance efficiency and accuracy in the field of electrode manufacturing.

Background Understanding how obesity impacts human mammary adipose tissue (MAT) biology is crucial for deciphering its role in mammary epithelium during both physiological and pathophysiological processes, including breast cancer. Hypertrophic mammary adipocytes and Crown-Like Structures are present in MAT of patients with obesity but whether these changes initiate a fibro-inflammatory response at the tissue level remains insufficiently explored. Objective We investigated the markers of adipose tissue dysfunction (immune cell infiltration, secretion pattern and fibrosis) in tumor-free MAT of patients with obesity versus patients who are lean. Methods Tumor-free MAT were obtained from 96 women with (n = 43) or without (n = 53) obesity who underwent mastectomy for breast cancer risk reduction or treatment. Immune and non-immune cell infiltration were determined using flow cytometry. Bulk transcriptomic was used to characterize the phenotype of CD206+ macrophages whose infiltration is increased in patients with obesity. Conditioned-medium were prepared from MAT to characterize their secretome and dose adipokines and cytokines by ELISA assay. The extra-cellular matrix (ECM) deposition was evaluated by Masson trichrome staining on cross-stained sections, 3D imaging of red picrosirius-stained tissues and measure of hydroxyproline content. Results We observed an increase of CD206+/HLA-DR+ macrophages in the stromal vascular fraction of MAT from patients with obesity compared to patients who are lean. Other immune cell infiltration and endothelial or adipose progenitor cell numbers were similar between groups. Bulk transcriptomics on CD206+ macrophages revealed a significant decrease in ECM component expression and processing in obesity. In addition, no heightened secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, TGF-β1 or MCP-1 was observed in the samples from patients with obesity. ECM characterization revealed an absence of fibrosis, with MAT of patients with obesity showing even a slightly reduced collagen secretion and deposition compared with their lean counterparts. Conclusions Obesity is not associated with inflammation nor fibrosis in MAT, highlighting its unique behavior.

Fragmentation of a fluid body into droplets underlies many contamination and disease transmission processes where pathogens are transported in a liquid phase. An important class of such processes involves formation of a fluid ligament and its destabilization into droplets. Inertial detachment (Gilet & Bourouiba, J. R. Soc. Interface , vol. 12, 2015, 20141092) is one of these modes: upon impact on a sufficiently compliant substrate, the substrate's motion can transfer its impulse to a contaminated sessile drop residing on it. The fragmentation of the sessile drop is efficient at producing contaminated ejected droplets with little dilution. Inertial detachment, particularly from substrates of intermediate wetting, is also interesting as a fundamental fragmentation process on its own merit, involving the asymmetric stretching of the sessile drop under impulsive axial forcing with one-sided pinning due to the substrate's intermediate wetting. Our experiments show that the radius, $R_{tip}$ , of the tip drop ejected become insensitive to the Bond number value for $Bo>1$ . Here, Bo quantifies the inertial effects via the relative axial impulsive acceleration compared with capillarity. The time, $t_{tip}$ , of tip-drop breakup is also insensitive to Bo . Combining experiments, theory and validated numerics, we decipher the selection of $R_{tip}$ and its sensitivity to the surface-wetting and substrate foot dynamics. Using asymptotic theory in the large Bo limit for which the thin-film/slender-jet approximations hold, we derive a reduced physical model that predicts $R_{tip}$ consistent with our experiments. Finally, we discuss how pathogen physical properties (e.g. wetting and buoyancy) within the sessile drop determine their distribution in the tip and secondary fragmentation droplets.

Ecotourism is branded as transforming wildlife biodiversity conservation; yet, its positive and negative effects are not always assessed in wild populations. Wildlife viewing with feeding is a popular form of ecotourism, but its potential health impacts on wildlife are becoming increasingly evident. Shark feeding is a global phenomenon; however, impact studies on species' persistence (i.e. survival and reproduction) are lacking. In this study, we expand upon previous work on shark tourism and use physiological indicators to assess the sub‐lethal health and fitness consequences of shark feeding. Blood cellular, biochemical and endocrinological parameters were sampled from 117 adult wild blacktip reef sharks, Carcharhinus melanopterus, at feeding and non‐feeding sites around Mo'orea, French Polynesia, to compare general condition, nutritional status, a metabolism proxy and reproductive investment on the respective sites. In addition to sex‐ and season‐specific differences observed in multiple physiological parameters, we found lower haematocrit levels (condition) at feeding sites for both sexes, as well as lower insulin levels (metabolism proxy) in male sharks at feeding sites. Further impacts of feeding on physiology were found in interaction with the breeding season: adult females using feeding sites had lower glucose levels (nutritional status), as well as lower 17β‐oestradiol levels during the breeding season (reproductive investment) compared to non‐feeding sites. Male sharks using feeding sites during the breeding season exhibited higher levels of testosterone compared to non‐feeding sites. Our results suggest that tourism feeding activity in Mo'orea provides poor nutrition and/or unpredictable food, especially for site‐attached females during the energy‐intensive breeding season. We highlight how physiological indicators reveal negative health and fitness impacts of shark feeding, with the reproductive impacts potentially having longer‐lasting consequences for population dynamics, making feeding an ecological trap. Animal sex and season should be considered when evaluating feeding impacts, and stricter regulations for the nutritional content of the food given to sharks are needed in ecotourism management.

Rowing requires both the upper and lower body to be active for balance, steering, and propulsion, constituting a real challenge for athletes with disabilities. To our knowledge, adapted setups allowing pararowing for people with bilateral transfemoral amputation have not yet been described. This case report describes the adapted setup for Mr S, 24 years old, who underwent bilateral transfemoral amputation in 2019 after a motorcycle accident. He walks with 2 prostheses and practices high-level para-rowing in the Para-Rowing 2 single sculls category. We designed 2 prostheses consisting of a liner (Iceross Seal-In® X5 TF), an adapted socket, a knee (aqua-knee 3WR95), and a prosthetic foot (RushHiPro). We also designed a seat made of Plastazote and thermoplastic polymer foot rests. This equipment allows Mr S to wear his prostheses, which helps him to stabilize in the boat and to use maximum trunk amplitude during the rowing movement. However, the weight of the current equipment limits Mr S’s performance. This case study demonstrates that it is possible to adapt equipment to allow an individual with double transfemoral amputation to perform pararowing at competition level.

In this study, we model the processes of (de)hydration and melting within subduction zones using a thermo-mechanical modeling approach. Multiple 2D simulations are conducted to investigate how the subduction angle influences the water budget in oceanic-continental subduction, focusing mainly on the variation of slab dip angle along the strike of the Andes. It appears that in the case of flat subduction, the mantle hydration zone is large, extending up to 500 km from the trench. This extent depends on the length of flat slab segment which, in turn, depends on the velocity of the overriding plate. In the case of a steep subduction, the zone is narrower, and is located between the trench and the volcanic arc. Magma formation competes with hydration of the mantle wedge for the use of water expelled from the subducting plate. In the transition from a steep to a flat slab, the mantle hydration zone widens and the volcanic zone moves away from the trench. The oceanic crust may undergo melting, leading to a change in magma composition and the development of adakitic volcanism, before volcanism diminishes in intensity and then disappears. Our study provides geodynamic insights into observations related to volcanism in the Pampean flat slab in South America. Using the quantification of water involved in mantle wedge hydration as a proxy for H2 production, we propose that flat subductions are the most promising areas for H2 exploration. Additionally, deep H2 production appears to be particularly sensitive to the amount of subducted sediments, regardless of whether subduction is flat or steep. Lower plate serpentinization does not affect deep H2 production.