Institut Pertanian Stiper

This study presents a novel method for monitoring the fermentation process of tempeh using a low-cost electronic nose (E-nose) and multispectral sensors, combined with machine learning models. By integrating support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and k-nearest neighbors (k-NN) algorithms, the data fusion from these sensors significantly improved the classification accuracy of fermentation stages, reaching up to 98.26%. With the fusion dataset strategy, the support vector regression (SVR) prediction model achieved the highest $\:{\text{R}}_{\text{T}}^{2}$ and $\:{\text{R}}_{\text{p}}^{2}$ values of 0.99 and 0.96, with the lowest $\:{\text{R}\text{M}\text{S}\text{E}}_{\text{T}}\:$and $\:{\text{R}\text{M}\text{S}\text{E}}_{\text{p}}$ scores of 2.34 and 4.15 $\:\text{c}\text{f}\text{u}/\text{g}$, outperforming the individual dataset model. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identified 75 volatile compounds that contributed to distinct odor profiles at each fermentation stage, highlighting the system’s ability to provide detailed insights into the process. This integrated approach offers enhanced monitoring of tempeh fermentation, improving quality control and consistency compared to conventional techniques. The findings demonstrate the potential of combining E-nose and multispectral sensors with machine learning to achieve high accuracy in food fermentation classification. However, further development is needed to create user-friendly, cost-effective systems suitable for large-scale industrial applications. This study contributes to advancing sensor technology in food production, paving the way for more efficient and scalable solutions.

A significant obstacle to the healing process of periodontitis is the development of bacterial biofilms within the periodontal pockets. The efficacy of bacterial biofilm therapy is often hindered by the inadequate penetration of antibacterial agents and the nonspecific targeting of bacteria. This study proposes a novel strategy involving the utilization of pH-sensitive microparticles (MPs) of doxycycline (DOX) to enhance biofilm penetration and enable targeted delivery of DOX to infection sites associated with periodontitis. The MPs were developed using a double-emulsion technique with poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) and chitosan in a 1:1 ratio. The morphology of DOX-MP exhibits a spherical form with a particle size of 3.54 ± 0.32 μm and a PDI of 0.221 ± 0.02. The DOX-MP also had great encapsulation efficiency (69.43% ± 5.32) and drug loading efficiency (14.81% ± 1.32) with regulated drug release kinetics and accelerated release rates under low-pH conditions. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and the results indicated the absence of any viable bacterial colonies after 18 h at twice the minimum inhibitory concentration value. Hydrogel-based MPs deliver DOX to the periodontal pocket infection site for ease of use. In situ hydrogels used Pluronic F127 and F68 as the main polymer composition and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose as the adhesion polymer. This formulation exhibited a liquid state at room temperature (25 °C) but went through gelation at 36 °C. The formulation also had good mucoadhesive characteristics (42.65 ± 3.53 dyn/cm²) and good drug permeation at acidic pH in Mueller–Hinton Broth media with the addition of E. coli and S. aureus bacteria. Ex vivo antibacterial activity significantly reduced the microbial count, biofilm quantity, and metabolic activity, confirming the desired antibacterial effect. Hence, the utilization of free drugs and DOX-MPs did not exhibit a notable dissimilarity, showing that integrating the drug into the matrix was not hindering its antibacterial efficacy.

Dry land is characterized by the main problem of water shortage. In karst areas, this problem can be reduced by the presence of springs. This research aims to examine the use of rainfall, surface flow and spring water to support rice planting in the second growing season as a form of adaptation to climatic conditions of dry land in karst areas. The research was carried out on dry land in the Gunungsewu karst area, Gunungkidul D.I. Yogyakarta Indonesia. The research used observation methods, farmer interviews and rice planting trials. The research results show that farmers have managed rainfall, surface flow and spring water for agricultural and household. Utilization of water resources for rice cultivation in the second growing season produced of 6.800 ton ha⁻¹, with income of IDR23,290,000 ha⁻¹. Additional results in the form of straw biomass amounted of 7.232 ton ha⁻¹. Rice requires a lot of water, so water management must based on the soil and water conservation principles, to be sustainable.

Ikan Tuna merupakan jenis pelagis besar, industry pengolahan ikan tuna menghasilkan produk samping, salah satunya minyak ikan. Minyak ikan kaya akan PUFA (EPA dan DHA). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui profil asam lemak, kandungan logam berat, kejernihan, dan nilai oksidasi minyak ikan tuna mentah, menentukan campuran minyak ikan tuna murni dengan penambahan nilai antioksidan dan mengetahui pengaruh pengemasan botol kaca selama penyimpanan. Penelitian ini dibagi menjadi dua tahap. Tahap pertama adalah karakterisasi minyak ikan tuna mentah dan pemurnian menggunakan metode degumming dan bleaching. Tahap kedua adalah penambahan antioksidan alfa-tokoferol (0,4%; 0,6%; 0,8%), minyak zaitun (5%, 15%, 25%, 35%, 45%), minyak dedak padi (5%, 15 %, 25%, 35%, 45%), kemudian diuji menggunakan metode real-time pada suhu kamar. Perlakuan terbaik pada minyak ikan tuna tahap kedua disimpan dalam berbagai botol kaca dengan metode schaal oven test selama 12 hari. Hasil kandungan asam lemak tertinggi pada minyak ikan tuna mentah, minyak zaitun, dan minyak dedak padi berturut-turut adalah DHA, asam oleat, dan asam oleat. Residu logam berat merkuri memenuhi standar SNI, tingkat kejernihan lebih dari 70%, dan nilai parameter oksidasi memenuhi standar IFOS. Perlakuan terbaik minyak ikan tuna murni selama penyimpanan menggunakan metode real-time pada suhu kamar yang memenuhi standar IFOS adalah campuran 0,6% α -tokoferol. Perlakuan terbaik minyak ikan dalam kemasan botol kaca dengan metode schaal oven test yang memenuhi standar IFOS adalah botol kaca warna coklat.

Manajemen pemberian pakan melalui kombinasi pemberian pakan protein tinggi dan pakan protein rendah diduga dapat menekan biaya produksi pada usaha budidaya pembesaran ikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi manajemen pemberian pakan dengan kadar protein berbeda terhadap kinerja produksi dan kinerja usaha budidaya pembesaran ikan lele yang dipelihara dalam sistem bioflok. Ikan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini memiliki bobot awal 5,48±1,31 g dan panjang awal 9,36±0,54 cm. Manajemen pemberian pakan dilakukan dengan pemberian pakan tinggi protein (HP) (33%) selama masa pembesaran dan kombinasi pakan HP (selama 42 hari pertama) dengan pakan rendah protein (LP) (14%) hingga panen. Kedua perlakuan ini diujikan pada dua sistem pembesaran ikan lele dengan metode konvensional pada kepadatan rendah (150 ekor m -3 ) dan sistem bioflok dengan kepadatan tinggi (500 ekor m -3 ). Tingkat kelangsungan hidup ikan tidak berbeda nyata antar perlakuan (P>0,05). Laju pertumbuhan dan efisiensi pakan terbaik terdapat pada perlakuan pemberian pakan protein tinggi dan tidak berbeda antara sistem konvensional dan sistem bioflok. Pemberian pakan rendah protein meningkatkan retensi protein pada kedua sistem pemeliharaan. Hasil analisis usaha menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan bioflok dengan pakan HP menghasilkan keuntungan terbesar di antara perlakuan lainnya yaitu Rp 24.413.257, R/C ratio sebesar 1,07, dan payback period selama 1,51 tahun. Penggunaan sistem bioflok dengan pakan berprotein tinggi dapat meningkatkan produktivitas dan keuntungan usaha pembesaran ikan lele dibandingkan dengan sistem konvensional dengan kepadatan rendah. Hasil penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa pemberian pakan dengan protein rendah tidak dapat menurunkan biaya pakan ataupun meningkatkan keuntungan usaha pembesaran ikan lele.

Shallow soil is found in Gunungsewu karst area of Gunungkidul Indonesia, often referred as 'soilly rock'. Its the main problem are limited of growing medium and soil loss due to erosion. ‘Pot cultivation’ (PC) is term to describe technique of cultivating crop on small plot of soil between rock. Study aimed to determine 1) the practice of soil and water conservation (SWC) techniques of PC as a form of adaptation to soil condition, 2) the potency of PC for adaptation and mitigation of climate change in karst area. Research was conducted in Gunungsewu karst area, from January to August 2020. Study method was observation and interview. Results showed that practice of PC was carried out as form of adaptation to shallow soil in karst area. Soil is managed to fill the rocks, so sufficient as plant growth medium. Rock functions as a 'pot'. Rock 'pots' function like terraces in SWC. PC is effective way in increase of growing medium, preventing soil from erosion, preserving soil organic carbon, and as an action of adaptation and mitigation co-benefit. The results of this study are expected to be useful for development of karst area which have shallow soil.

Palm oil cultivation practices in the future must adopt good agricultural practices (GAP) to ensure sustainability and market acceptance. If farmers fail to implement GAP, they will face the threat of being marginalized and even eliminated from the supply chain. Extension services can be a means of disseminating information regarding the palm oil GAP. With the development of ICT, opportunities have opened up to use digital platforms as a medium for extension. In this research, a socio-economic and demographic characteristics of farmers for digital-based extension services was studied. Farmer data from four locations namely East Kotawaringin, Paser, Sekadau, and Central Mamuju were collected. Data from each parameter component at each location was analyzed for variance (Anova) at a 5% level of significance. The results show that the level of education is directly proportional, while age is inversely proportional to the level of ownership of smartphones as a means of digital education. The existence of farmer groups increases the percentage of conventional extension received by farmers, and where farmers also get information regarding the availability of digital extension materials. The variations in the level of importance and type of information needed by farmers are caused by the development phases of oil palm plantations. Recommendations for overcoming challenges and reducing the gap in farmer capacity in accessing digital extension is development of an integrated digital platform specifically for extension on oil palm cultivation that is adaptive to the needs of farmers and to various digital tools to enhance dissemination.

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are some of the bacteria that live in the rhizosphere. This research was aimed to evaluated the effect of the application of PGPR and various organic matter from black soldier fly larvae (BSF) tehnology, calliandra humus and cocopeat on the growth of pre-nursery oil palm. The research was conducted in Maguwoharjo, Depok, Sleman, Yogyakarta in April to July 2020. The research used factorial experimental method arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) which consisted of two factors. The first factor is the concentration of PGPR which consists of four levels namely control (without PGPR), PGPR 10 mL polybag⁻¹, 20 mL polybag⁻¹, and 30 mL polybag⁻¹. The second factor is various of organic matter consisting of four levels namely: control (without organic matter), organic matter from BSF larvae technology, calliandra humus and cocopeat. The research data were analyzed using analysis of varians (ANOVA) and follow up test with DMRT. The results showed that the various of organic matter affect the pre-nursery oil palm growth, the best is Calliandra humus. The PGPR application was able to increase the growth of pre nursery oil palm seedlings, the best dose is 10 mL polybag⁻¹.

ABSTRAK Penelitian dilaksanakan di KP2 Institut Pertanian Stiper yang terletak di Desa Maguwoharjo, Kecamatan Depok, Kabupaten Sleman, DIY. Dengan ketinggian tempat 118 mpl. Penelitian dilakukan pada tanggal 04 Agustus sampai tanggal 01 november 2022. Penelitian dilakukan dengan rancangan faktorial yang disusun dalam Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dan terdiri dari dua faktor. Faktor pertama adalah media tanam yang terdiri dari 4 aras pada media tanam berupa (M0) tanah regosol (kontrol), (M1) tanah + pupuk kandang sapi(2:1) (M2) tanah + sekam padi (2:1), (M3) tanah + pupuk kandang sapi + sekam padi (1:1:1). Faktor kedua adalah asal bahan stek yang terdiri dari 3 aras yaitu bagian pucuk ruas (B1), batang tengah ruas (B2), dan batang bawah ruas (B3), dan masing masing panjang nya 15 cm, Sehingga diperoleh 4 x 3 = 12 kombinasi. Masing masing perlakuan diulang 5 kali dan didapat 60 satuan. Percobaan Data hasil penelitian dianalisis dengan analisis of variance (Anova) pada jenjang 5%. bila ada pengaruh nyata dilakukan uji lanjut DMRT pada jenjang 5%. Media tanam dan bahan stek terjadi interaksi terhadap tinggi tanaman, jumlah tunas, jumlah daun, berat segar akar, berat kering tanaman, Sedangkan di berat segar tanaman, berat kering akar, lebar daun tidak terjadi interaksi antara media tanam dan bahan stek. Kata Kunci : Bunga Pukul Delapan, Tanah Regosol, Pupuk Kandang Sapi, Sekam Padi.

Soybean is a highly nutritious and strategic food. The harvested area and production of soybeans tend to decrease, not sufficient for national needs, which must be met through imports. Breakthroughs are needed to develop soybean, with specific strategies to adapt to particular conditions, including in Gunungkidul Regency. This study aimed to reveal the soybean development strategies in the dryland agroecosystem in Gunungkidul Regency. Survey and interview methods were used in this research, supported by secondary data analysis and data from the previous year's research. The correlation analysis was used to determine the decrease in harvested area. Other data were analyzed descriptively. The results showed a significant decline in soybean harvested area between 2009 to 2020. The soybean development strategy is area-based, from upstream to downstream, involving both main soybean products and by-products. Soybean planting was carried out in the first, second and third growing seasons, using site-specific soybean cultivation technology, providing seeds through the Jabalsim System supported by irrigation. Policies are needed within the organization's scope, rules, guidance and protection. The final results of this research are embodied in the form of an area-based soybean development diagram in Gunungkidul Regency, which can be used as a development reference.

A collaborative performance system focuses on sustainable performance management in a sustainable supply chain. This system was employed to determine the relationship between the farmer group association (Gapoktan) of Lembang Agri (LA) that produce fresh vegetables and supermarkets as purchasing partners to improve performance. This study is crucial due to the shift in farmers' roles from merely producers to entrepreneurs. This study utilized the dependency theory to explore the impact of collaborative networks on information and resource sharing and supply chain performance, as well as determine the appropriate orientation for collaborative supply chain indicators. The study surveyed 80 respondents representing different types of partnership structures from a parallel or supplier-buyer supply chain structure perspective. Moreover, the model developed on collaborative networks, information sharing, resource sharing and supply chain performance was analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). The results unveiled a positive and significant indirect relationship between collaborative networks and supply chain performance. The implication could be applied to identify the developing theories concerning collaborative network relationships and information and resource sharing related to supply chain performance on their networks, especially in producing fresh horticultural commodities. This study is essential to enrich the limited research in this industry.

Oil palm agribusiness involves many upstream and downstream stakeholders, including the middleman in marketing activities. Traders play a significant role and influence the economy of oil palm farmers in Serdang Bedagai Regency. This research aims to evaluate the part of the middleman in supporting the performance of oil palm smallholders in Serdang Bedagai Regency, North Sumatra and the obstacles in marketing fresh fruit bunches (FFB) faced by farmers and the middleman. The samples of this study were 6 middlemen and 40 oil palm farmers. The sampling method used was purposive sampling. The method used in the analysis is a qualitative descriptive method, which explains the role of intermediaries in supporting the performance of smallholder oil palm farmers. The results showed that marketing support, capital and quality were the essential roles of the middleman as perceived by the smallholders. Apart from that, in the smallholder palm oil plantation, there are obstacles, namely in terms of price, road access and weight. Meanwhile, the barriers for the middlemen are in terms of price and buying and selling contracts. Policy recommendations for stakeholders include educating smallholder oil palm growers through counseling about access to information, improving access to the main roads in Serdang Bedagai Regency, periodic government monitoring, and drafting a written or legal sale and purchase agreement as not to harm both parties.

Cooking oil is an important basic ingredient in the frying process with the main function as a medium for conducting heat, adding savory taste, in-creasing nutritional value and heating food ingredients. The massive use of cooking oil also has an impact on the waste produced, namely used cooking oil (UCO), which is more increasing. The sustainable use of used cooking oil can damage health. The aim of this study was to obtain purification of used cooking oil with coffee dregs and bagasse as raw materials for making antiseptic transparent soap with guava leaf extract. Preparation of raw materials, extraction of guava leaves, oil refining process, production of antiseptic transparent soap with guava leaf extract, and sample quality analysis are the stages of research. The data from the analysis was then tested with ANOVA. Purification of used cooking oil using bagasse adsorbent produced oil with a pH value of 6.43-6.86, moisture content of 0.67-0-769%, free fatty acids of 0.301-1.982% and acid value of 2.3-3.490%, while for the type of coffee dregs adsorbent produced oil with a pH value of 6.60-6.83, moisture content of 0.068-0.549%, free fatty acids of 0.292-0.921 and acid value of 1.120-5.850. The antiseptic transparent soap formulation results obtained a pH value of 11.427-13,687, moisture content of 27.78-36.505, foam height of 19-21.5 mm and antiseptic power of 2-12 colonies.

The lack of suitable land (S1) for oil palm plantations is the reason for the current use of marginal land (S3) in oil palm plantations, both for companies and smallholders. Peat swampland has good potential if the care and fertilization of plants is carried out according to the standards according to the conditions of the land. Peat swampland has high acidity, and land conditions are often flooded. Application of fertilizer in a timely manner and the right dose is one of the keys to the success of oil palm plantations. This study aimed to determine the effect of the frequency of fertilizer application on the nutrient content of oil palm leaves. There were three fertilization treatments, namely 1) 0.6 kg/tree was applied once a month, 2) 1.8 kg/tree was applied once per three months, and 3.6 kg/tree was applied once per six months. Data were analyzed using a completely randomized design. The results showed that the frequency of fertilization significantly affected the nutritional content of oil palm leaves. The average nutrient content of fertilization with a frequency of six months has the lowest nutrition compared to other frequencies. The best frequency of fertilization is 0.6 kg/tree, which is applied every month. Fertilization on peatlands that is carried out regularly and in a balanced dose is more important than the application of high doses of fertilizer with a long frequency of fertilization. This is related to palm oil feeding root distribution, which is limited to a swamp depth of 0-60 cm.

Anatomical characteristics regenerant plantlet of Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.) were observed to determine the difference of plantlet performance between Sigararutang and Maragogige grown in shooting and rooting medium. Transverse sections of the fresh roots, stems and leaves of three-month-old plantlets from somatic embryos were collected and used for the study. Sigararutang and Maragogipe as the plantlet materials were chosen based on the bean size and the origin. Stomata were microscopically observed on the abaxial leaf paradermal section. A conformity test to compare between plantlet and the parent plant was observed to perform genetic stability. Assessment of genetic stability was measured by using the sequence of trnL (UAA) region. The result showed that all the anatomical roots, stems and leaves of the Maragogipe plantlet have a greater number than Sigararutang (root diameter, cortex thickness, distance of long stele, distance of short stele, endodermis thickness, stem diameter, cortex thickness, maximum stele diameter, minimum stele diameter, epidermis thickness, diameter of stomatal closing, length of stomatal closing, total stomatal density, adaxial epidermis density, midrib thickness, adaxial epidermis thickness, abaxial epidermis thickness, diameter of the vascular bundles, lamina thickness), except of epidermis thickness, diameter of the vascular bundles, diameter of stomatal aperture, diameter of stomatal opening, length of stomatal opening and abaxial epidermis density. Taxonomists may be able to use these anatomic traits as supplementary proof in the determination of Arabica coffee. Molecular analysis showed that there were genetically identical organisms between the plantlet and the parent plant. It was indicated there was no somaclonal variation during somatic embryogenesis in the micropropagation of Arabica coffee.

Women have an important role in a family. In supporting their role, many women are active in community organizations, one of which is the Women Farmers Group (KWT). However, KWT is often used only for meeting women without any productive activities. Therefore, through this community service program (PKM), it is hoped that it can raise independence for mothers to have productive. The partner in this PKM activity is KWT "Sri Rejeki" which is located in Bantul Regency. The PKM location was chosen with the consideration that KWT had quite a large yard of land and was not managed properly. Based on the situation analysis, it is known that the partners' problems include: yards that have not been managed properly, the activities of the women who have not been productive, the desire of the partners to provide knowledge and skills to members regarding the cultivation of horticultural. The solution to this problem is to carry out participatory extension and empowerment actions by combining direct practices of cultivation horticultural with modern methods. The type of program carried out is to train KWT members on modern cultivation of horticultural crops. After the activity was completed, an evaluation was carried out that the partner's knowledge, skills in plant cultivation and ability to use the land increased. As for the continuation of this PKM activity, it is hoped that the yard will become a productive garden, and partners will have a creative and productive spirit in utilizing their free time.

The information on the behaviour of potassium (K+) in tropical paddy rice soils, which is important for a better understanding of the plant availability of K+ is still very limited. We compared the quantity-intensity (Q/I) relationships for K+ under conventional tillage and no-tillage systems in tropical paddy fields in the absence and presence of K+ fertiliser in the addition of nitrogen. The results showed that the values of the activity ratio for K (ARK) and potential buffering capacities (PBCK) in the no-tillage rice field were respectively 16% and 33% higher than that in the conventional tillage field. With the addition of K fertiliser, the value of exchangeable K in equilibrium (ΔK0) in the no-tillage paddy field was 67.9% greater than that in the conventional tillage field. This indicates that K fertilisation is more efficient when applied on a no-tillage paddy field. When the K fertiliser was added (49.8 kg K/ha), the application of N fertiliser at the rate of 115 and 184 kg N/ha resulted in a higher ARK value than that at the rate of 46 kg N/ha. This suggests that the simultaneous application of K and N fertiliser was able to increase exchangeable K in the soil. The application of no-tillage increased of the dry grain yield of rice (about 10%) compared with the application of conventional tillage. Meanwhile, there were significant relationships between the rice yield with the ARK and ΔK0. Moreover, the ARK was significantly correlated with K-uptake.

As one of the largest exporters in the world, cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) production in Indonesia provides an important contribution to the plantation sector that can, directly and indirectly, attribute to the national economic development. However, recent data shows a decline in cocoa productivity in Indonesia. This is arguably caused by various factors, including poor agricultural management and practices in cocoa plantations, that may lead to lower fertility in the soil and an increased risk of diseases and pests. Potassium deficiency is a major contributing factor to the low soil fertility that affects cocoa yields. Therefore, in this work, we implement an application with an expert system utilizing the forward chaining method to detect potassium deficiency in cocoa plants and then give a fertilization-based recommendation based on the plants’ condition. The system employs a set of rules to identify symptoms related to the deficiency on the sample photo of a cocoa leaf according to the channels of red, green, and blue of the image. The sample images of cocoa leaves are submitted to the application with an easy-to-use interface that can show the scanning result and proceed to display the suggested quantity of fertilizers to prevent potassium deficiency. Implementing the system can contribute constructive impacts to improve current practices in the overall cropping system of cocoa plants.