Institución Universitaria Antonio José Camacho

As climate change intensifies the frequency and severity of its adverse events, there is growing concern about its impact on the economy, particularly in financial markets and corporate financial management. This study addresses this gap through a systematic literature review in Scopus according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method, aiming to analyse how climate risk affects the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) and, consequently, corporate investment and financing decisions. The findings reveal that companies with negative environmental profiles face higher capital costs and loan interest rates. The cost of capital is crucial in the fight against climate change, highlighting the need for sustainable financial policies and investments. Therefore, it is essential to implement policy interventions that reduce these costs, which requires a radical transformation of existing financial frameworks, the promotion of innovative instruments, and the strengthening of financial markets through an integrated approach that links climate finance with economic and social development.

Foam flow in porous media increased the scientific community’s attention due to several potential industrial applications, including remediation of contaminated aquifers, soil remediation, acid diversion, and hydrocarbon recovery. Natural reservoirs typically have fractured and multi-layered structures. We investigate an immiscible incompressible two-phase foam flow in an internally homogeneous two-layered porous medium with different porosities and absolute permeabilities. For our analysis, we extended the previous result, evidencing that the presence of foam induces the existence of a single flow front in both layers. Using the traveling wave solution, we classify the foam flow depending on the absolute permeability and the porosity ratio between layers. We show that the mass crossflow between layers is connected to the relative position of the flow front in these layers and that the porosity difference between layers impacts the mass crossflow. All analytical estimates were supported by direct numerical simulations.

Soil stands as one of the principal resources for agricultural development, with this activity encompassing approximately 38% of the Earth’s surface. The resulting product is directed towards human consumption and animal feed, as well as energy crops, among other purposes. Given the pivotal role of this activity and the escalating demand for its products within the economic sphere, coupled with population growth, the need arises not only for increased crop yield but also for addressing the per capita reduction in available land. Consequently, an imperative arises to explore emerging alternatives for soil conservation and restoration in pursuit of this goal. Thus, a dynamic system model is introduced to assess the patterns of land use for agricultural cultivation in Colombia. Modelling is a useful tool for system conceptualisation, understanding, projection of future scenarios and hypothesis testing about the impact of disruptions in a system’s overall behaviour about changes in its components. The main purpose of this article is to evaluate, through simulation with system dynamics, soil recovery scenarios from the use of residues from the same crops, specifically in the case of monocultures, such as sugarcane. Similar studies have not been found in the literature review and, therefore, this work is novel and establishes a starting point to continue exploring these soil recovery alternatives. The formulation of this model was accomplished through the utilization of the Vensim DSS software (Version 5.10a), followed by simulations of various land use scenarios across two distinct types of crops. The outcomes of these simulations unveiled a gradual degradation of the soil. To counter this trend, scenarios were evaluated, with composting emerging as a viable and significant alternative. There are some scenarios in which land degradation is lower by more than 50% compared with those in which the alternative is not considered. The composting process reduces costs in terms of fertilization, labour and support for environmental enhancement by restoring physical, chemical and biological soil properties. This study proposes for this model to be extended to other agricultural chains, thereby demonstrating its potential for guiding decisions regarding land use and crop activity scheduling that share similarities with the system under investigation.

El presente artículo se enmarca en el proyecto de investigación “Aportes de los Emprendimientos de las mujeres rurales en el desarrollo social, cultural y económico de su territorio: estudio de caso de las mujeres rurales emprendedoras de los corregimientos Rozo y La Torre – Municipio de Palmira – Valle del Cauca”, desarrollado entre los años 2019 y 2022 por la Institución Universitaria Antonio José Camacho, la Corporación Universitaria Centro Superior y la Fundación Universitaria Católica Lumen Gentiun de Cali; el proyecto ha sido avalado por el observatorio de emprendimiento e innovación de la red REUNE (Red Universitaria de Emprendimiento) de la Asociación Colombiana de Universidades ASCUN. Así mismo contó con el apoyo de la Alcaldía del municipio de Palmira – Valle del Cauca. El objetivo de la investigación fue conocer y reconocer las mujeres rurales emprendedoras y sus aportes al desarrollo del territorio desde una corriente contra hegemónica. El estudio se enmarca en una propuesta de seminario que brindó a las mujeres formación en temas de emprendimiento y empresarismo, con enfoque de género. La metodología utilizada fue cualitativa, desde la fenomenología, utilizando instrumentos como encuestas, grupos focales, entrevistas semiestructuradas. Los resultados reflejan la autonomía y voluntad de las mujeres rurales para abordar colectivamente problemas e implementar soluciones innovadoras que impacten su territorio. Se detecta una brecha educativa y digital que limita el acceso de las mujeres a formación y a fuentes de financiación.

Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) doped with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) at 1, 3, 5, and 7 wt% has been studied. The effect of MWCNTs on thermal, viscoelastic, and electric properties in the TPU matrix was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and by impedance spectroscopy. The results show that the thermal, electrical, and viscoelastic properties, such as the glass transition temperature, shifted towards high temperatures. The melting temperature decreased, and the conductivity and the storage modulus increased by 61.5% and 58.3%. The previously observed behavior on the films is due to the increase in the mass percentage of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the TPU matrix. Also, it can be said that the CNTs were homogeneously dispersed in the TPU matrix, preventing the movement of the polymer chains, and generating channels or connections that increase the conductivity and improve the thermal properties of the material.

Purpose Increased life expectancy in recent years, together with the downward trend in fertility rates, will accelerate the aging of the Latin American population (Flamini and et al., 2018) [1]. This demographic change represents a problem for pension systems as the economic capacity to finance the retirement of the population could be insufficient in the future. This creates a favorable scenario for new financial products, including reverse mortgages. This study determines, from the supply approach, the potential of reverse mortgages in the main cities of Colombia as a complement to the financing of old age according to the guidelines of Benavides et al. (Benavides Franco et al., Jan. 2021) [2]. Methodology The following variables were used: housing prices, interest rates, mortality rates, and the consumer price index. The econometric testing simulates the possible paths of these variables, estimates the probability of occurrence of the paths, and calculates the expected losses of bidding banks. Findings The results show that reverse mortgages are a good complement to Colombia's pension system and confirm the feasibility of implementation at city level. It is recommended that the State stimulate the growth of this market and improve the corresponding regulatory framework. Originality This study confirms the hypothesis that the reverse mortgages are a good complement to the pension system with city-level data. Specifically, it uses housing prices and mortality records from the main cities of the country (Bogotá, Cali, and Medellín) to capture their idiosyncrasies.

This article focuses on the integration between DevOps, which is a set of practices that emphasizes agility, automation, and collaboration between development and operations teams, and the basic profile of the ISO/IEC 29110 standard, which provides guidelines for using quality standards and software development processes in Very Small Entities (VSEs). This research focuses on identifying how the flexible principles of DevOps can align and, at the same time, reinforce the formal structure of ISO/IEC 29110. To achieve this, the extent to which DevOps can meet the requirements of ISO is evaluated, and the extent to which they can improve process optimization, continuous improvement, and dynamic ability are ensured. Finally, elements will be discovered that would help EMPs improve their development process and remain in compliance with international standards.

Este artículo busca reconocer las Guardias Campesinas como una institución comunal con incidencia en el manejo de los conflictos rurales en contextos particulares de guerra e implementación del Acuerdo Final de Paz. Se argumenta que las Guardias Campesinas son iniciativas que, más allá de apostar a la construcción de un modelo de seguridad comunitaria para un territorio campesino, puede fortalecer la construcción de un modelo de seguridad comunitaria en el marco de la construcción de Estado (statebuilding) existente en el país, máxime en un contexto de construcción de Paz Territorial. Tomando como experiencia la Guardia Campesina de Pradera (Valle del Cauca), se elabora un Estudio de Caso compuesto por entrevistas, revisión de documentos y Diario de Campo. Se concluye que la construcción del Estado y de Paz en Colombia supone reconocer, tanto las formas como los actores en que participan, las dificultades existentes en la configuración e implementación de sus modelos de seguridad en contextos rurales y el reconocimiento de las iniciativas de Seguridad Comunitaria provenientes del campesinado.

Ferroelastic-nanomechanical behavior of BiMnO3 thin films on (100) Nb-doped SrTiO3 substrate is studied at the nanoscale, for the first time using the theories of depth sensing indentation and finite element analysis. This was to understand the redirection of polarization in ferroelastic behavior using piezoelectric direct effect and applying a controlled local force by nanoindentation. The values of the nanomechanical properties Young’s modulus (E), hardness (H), and Stiffness (S) were measured to be E =142 ± 3 GPa, H= 8 ± 0.2 GPa, and S= 44072 ± 45 N/m respectively. Using the experimental mechanical properties, a finite element analysis was carried out to understand the relationship between the irreversible work vs. depth curve and plastic-deformation evolution of the thin film-interface-substrate system, associated with the pop-in observed. von Mises stress maps are presented to clearly illustrate the deformations, mechanical failures, and influences between the BiMnO3 film and the SrTiO3 Substrate. The ferroelastic range for BiMnO3 material was observed between 0 to 12 nm, and the yield strength was Y=2.6 ± 0.7 GPa. The ferroelectric properties through hysteresis curves were evaluated at two different temperatures of 200 K and 300 K in order to observe the effect of polarization with temperature. Providing better polarization performance at lower temperatures; Ps = 9.14 ±0.01 (μC/cm2), Pr = 2.23 ±0.02 (μC/cm2) and Hc = 0.77 kV/cm.

El Sistema de gestión de la seguridad y salud en el trabajo no sólo es un requisito de Ley en Colombia si no que adicionalmente es una necesidad estratégica de las empresas para lograr mayor calidad y productividad en el mercado, adicionalmente para el país es vital para la promoción de la salud y la disminución de las pérdidas económicas relacionadas con las bajas laborales a causa de los accidentes de trabajo, enfermedades laborales; sin embargo, la realidad es que los costes de esto se ven como una carga para muchos empresarios y el desconocimiento en cuanto a sus beneficios hacen que no se implemente en la mayoría de las empresas, principalmente en las reconocidas como MIPYMES, lo que conlleva a un grado mayor de vulnerabilidad al exponer a sus trabajadores a las actividades laborales en los diferentes entornos laborales, por lo cual en este artículo se analizan seis modelos utilizados a nivel internacional y un séptimo modelo con la metodología propuesta por la Institución Universitaria Antonio José Camacho para el diseño del SG-SST quien a través de su grupo de investigación GISAP Grupo de Investigación Salud Ambiente y Productividad y el semillero de investigación SEGSST Semillero de Gestión en Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo, el cual se fundamenta con bases científicas pero que pretende ser accesible a los microempresarios y así reducir la brecha de vulnerabilidad planteada.

This chapter, of a descriptive nature, aims to highlight the challenges that the Colombian healthcare system is facing. The widespread discontent and protests of society over the last few years have led to the proposal that the current government of Colombia presented to the Congress of the Republic for its reform. Bill 339 of 2023 seeks to improve access conditions for the most vulnerable households while also reducing the administrative barriers causing delays in payments to hospitals and specialist appointments. However, it should be stated that the healthcare system is a truly broad and complex ecosystem, so it is not an easy task to assess the outcomes of the potential reforms. Besides, Colombia brings together highly relevant heterogeneous factors, almost like no other country in Latin America, a complex geography, interculturality, unemployment, and social inequality, among many others. Consequently, this work presents and brings together the social, political, economic, and academic perceptions of this new scenario that arises in the potential change.

This chapter presents an approach to promote practical cooperation in solving social dilemmas in water management by leveraging the Internet of Things (IoT) and System Dynamics. We discuss how System Dynamics can be used as a decision-making tool to consider the complex interdependencies among the different components of the water management system. We also highlight the potential of agent-based models, conflict management practices, game theory, and mathematical models to create more equitable and efficient water policies that encourage stakeholder cooperation. This approach can potentially be applied in multiple cases of water management. In this chapter, we present a specific case of sugarcane production for panela as a reference because of its high water consumption compared to other crops. Using IoT, we can gather and disseminate real-time data, enabling stakeholders to make informed decisions and work collaboratively to optimize water use. Overall, this chapter demonstrates the potential of the IoT and System Dynamics to foster practical cooperation in solving social dilemmas in water management. The proposed approach offers decision-makers a framework for developing more inclusive and collaborative policies that promote equitable and sustainable water use in various contexts.

Forests offer high potential for the fight against climate change. However, forests are faced with increased deforestation. REDD+ is a financial mechanism that offers hope to developing countries for tackling deforestation. Aboveground (AGB) estimation, however, is necessary for such financial mechanisms. Remote sensing methods offer various advantages for AGB estimation. A study, therefore, was conducted for the estimation of AGB using a combination of remote sensing Sentinel-1 (S1) and Sentinel-2 (S2) satellite data and field inventorying. The mean AGB for Sub-tropical Chir Pine Forest was recorded as 146.73 ± 65.11 Mg ha⁻¹, while for Sub-tropical Broadleaved Evergreen Forest it was 33.77 ± 51.63 Mg ha⁻¹. Results revealed weak associations between the S1 and S2 data with the AGB. Nonetheless, S1 and S2 offer advantages such as free data resources that can be utilized by developing countries for forest biomass and carbon monitoring.

Accurate estimations of aboveground biomass (AGB) in tropical forests are crucial for maintaining carbon stocks and ensuring effective forest management. By combining remote sensing (RS) data with ensemble algorithms, reliable AGB estimates in forests can be obtained. In this context, the freely available Sentinel-1 (S-1 SAR) and Sentinel 2 multispectral imagery (S-2 MSI) data have a significant role in enhancing accurate AGB estimations at a lower cost, which is relevant for the tropical dry forest (TDF) regions where AGB estimation is uncertain or there is a lack of comprehensive exploration. This study aims to address this gap by presenting a cost-effective and reliable AGB estimation approach in the TDF region of Colombia. For this purpose, we modeled and compared the performance of two ensemble algorithms, random forest (RF) and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), to estimate AGB using three predictor categories (polarizations/textures, spectral bands/vegetation indices, and a combination of both). We then examined the modeling potential of S-1 SAR and S-2 MSI imagery in predicting forest AGB and subsequently identified the most suitable variables. To construct AGB models’ field data, we employed a clustered distributed sampling approach involving 100 subsample plots, each with an area of 400 m2. Stepwise multiple linear regression was applied to identify suitable predictors from the original satellite bands, vegetation indices, and texture metrics. To produce a map of AGB, predicted AGB values were calculated for every pixel within a specific satellite subscene using the most effective ensemble algorithm. Our study findings show that the RF model, which employed combined predictor sets, displayed superior performance when evaluated against the independent validation set. The RF model successfully estimated AGB with a high degree of accuracy, achieving an R2 value of 0.78 and an RMSE value of 42.25 Mg/ha−1. In contrast, the XGBoost model performed less accurately, obtaining an R2 value of only 0.60 and an RMSE value of 48.41 Mg/ha−1. The results also indicate that S-2 vegetation indices data were more appropriate for this purpose than S-1 texture data. Despite this, S-1 cross-polarized textures were necessary during the dry season for the combined datasets. The top predictive variables for S-2 images were cab and cw, as well as red-edge bands during the wet season. As for S-1 images, texture D_VH _Hom during the dry season was the most important variable for explaining performance. Overall, the proposed approach of using freely available Sentinel data seems to improve the accuracy of AGB estimation in heterogeneous forest cover and, as such, they should be recommended as a data source for forest AGB assessment.

Objetivo. Explorar las formas como el campesinado configura unos horizontes de sentido sobre el territorio, los cuales interpelan al proyecto territorial pensado desde los entes gubernamentales en el marco de la implementación del Acuerdo Final de Paz de La Habana. Metodología. Se realizó un estudio de caso en dos municipios del suroccidente colombiano: Pradera (Valle del Cauca) y Argelia (Cauca), donde se combinan visitas breves a los territorios, entrevistas y revisión documental. Resultados. Se reconocen unas apuestas del territorio ligadas a unas dimensiones productivas, culturales, ambientales y organizativas que les permite a las organizaciones campesinas interpelar la lógica gubernamental de “integración” de los territorios periféricos al poder centralizado. Conclusiones. Los horizontes de sentido sobre los territorios, construidos desde el campesinado, les permiten demandar el reconocimiento de prácticas propias que aporten de manera significativa a la construcción y ejecución de políticas destinadas a la transformación de los territorios rurales.

Con la declaratoria de la emergencia sanitaria ante la pandemia mundial por Covid-19, el gobierno empezó a implementar una serie de medidas para mitigar el riesgo de contagio, con grandes consecuencias en el sector económico, especialmente en materia laboral. Este artículo describe la normatividad laboral expedida durante el año 2020, realizando una caracterización frente a su alcance y actores afectados. Para ello, se utilizó una metodología cualitativa mediante análisis documental, con la normatividad nacional como unidad de análisis principal, e investigaciones sobre medidas laborales a nivel internacional como fuentes comparativas. Los resultados del análisis permiten llegar a un mapa conceptual representado por la normatividad en las categorías de protección laboral y fiscal, de la que se derivan clasificación por actores/beneficiarios y un comparativo con las principales medidas en las principales regiones del mundo, identificando que las medidas no alcanzaron la efectividad esperada dadas las altas tasas de desempleo e informalidad que se mantienen desde el año 2020 a la fecha.

Physical exercise is a very promising non-pharmacological approach to prevent or reduce the cognitive decline that occurs in people aged 60 years or older. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of a high-intensity intervallic functional training (HIFT) program on cognitive functions in an elderly Colombian population with mild cognitive impairment. A controlled clinical trial was developed with a sample of 132 men and women aged >65 years, linked to geriatric care institutions, which were systematically blind randomized. The intervention group (IG) received a 3-month HIFT program (n = 64) and the control group (CG) (n = 68) received general physical activity recommendations and practiced manual activities. The outcome variables addressed cognition (MoCA), attention (TMTA), executive functions (TMTB), verbal fluency (VFAT test), processing speed (Digit Symbol Substitution Test-DSST), selective attention and concentration (d2 test). After the analysis, improvement was found in the IG with significant differences with respect to the CG in the level of cognitive impairment (MoCA), attention (TMTA), verbal fluency and concentration (p < 0.001). Executive functions (TMTB) showed differences in both groups, being slightly higher in the IG (p = 0.037). However, no statistically significant results were found for selective attention (p = 0.55) or processing speed (p = 0.24). The multiple analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) showed the influence of the education level on all cognition assessments (p = 0.026); when adjusting for sociodemographic variables, the influence of the intervention remained significant (p < 0.001). This study empirically validates that the implementation of a HIFT program has a positive effect on cognitive functions in elderly people with mild cognitive impairment. Therefore, professionals specialized in the care of this population could consider including functional training programs as an essential part of their therapeutic approaches. The distinctive features of this program, such as its emphasis on functional training and high intensity, appear to be relevant for stimulating cognitive health in the geriatric population.

In the tourism sector, training is a vitally important element in the formation of personnel working in the hotel, catering or travel sectors. It is the action that allows the acquisition not only of technical aspects, but also of human and behavioral values that allow a better performance. The objective of this article is to show how the application of the fundamentals of Advanced Education allows the formation and training of personnel working in the Tourism sector and contributes to their professional and human improvement. Theoretical methods applied are systematization and documentary analysis in order to identify the principles that support the theory of Advanced Education, as well as other empirical methods that allow to verify the particularities of the hotel research context. It is aided by the review of doctoral theses and articles written by researchers of the scientific community, which show the importance of the principles of Advanced Education for the formation and training of tourism professionals, in order to enhance the development of oral communicative competence in French of the reception staff.