Hogeschool Rotterdam

Abstract In this paper, we present a framework for developing a Learning Health System (LHS) to provide means to a computerized clinical decision support system for allied healthcare and/or nursing professionals. LHSs are well suited to transform healthcare systems in a mission-oriented approach, and is being adopted by an increasing number of countries. Our theoretical framework provides a blueprint for organizing such a transformation with help of evidence based state of the art methodologies and techniques to eventually optimize personalized health and healthcare. Learning via health information technologies using LHS enables users to learn both individually and collectively, and independent of their location. These developments demand healthcare innovations beyond a disease focused orientation since clinical decision making in allied healthcare and nursing is mainly based on aspects of individuals’ functioning, wellbeing and (dis)abilities. Developing LHSs depends heavily on intertwined social and technological innovation, and research and development. Crucial factors may be the transformation of the Internet of Things into the Internet of FAIR data & services. However, Electronic Health Record (EHR) data is in up to 80% unstructured including free text narratives and stored in various inaccessible data warehouses. Enabling the use of data as a driver for learning is challenged by interoperability and reusability. To address technical needs, key enabling technologies are suitable to convert relevant health data into machine actionable data and to develop algorithms for computerized decision support. To enable data conversions, existing classification and terminology systems serve as definition providers for natural language processing through (un)supervised learning. To facilitate clinical reasoning and personalized healthcare using LHSs, the development of personomics and functionomics are useful in allied healthcare and nursing. Developing these omics will be determined via text and data mining. This will focus on the relationships between social, psychological, cultural, behavioral and economic determinants, and human functioning. Furthermore, multiparty collaboration is crucial to develop LHSs, and man-machine interaction studies are required to develop a functional design and prototype. During development, validation and maintenance of the LHS continuous attention for challenges like data-drift, ethical, technical and practical implementation difficulties is required.

Background Globally, cesarean birth rates are rising, and while it can be a lifesaving procedure, cesarean birth is also associated with increased maternal and perinatal risks. This study aims to describe changes over time about the mode of birth and perinatal outcomes in second‐pregnancy women with one previous cesarean birth in the Netherlands over the past 20 years. Methods We conducted a nationwide, population‐based study using the Dutch perinatal registry. The mode of birth (intended vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) compared with planned cesarean birth) was assessed in all women with one previous cesarean birth and no prior vaginal birth who gave birth to a term singleton in cephalic presentation between 2000 and 2019 in the Netherlands (n = 143,146). The reported outcomes include the trend of intended VBAC, VBAC success rate, and adverse perinatal outcomes (perinatal mortality up to 7 days, low Apgar score at 5 min, asphyxia, and neonatal intensive care unit admission ≥24 h). Results Intended VBAC decreased by 21.5% in women with one previous cesarean birth and no prior vaginal birth, from 77.2% in 2000 to 55.7% in 2019, with a marked deceleration from 2009 onwards. The VBAC success rate dropped gradually, from 71.0% to 65.3%, across the same time period. Overall, the cesarean birth rate (planned and unplanned) increased from 45.2% to 63.6%. Adverse perinatal outcomes were higher in women intending VBAC compared with those planning a cesarean birth. Perinatal mortality initially decreased but remained stable from 2009 onwards, with only minimal differences between both modes of birth. Conclusions In the Netherlands, the proportion of women intending VBAC after one previous cesarean birth and no prior vaginal birth has decreased markedly. Particularly from 2009 onwards, this decrease was not accompanied by a synchronous reduction in perinatal mortality.

Consider the clinical reasoning process of the physiotherapist: the physiotherapist analyses the information (data) available from different sources (the client's narrative/perspective, context, medical history/examination), formulates hypotheses (rationalisation) on the basis of prior knowledge (natural algorithms), identifies the most likely underlying explanation (diagnosis/classification) on the basis of elimination (feature selection), and decides what course of treatment fits this specific case (prognosis, shared decision, action). 1 This results in clinical experience and is adapted into skill/knowledge (learning). 2 The above basic description of a natural clinical reasoning workflow shows many similarities with the workflow of computer algorithms or artificial intelligence (AI); 3 however, when venturing deeper into the essence of this 'seemingly identical twin' there are differences. To aid in its responsible use, it is critical for clients and modern physiotherapists to develop a deeper understanding of AI. 4,5 This Editorial aims to: provide an overview of the relevant developments in AI for healthcare providers, focusing specifically on physiotherapists ; and provide an introductory practical guide to responsible use of AI in clinical practice, with an emphasis on clinical reasoning (Figure 1).

Human speech and vocalizations in animals are rich in joint spectrotemporal (S-T) modulations, wherein acoustic changes in both frequency and time are functionally related. In principle, the primate auditory system could process these complex dynamic sounds based on either an inseparable representation of S-T features, or alternatively, a separable representation. The separability hypothesis implies an independent processing of spectral and temporal modulations. We collected comparative data on the S-T hearing sensitivity in humans and macaque monkeys to a wide range of broadband dynamic spectrotemporal ripple stimuli employing a yes-no signal-detection task. Ripples were systematically varied-as a function of density (spectral modulation-frequency), velocity (temporal modulation-frequency), or modulation depth-to cover a listener's full S-T modulation sensitivity; derived from a total of 87 psychometric ripple detection curves. Audiograms were measured to control for normal hearing. Determined were hearing thresholds, reaction time distributions, and S-T modulation transfer functions (MTFs); both at the ripple detection thresholds, and at supra-threshold modulation depths. Our psychophysically derived MTFs are consistent with the hypothesis that both monkeys and humans employ analogous perceptual strategies: S-T acoustic information is primarily processed separable. Singular-value decomposition (SVD), however, revealed a small but consistent, inseparable spectral-temporal interaction. Finally, SVD analysis of the known visual spatiotemporal contrast-sensitivity function (CSF) highlights that human vision is space-time inseparable to a much larger extent than is the case for S-T sensitivity in hearing. Thus, the specificity with which the primate brain encodes natural sounds appears to be less strict than is required to adequately deal with natural images.

In recent years the preoperative phase of a patient undergoing colorectal cancer surgery is increasingly studied, due to the increasing evidence of “better in, better out” prehabilitation programs, as a means to improve patient outcomes in recovery after surgery. Multimodal programs seem to be of additional benefit to these patient outcomes. Questions remain however which interventions are best suited for improving patient outcomes and to what extent these are tailored to personal capabilities and personal preferences. This systematic literature review analysed, after a thorough search through four different databases, six studies of which four randomized clinical trials. Results showed that most patients benefited from participating in a multimodal prehabilitation program, increasing their functional capacities before and after surgery. Yet frail elderly seemed to benefit less from a prehabilitation program while inactive patients showed greater improvements compared to the more active patients. Furthermore, adherence was higher in the prehabilitation program compared to rehabilitation and personalization of the program appeared to improve adherence. It seems to be of importance to identify which colorectal cancer patients benefit most from a prehabilitation program and how personalization can further increase the benefits of prehabilitation.

Background Illness perceptions can affect the way people with musculoskeletal pain emotionally and behaviorally cope with their health condition. Understanding patients illness perceptions may help facilitate patient-centered care. The purpose of this study was to explore illness perceptions and the origin of those perceptions in people with chronic disabling non-specific neck pain. Methods A qualitative study using a deductive and inductive analytical approach was conducted in 20 people with persistent (> 3 months) and disabling (i.e., Neck Disability Index ≥ 15) neck pain. Using a semi-structured format, participants were interviewed about their illness perceptions according to Leventhal’s Common Sense Model. Purposive sampling and member checking were used to secure validity of study results. Results Participants reported multiple symptoms, thoughts and emotions related to their neck pain, which continuously required attention and action. They felt trapped within a complex multifactorial problem. Although some participants had a broader biopsychosocial perspective to understand their symptoms, a biomedical perspective was dominant in the labelling of their condition and their way of coping (e.g., limiting load, building strength and resilience, regaining mobility, keep moving and being meaningful). Their perceptions were strongly influenced by information from clinicians. Several participants indicated that they felt uncertain, because the information they received was contradictory or did not match their own experiences. Conclusion Most participants reported that understanding their pain was important to them and influenced how they coped with pain. Addressing this ‘sense making process’ is a prerequisite for providing patient-centered care.

Objectives In older adults, PTSD is associated with decreased verbal learning and executive dysfunction. Therefore, feasibility of EMDR-treatment to improve cognitive performance in older adults with PTSD was examined. Additionally, we investigated pre-treatment correlation with often co-occurring risk factors for cognitive decline (sleep problems, depressive disorder, physical inactivity, childhood traumatic events). Design Multicenter design with pre-post measurements. Setting Psychiatric Dutch hospitals Mondriaan Mental Health Center and Altrecht. Participants 22 treatment-seeking PTSD-outpatients (60-84 years). Intervention Weekly one-hour EMDR session during 3, 6, or 9 months. Measurements PTSD was assessed with Clinician-Administered PTSD-scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5). Verbal learning memory was measured with Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), interference with Stroop Colour-Word Test (SCWT) and working memory with Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Digit Span (WAIS-IV-DS). Results A Linear mixed-model showed significant improvement on RAVLT immediate-recall (F (1, 21) = 15.928, P = .001, 95% CI -6.98-2.20), delayed-recall (F (1, 21) = 7.095, P = .015, 95% CI -2.43-.30), recognition (F (21) = 8.885, P = .007, 95% CI -1.70– -.30), and SCWT (F (1 ,21) = 5.504, P = .029, 95% CI 4.38-72.78) but not on WAIS-IV-DS (F (20) = -1.237, P = .230, 95% CI -3.07-.78). There was no significant influence of therapy duration and CAPS-5 pre-treatment scores. There were small-medium nonsignificant correlations between CAPS-5 and cognitive performance pre-post differences, and between most cognitive measures and sleep problems, depressive disorder, and physical inactivity. Conclusions Cognitive functioning on memory and attention possible increased in older adults with PTSD after EMDR treatment. Further research is needed with a larger sample and a control condition to corroborate these findings and to identify the possible mediating role of modifiable risk factors.

Background In The Netherlands, 60% of deceased-donor kidney offers are after donation after circulatory death. Cold and warm ischemia times are known risk factors for delayed graft function (DGF) and inferior allograft survival. Extraction time is a relatively new ischemia time. During procurement, cooling of the kidneys is suboptimal with ongoing ischemia. However, evidence is lacking on whether extraction time has an impact on DGF if all ischemic periods are included. Methods Between 2012 and 2018, 1524 donation after circulatory death kidneys were procured and transplanted in The Netherlands. Donation and transplantation-related data were obtained from the database of the Dutch Transplant Foundation. The primary outcome parameter was the incidence of DGF. Results In our cohort, extraction time ranged from 14 to 237 min, with a mean of 62 min (SD 32). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, extraction time was an independent risk factor for incidence of DGF (odds ratio per minute increase 1.008; 95% confidence interval, 1.003-1.013; P = 0.001). The agonal phase, hypoperfusion time, and anastomosis time were not independent risk factors for incidence of DGF. Conclusions Considering all known ischemic periods during the donation after the circulatory death process, prolonged kidney extraction time increased the risk of DGF after kidney transplantation.

Objectives This study evaluated the feasibility of exercising into pain in rotator cuff related shoulder pain (RCRSP), data collection procedures, feedback from physiotherapists and patients, and clinically important changes in patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). Design Unblinded non-randomised single-group study. Setting Physiotherapy clinic in Belgium. Participants Twelve patients with unilateral RCRSP for minimum 3 months, aged 18–65 years. Interventions Twelve weeks of four individualised exercises, with nine physiotherapist-led sessions with pain ratings 4–7 out of 10 on a verbal Numeric Pain Rating Scale for 9 weeks and then pain ratings 0–2 for 3 weeks. Every physiotherapy session included 15 min of manual therapy. Non-supervised exercises were: 2×/week in weeks with physiotherapy session, 3×/week in weeks without physiotherapy session. Outcome measures Primary: adherence, where patients were considered adherent with 78% (7/9 sessions) attendance for supervised sessions and 81% (22/27 sessions) completion for non-supervised exercises, and Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI); secondary: fear-avoidance behaviour, fear of pain, physical outcomes (strength, range of motion, scapular dyskinesis); others: ultrasound (US) imaging outcomes (acromionhumeral distance, supraspinatus tendon thickness, occupation ratio), global perceived effect (GPE). PROMs were collected via online survey, except for the GPE (via closed envelope). US measures were taken after physical measures. Results Adherence and adverse effects were analysed in patients who had the possibility to attend minimum seven supervised sessions (n=8): 88% of them adhered to supervised sessions, 50% to non-supervised exercises; none of them withdrew from the study, three of them obtained individual clinically important improvements in SPADI score above 20 points. The measurement protocol of physical and ultrasonographic outcomes took around 60 min. Conclusions Adherence to supervised sessions was satisfactory, the adherence to non-supervised exercises must be improved. Data collection procedures were feasible to perform, but some changes are recommended. Trial registration number NCT04154345 .

Background For families with adolescent children, the transition to adulthood is usually challenging. This period may be extra demanding for families with a child with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities due to the child's strong and persistent support needs. To support these families during this phase and to facilitate the transition process of these adolescents, we adapted the Canadian skills for growing up (SGU) into the skills for growing up‐profound intellectual and multiple disabilities (SGU‐PIMD). The aim of this study is to determine its content validity. Method A Delphi study with family members and healthcare professionals was conducted. Results Results showed good content validity. However, the Delphi panel suggested minor adjustments to improve relevance, comprehensibility and comprehensiveness. Conclusions The current SGU‐PIMD can be used in practice for supporting adolescents with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities. However, there are also recommendations for research into the feasibility and acceptability of the instrument.

Background In physical therapy practice patients and therapists exchange their perspectives on musculoskeletal health problems and their meaning for both of them. However, literature indicates that physical therapists find it difficult to enquire about the patients’ values during clinical encounters. Objectives The aim of this study was to gain deeper insight into the perspectives of physical therapists about patient values. Design Explorative qualitative focus group study. Method Twenty-three physical therapists were interviewed in the Netherlands from March to May 2021. Two researchers analyzed the interviews and derived relevant codes. After an iterative process of comparing, analyzing, conceptualizing and discussing the codes, themes were identified through a thematic framework, illustrated with meaningful quotes. Results Three major themes were identified: Humane, Tacit, and Responsive. It appeared that patient values play unconsciously a major role in daily practice and are associated with humanity, not technical or procedural aspects of the encounter. Responsive denotes that all values require interaction in which aligning with the individual patient forms the basis of treatment. Barriers for being responsive are identified as subthemes: Choices, Trust, Diverseness, and Boundaries. Conclusion The concept of patient values appeared to be implicit. The professional intuitively attunes as a fellow human being to values and expectations of the individual patient. This study contributes to finding a balance and mutual reinforcement of implicit and explicit knowledge. With all found experiences and insights the concept of patient values became more explicit in physical therapy to create a framework for education and research in the future.