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The relative reactivity and cis/trans selectivity of the intramolecular [3+2] cycloaddition (IM32CA) reactions of nitrile oxide (NO), azide (AZ), nitrile sulfide (NS) and nitrile ylide (NY), leading to functionalized heterocycles are studied within the Molecular Electron Density Theory. The kinetically controlled IM32CA reactions are predicted to be cis stereospecific, while the reaction feasibility follows the order NY>NS>NO>AZ with the respective activation Gibbs free energies of 13.7, 17.8, 21.1 and 27.3 kcal ⋅ mol⁻¹ in benzene at 353 K. The decreased activation energy of NY could be correlated with its carbenoid character, relative to the zwitterionic one predicted for the other three species. The AZ reaction showed relatively higher activation parameter, and accordingly higher than that of the NO one, in conformity with the experimental outcomes. Topological analysis of the electronic structure of the transition state structure shows that the formation of the new single bonds has not yet started on any of them according to a non‐concerted mechanism. Analysis of the kinetic parameters of the intermolecular [3+2] cycloaddition reactions of NOs and AZs shows that the low activation entropies associated with the intramolecular processes are the factor responsible for the feasibility of these non‐polar zw‐type IM32CA reactions.
The main causes of acid toxicity are a deficiency of vital nutrients in the soil and an oversupply of harmful metals in the root zone of plants. Among the harmful and most common hazardous elements is aluminium (Al). Different plant species have evolved to tolerate aluminium at varying degrees, which has made it possible to create cultivars with high levels of aluminium tolerance. Numerous pathways of aluminium toxicity in higher plants have been identified through the use of physiological and molecular techniques. Plants can withstand Al stress in two ways: by absorbing Al and by keeping Al out of their root tips, but yet tolerant of it in their root cells. Many higher plants have the ability to exude organic acids that can chelate to form complexes with aluminium. The identification of novel mechanisms of tolerance and the fusion of various processes to attain greater tolerance will be the next big challenges for Al tolerance research. When it comes to marker-assisted selection in breeding programmes, gene-specific molecular markers are preferable over linked marker techniques. Although adding calcium, magnesium, or lime to the soil can lessen negative impacts on plant growth, doing so is expensive and unsustainable from an ecological standpoint. When it comes to marker-assisted selection in breeding programmes, gene-specific molecular markers are preferable over linked marker techniques. A combination of limited water absorption, lack of vital nutrients, and harmful minerals prevents acid soil from developing. Plant defence mechanisms are divided into two groups: (i) internal defence, which is Al-tolerant and involves chelating Al inside the cell before it is stored and compartmentalised in membrane-bound organelles like the vacuole, a structure found in the cytoplasmic matrix of a cell; and (ii) external defence, which involves the release of organic acids from the root tips. A number of external barriers, such as root structures like the cell wall and membrane and chemical exudates like phosphates, organic acids, and phenolic compounds, may prevent Al from entering and building up in cells. Internal processes are used to chelate aluminium and produce non-toxic compounds, including Al-chelating in the cytosol, compartmentalisation in the vacuole, Al-binding proteins, and Al-tolerant isoenzymes.
Because of a combination of poor water absorption, nutritional shortages, and mineral toxicity, acidic soils are ubiquitous and present a serious challenge to agriculture. Conventional restoration methods, such as enhancing the soil with lime, magnesium, or calcium, are expensive and detrimental to the ecosystem. The most effective technique to lessen soil acidity is to cultivate cultivars that are acid-tolerant. The ability of plants to tolerate acidic soils varies greatly, and a major factor influencing this ability is the toxicity of aluminium (Al). Understanding the physiological, biochemical, and genetic bases of Al tolerance is therefore essential to the effective development of crops that are acid-tolerant. The amount of human demand on soil resources is getting worse even though soils are a basic necessity for supporting human needs. Anthropogenic effects such as pollution, acidity, salinity, and/or sodicity, erosion, and the loss of soil organic matter will pose major obstacles to future developments in soil science. Reversing soil deterioration through the buildup of soil organic matter and sustainable soil management offers a substantial chance to reduce climate change since soil stores atmospheric carbon. Indirect effects of human activities on soils include acid deposition and heavy metal contamination. Global agricultural decision-making is being optimised by breakthroughs in analytics and modelling expertise, as well as greater capacity for data processing, storage, and sharing. These developments anticipate the many complexities that impact agricultural production processes. The use of interactive decision support technologies inside the Agronomic Response Unit architecture is expected to boost resource consumption efficiency when combined with socioeconomic variables, such as farmers’ ability to invest. Soil science research has not only produced highly qualified scientists in the field, but it has also played a pivotal role in generating novel insights and solutions that have helped address a multitude of social problems. However, a number of challenges stand in the way of further advancements in soil science. Soil science education in the future needs to adjust to new socioeconomic concerns and take into account soils in contexts other than agriculture. The education must ensure that the many roles that soils play in an ecosystem are properly understood and that soil continues to rank among the most important strategic resources that are necessary to solving societal challenges.
Rainwater substitutes hydrogen for basic cations such as calcium and magnesium, causing the soil to become acidic. The primary leaching base that most affects soil pH is calcium. Carbonates combine in low-rainfall conditions to generate caliche. The depth to caliche is determined by leaching depth, which is affected by soil structure, weather patterns, and annual rainfall. Rainfall and sand content both raise the depth to caliche. Erosion and land levelling can expose caliche, and these carbonate-rich layers can cause pH problems. By decreasing the availability of some essential plant nutrients and increasing the availability of harmful elements like manganese, iron, and aluminium in the soil solution, acidic soils cause problems with production. Acidic soils are known for their poor agricultural performance and crop failure, which is largely due to these harmful substances. While different approaches exist, liming is the most commonly recommended management practice for raising low soil pH. For the P and N fertiliser recovery efficiencies necessary for healthy maize development on acidic soils, lime and P fertiliser application are essential. However, using lime and/or fertiliser is not always cost-effective for small-scale farmers and is not environmentally friendly. Although liming alters the topsoil, it does not completely remove the acidity in the subsoil, which poses a major problem for newly sprouting roots. If a soil is too acidic for a certain crop, it might be balanced with lime or dolomite. The amount of lime or dolomite required to balance an acidic pH will depend on the crop and the soil. Soils with high levels of organic matter and clay will need higher rates of application since they are more resilient to pH changes. Generally speaking, a pH of 5.5 is the ideal (in water). After the desired pH of the soil is reached, further lime or dolomite may be required, depending on the crop. Acidic soils can yield crops much more efficiently by raising the pH level to almost neutral. Even though liming is commonly used to reduce soil acidity, studies have shown that adding animal dung supplements can boost the pH of acidic soils.
Mineral compounds come in a range of particle sizes in soil. Mineral colloids made of hydrated silica, iron hydroxide, aluminium, and aluminosilicates make up the lowest portion. In addition to providing essential nutrients, water, and oxygen absorption, soil colloids also operate as a home for bacteria. Colloids control the water–air interaction in soil. The decomposing remnants of plants, animals, and bacteria are the source of the organic matter found in soil, and the local microbes break them down. Humification is a process that happens when organic materials break down. Humus, or humic substances, are created through a combination of physical–chemical and microbiological processes. A portion of these materials are partially colloidal. It is possible to use the concentrations of aluminium ions (Al3+) and hydrogen ions (H+) in soils as markers of soil acidity. Reduced plant root growth, which restricts nutrient and water intake, low beneficial microbial activity, and nutrient/element toxicities are some of the effects of acidic soil on agricultural output. Many research have addressed the intricacies of soil acidity in great detail. The organic colloids provide food for the microbes. Additionally, they improve the structural stability of the soil when combined with silty particles. By efficiently absorbing water and promoting the adsorption and exchange of mineral components, humus aids in the growth of higher plants. The liquid fraction of the soil that has dissolved materials is referred to as the soil solution. As the second most significant biological agent in the agricultural environment after plants, soil microorganisms can be used as markers of the quality of the soil. Numerous chemical and biological processes that greatly affect soil fertility, nutrient cycling, and carbon cycling are largely driven by soil bacteria. The rhizosphere and plant roots are home to a wide variety of beneficial microorganisms for plants, including saprophytic microorganisms, biocontrol agents, mycorrhizae, free-living fungi, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that can grow in symbiotic relationships or independently, and rhizobacteria that promote plant growth. The activities of these beneficial bacteria are restricted by the acidity of the soil, with the exception of fungi, which may thrive across a wide range of soil pH levels.
Acid soils cover 3950 m ha, or one-third of the world’s ice-free territory. These soils are the product of either ustic or udic moisture regimes and are mostly found in two global regions. The northern belt (cold and moderate climate) is dominated by spodosols, alfisols, Oxisols, and histosols, whereas the southern tropical belt is dominated by Ultisols and Oxisols. Around 18% of acid soils are made up of savanna, grassland, and steppe flora in addition to 67% of acid soils supporting forests and woods. Just 4.5% of the total land (179 m ha) is utilised for crop cultivation due to corrosive soil. Tropical perennial crops are grown on an additional 33 million hectares. Whatever efforts are made to develop acid soils for agriculture and agroforestry in tropical climates should concentrate on the deforested and abandoned areas with damaged acid soils. This will be difficult without a large initial expenditure and the right technologies. A three-pronged development approach is proposed to help prevent or lessen the yearly devastation of over 5 million hectares of tropical forests caused by “untraditional shifting cultivators.” It would help protect the fragile natural ecosystems on acidic tropical soils, which are currently believed to be necessary for the survival of life as we know it. Acid sulphate soils are considered the “nastiest soils on earth” due to their high acidity, increased mobility of potentially dangerous components, and limited nutrient absorption. Although they account for a very small percentage of all issue soils worldwide, they often have detrimental consequences on local aquaculture, agriculture, and the environment. They are often seen in heavily populated locations along the beaches of several developing countries. Acrisols and ferralsols, two types of tropical and subtropical soils, are found in older, densely wooded environments. They are usually yellowish to reddish in colour, heavily worn, and severely leached. The hydrolysis of silicate minerals and the quick removal of weathering products lead to low pH and low amounts of weathered product in the soil solution. More ferralsols and acrisols are found on older land surfaces in humid tropical settings. On gently sloping Tertiary and Pleistocene erosion surfaces that have experienced several cycles of weathering, erosion, and deposition, they can be discovered. The principal habitat of ferralsols is the wet tropical regions, covering an estimated 745 million hectares worldwide. Mostly, they are found on the continental shields of Central Africa and South America. Only areas with easily weathered basic rock and hot, humid climates outside of continental shields, such as Southeast Asia and a few Pacific Islands, are home to ferralsols.
In spite of being the second-lowest abundant proteinogenic amino acid, approximately 90% of proteins contain at least one Tryptophan residue. Hence, chemoselective functionalization of tryptophan residue provides the access to...
Human interventions in the form of riverbed sand mining are escalating worldwide, especially in the humid tropics with excess population pressure exerting an elevated demand for sand as construction materials. Naturally, channel morphological alterations are observed for the tropical fluvial systems to a large extent. The present work examines the riverbed sand mining of the Mayurakshi River (India) during the last fifty years (1970–2020) using topographical maps, satellite images and field-based cross-sectional measurements. Sand mining history exhibits four phases- (1) initiation phase (1970–1980) (2) expanding phase (1980–2000), (3) steady state (2000−2010) and (4) accelerating phase (2010−2020). Though the first three phases depicted a mild impact of sand mining on channel morphology, the accelerating phase vehemently altered the channel morphology. Topographic sinuosity has increased from 72 % to 81 % at the expense of the hydraulic sinuosity resulting in the lower standard sinuosity index (1.06 to 1.04) caused by the sand mining-induced channel straightening during 1970–2020. Though braiding index (BI*), channel count index (BI), and channel length index (Pt) show an increasing trend with a variable rate (31–76 %) till 2010, there has been a rapid fall (1–138 %) in channel braiding due to sand mining and pit formation. The future trend for 2030 (based on 2010–2020 data) indicates a lowering of the channel sinuosity and braiding in the anticipated increase of mining; however, 1970–2020 data-derived ensemble prediction depicts the trend reversal in 2050. Channel depth, area, asymmetry, and hydraulic radius are higher for sand mining cross-sections (CS). The hierarchical clustering shows that few CS have homogenous clusters determined by sand mining; however, few CS are mixed implying no dominant control of sand mining on them. The study has demonstrated how sand mining acts as the catalyst for channel alterations in various spatial and temporal scales by developing a framework that demonstrates geomorphic system destabilization.
Imperfect panicle emergence in Cytoplasmic Male Sterile (CMS) lines is a hindrance for hybrid rice seed (F1) production. In CMS lines 10-15% of spikelets remaining enclosed within the flag leaf. This limits their availability for outcrossing, thereby reducing the efficiency of hybrid rice seed production. To mitigate this issue, the application of gibberellic acid (GA3) is a common practice. However, the high cost of GA3 poses a significant barrier for middle-class farmers involved in hybrid rice seed production. This study aims to identify low-cost chemical alternatives to GA3. We evaluated ten different treatments, including a control, on CMS (A) line rice plants. Our findings indicate that penicillin is the most effective treatment, offering high yield at a reduced cost. According to the yield component, treatment-2 (penicillin) reflected grain yield 71.26 g plant -1 which is highest among all the treatments. Potassium dichromate also performed well in promoting panicle emergence. Characters showing positive and significant correlations among different traits are expected to improve yield and can be selected for further advancement in hybrid rice seed production.
The present study evaluated the potential of Ashoka, Saraca asoca leaf meal (SLM), in carp diets following fermentative processing with a tannase-producing fish gut bacterium, Bacillus subtilis (KP765736). The processing of SLM led to a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in major anti-nutrients (tannin, trypsin inhibitor, and crude fiber), while crude protein content increased. Seven sets of isonitrogenous (35% crude protein) and isocaloric (18.82 kJg⁻¹) diets were prepared using raw (R1, R2, R3) and fermented SLM (F1, F2, F3) at 10%, 20%, and 30% levels by weight replacing fishmeal and de-oiled rice bran in the reference diet (RD). Diets were fed to rohu, Labeo rohita fingerlings (4.01 ± 0.08 g), for 70 days in triplicate. Fish fed diets containing 30% fermented SLM (F3) exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) better growth (241.25%), improved nutrient utilization, and enhanced activities of digestive enzymes compared to raw SLM-fed groups. Furthermore, tannin accumulation in the liver and muscle was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in fish fed fermented SLM diets compared to those fed raw SLM diets. Additionally, tannin contents in the diets were noticed to be positively correlated (P < 0.05) with tannin accumulation in fish tissues and negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with growth. Hepatic and muscle enzymes associated with carbohydrate metabolism in fish fed RD performed similarly to those reared on fermented SLM diets. Conversely, key enzymes involved in protein metabolism, hexose monophosphate shunt, and the tri-carboxylic-acid cycle showed increased activities in fish fed raw SLM diets, indicating dietary stress and a shift from carbohydrate metabolism to protein catabolism. Moreover, protein, glycogen, and amino acids in hepatopancreas and muscle showed a progressive increase with the gradual inclusion of fermented SLM in the diets. In conclusion, this study might suggest incorporating 30% (w/w) fermented SLM in the diets of rohu without interfering with growth, feed utilization, and metabolic function.
This letter proposes an advanced convolutional neural network (CNN)-based classifier for detecting the contamination level of in-service insulator strings. The goal is to enhance condition monitoring of insulators and ensure safe and reliable power system operation under adverse weather conditions and polluted environments. All possible partial and full contamination cases of a string of three disc insulators have been considered. Infrared thermography (IRT) images taken from a safe distance have been cropped to consider the region-of-interest (ROI) portions before being fed into a convolution-based deep neural network. The classifier has been trained with a total of 1,248 thermal images across 12 contamination classes achieving an accuracy level of 99.04%. The proposed classifier has also been compared with three other benchmark CNN models
Introduction Diabetes mellitus (DM) poses a significant global health challenge, particularly in countries like India. Despite the multitude of studies, relatively few have assessed the burden of diabetes and its determinants in a resource-limited district in West Bengal, India, utilizing various biochemical and anthropometric parameters. Materials and Methods The cross-sectional study was conducted from July to December 2023 to assess the burden of diabetes and its determinants among an estimated sample of 114 adults (≥30 years) residing in the urban field practice area of tertiary care hospital in Uttar Dinajpur, West Bengal. Sociodemographic and behavioral data were collected through household survey using a predesigned, pretested interview schedule, whereas the anthropometric and biochemical data were collected on prefixed days at the urban primary health center using standardized tools and techniques as appropriate. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 20 using descriptive and inferential statistics. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify associations between diabetes and its determinants. Results Prevalence of DM and prediabetes was 39.47% and 31.58%, respectively. Factors significantly associated with DM were female (adjusted odd ratio [AOR] = 4.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.06–19.41]), overweight participants (AOR = 6.53, 95% CI [1.02–41.85]), physical activity (AOR = 2.83, 95% CI [1.05–7.65]), and family history of diabetes (AOR = 2.74, 95% CI [1.04–7.22]). Conclusion The findings underscore the urgent need for implementation of targeted public health interventions aimed at reducing the prevalence of diabetes and mitigating its associated risks at national and subnational level.
: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) constitutes of 80% of all primary liver malignancy. Second most common site of metastases is liver. The current study is aimed to diagnose and categorize different primary and metastatic lesions of liver through expression of HepPar-1 and Glypican-3 in FNAC and cell block preparations of materials obtained by ultrasound guided technique. : In this prospective study 50 patients of Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College, Kolkata, are included to see the expressions of immunomarkers in neoplastic hepatic lesions. We got mostly (58%) middle-aged male patients. Eighty percent of patients presented with weight loss. Radiologically, 86% of primary hepatic lesions were solitary. Cirrhotic patients were eight (08). Most of the cases were metastatic carcinomas (72%) and HCC was 22%. Commonest was Grade I. Glypican-3 and HepPar-1 had a sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 41.6%, 100%, 86.0% and 75%, 97.4%, 92% respectively. The combined sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of both markers were 83.3%, 97.4% and 94.0% respectively. Combined use of Glypican-3 and HepPar-1 markers are very useful to differentiate between HCC and metastatic hepatic lesions by using ultrasound guided FNAC.
Bone marrow study is of fundamental importance in most haematological disorders including haematological malignancies, carried out to permit cytological assessment and for other specialized investigations. Trephine biopsy gives histological details of marrow including cellularity, fibrosis and reveals the causes of dry tap. Finer cytomorphological details of marrow elements can be ascertained by the imprint smears from the biopsy material. A total of 50 cases of haematological malignancies of both sexes within the age group of 4-82 years, were studied by cross sectional, descriptive study. Smears and biopsy sections were stained with routine and special stains. Bone marrow reticulin status was noted. The bone marrow aspiration results were correlated with the trephine biopsy reports and analyzed with standard statistical methods. Out of 50 cases, diagnostic bone marrow aspiration (BMA) and bone marrow trephine biopsy (BMTB) were done in 44 cases and trephine biopsy alone in rest of the 6 cases. Bone marrow aspiration was non-diagnostic in 1 case (due to focal involvement) and dry tap occurred in 5 cases. Total 21 cases of acute leukaemia, bone marrow aspiration alone could reach to the diagnosis in 17 (81%) cases. Single case of acute myelofibrosis was diagnosed only by bone marrow biopsy. Mild to moderate degree increase in reticulin fibrosis were noted in 18 (36%) cases. Bone marrow aspiration and bone marrow trephine biopsy act as a complementary to each other so far the diagnosis and management of hematologic malignancies are concerned.
The role of financial sector in general and macroeconomic policy in particular is a crucial issue in the study of macroeconomic behaviour of developing countries. This article addresses this issue in terms of a dynamic dependent economy model consisting of traded and non-traded sectors. We use perfect foresight and focus on wage gap between skilled and unskilled labour along with unemployment and movement of asset prices. Based on the structure of the model we examine multitude of transmission mechanisms with implications of monetary policy and decrease in oil subsidy. The several cross effects induced by change in system of parameters have their profound bearing on exchange rate, Tobin’s q, wage gap, level of employment and the sectoral composition output. JEL Codes: E31, E63, F32, F41
Estrogen (E2) is a signaling molecule that controls cell differentiation/early embryogenesis/organogenesis. Nevertheless, during adolescence/adulthood it influences female reproductive functions via nongenomic (cellular signaling)/genomic (transcriptional signaling) pathways by recruiting a number of genes/proteins. In postmenopausal women, increased E2 causes malignancies in the breast and gynecologic tissues. An aberrant redox control of the estrogen-metabolizing enzyme like estrogen sulfotransferase (SULT1E1), transcription factors NFκβ/Nrf2, and matrix metalloproteases (MMP 2/9) results in impaired estrogenic signaling. Here, the tumor and its surrounding tissues underwent a redox-state screening. In rat liver tissues treated with lansoprazole (Nrf2 inducer) and dexamethasone (SULT1E1 inducer), RT-PCR was performed to measure SULT1E1 expression in human breast cancer tissues and the MMP 2/9 activities by gel zymogram technique. Using immunohistochemistry, the location of SULT1E1/NFκβ was examined. Extensive protein–protein interactions (MMP2/9 and Nrf2) were studied by the STRING Bioinformatics software to characterize metabolic functional dependence. It can be hypothesized transcription factors (NFκβ/Nrf2) influence MMP expressions, which has a major impact on the metastatic transformation of breast cancer. Breast cancers exhibit elevated Nrf2/NFκB/SULT1E1 expression and immunolocalization. Lansoprazole and dexamethasone both demonstrated antioxidant induction by increasing catalase and SOD activities and Nrf2 protein expressions. Statistical implications strongly justify correlations among SULT1E1 and Nrf2 inductions also with antioxidant enzymes. Canonical correlation, multiple comparisons Dunnett’s, and ANOVA test support these statistics. The relation between Nrf2/NFκB is determined by the oxidative stress and MMP-dependent cellular/transcriptional regulations of other biomolecules. Moreover, SULT1E1-mediated E2 levels and MMP functions are determined by this relationship. The role of MMPs in the severity of human breast carcinogenesis is thought to be carried out by the regulation of NFκβ, SULTN1E1, and Nrf2. This regulatory system may be therapeutically targeted to treat breast cancer.
🌍 Can teaching medical education in vernacular languages transform healthcare in India? ✅ Enhances understanding ✅ Promotes inclusivity ✅ Bridges the rural-urban gap But what about the challenges? 🤔
Non-traditional security threats to human life are as serious, probably more serious, than traditional military threats. Non-traditional security (NTS) threats do not stem from power rivalry between or among countries; they emerge from our environment and socio-economic milieu. Life threatening issues like climate change, food security, energy security, lethal diseases et al. are posing serious challenges to human well-being and survival in our times. The Covid 19 crisis is a recent example of how non-military threats are posing acute challenges to human well-being and survival. As a consequence, academic attention to the areas of NTS has been on the rise in recent times. We come across myriad academic papers and books on different aspects of NTS. However, recent writings on NTS mainly focused on the theoretical issues and debates surrounding the concept. They mostly hovered around the What and Why aspects of NTS. Without minimizing the seriousness of such discourses, it could be observed that India’s role vis-à-vis NTS in recent times has not been the major focus of writings on NTS, both in India and abroad. India embarked upon a huge supply of vaccines, medical and health equipment during the Covid 19 crisis. In fact, India, had emerged as a leading supplier of medicines in the world before the outbreak of the pandemic. India’s medical diplomacy before and during the Covid 19 pandemic earned international accolades. India has also earned a place in Medical Tourism in the world. India’s role in food security and protection of the environment are also commendable. While academics in India and other parts of the globe are aware of the roles of European countries, United States or Canada in the areas of NTS, India’s multifarious activities in the realm of NTS mostly went unnoticed in the academia. This chapter wishes to highlight NTS and India’s Diplomacy in recent times, an almost non-existent area in academic discourses. In that sense, this chapter may help to initiate discussions on India’s role in the sphere of NTS in recent times. Although the major focus of the chapter will be on India’s role vis-à-vis NTS, relevant theoretical issues will also be analysed in the chapter. The chapter will provide extensive ideas about the concept of non-traditional security; the challenges it poses to human survival; and the ways to face such challenges. India’s response and diplomacy on NTS challenges will be the principal focus of the chapter. The chapter will also provide a futuristic view about India’s role in the NTS areas. Therefore, the chapter will help in developing comprehensive ideas about non-traditional security threats and India’s role surrounding such threats today and in the future.
Epitranscriptomics, the study of RNA modifications such as N6-methyladenosine (m6A), has emerged as a pivotal field in cancer research. These chemical modifications influence gene expression, protein translation and cellular behavior, driving critical processes like tumor initiation, progression and metastasis. Furthermore, RNA modifications contribute to cancer stem cell plasticity, promoting survival and therapy resistance. Treatment resistance, a major obstacle in cancer therapy, is often driven by aberrant RNA modifications that affect the stability of coding and non-coding RNAs, leading to enhanced DNA repair, drug efflux and immune evasion. As a result, targeting RNA-modifying enzymes has gained attention as a novel therapeutic strategy. Inhibitors of "writers," "erasers" and "readers" of these modifications are currently being explored to restore sensitivity to conventional therapies. This commentary discusses the emerging role of RNA modifications in cancer progression and treatment resistance, highlighting the potential for novel therapeutic interventions in combatting drug-resistant cancers.
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Jayanta Mallick
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Subha Ganguly
  • Animal Resources Development Department
Shibabrata Pattanayak
  • A.R.D. Department
Giridhar Maji
  • Department of Technical Education, Training and Skill Development
Achintya Mahanti
  • Animal Resources Development
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