GD Goenka University

One of the classes of injective antidiabetic agents includes Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) which ameliorate glycemia and numerous atherosclerosis-related factors in individuals prone to Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2-DM) disorder. Methods The review paper targeted the role of GLP-1RA in managing DM. The literature published during the last decades in several data-based searches (PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect) was reviewed and compiled the therapeutic uses of GLP-1 RA in the management of DM. In this review, we have discussed GLP-1RA and its role in the management of diabetes mellitus. Results and Discussion Disrupted homeostasis marks insulin resistance and β-cell deterioration as two major indications of T2-DM. β-cells failure (~80% of functioning of β-cell) and insulin resistance in the liver and muscles are primarily susceptive to physiological defects. GLP-1RAs if administered for a prolonged period also cause a loss in weight through the activation of receptors of GLP-1 found in hypothalamic satiety centers which control appetite and decrease intake of calories. They not only assist in controlling blood glucose but also improve β- cell function and post–diabetic conditions namely hyperlipidemia, obesity, and hypertension. Conclusion It was concluded that GLP-1RA has a new therapeutic approach to the management of DM. Hence, GLP-1RA provides distinctive and innovative evolution for the treatment of T2-DM.

About 44% of the active medicinal components in all previously disclosed chemical units are hydrophobic and do not extend shop because of their limited water solubility. One of the factors limiting the rate at which oral medications can reach the appropriate concentration in the systemic circulation for pharmacological action is their solubility. Our medical preparation scientists and researchers are constantly surrounded by issues relating to drug release, drug targeting, solubility, overdosing, permeability and bioavailability. Thus, creating or improving frameworks for drug delivery is a territory of ongoing research. Solid dispersion, micronization, salt formation, are some of the vital methods usually employed to improve the solubility of poorly soluble drugs, but each method has some drawbacks and benefits. This review focuses on different methods of improving drug solubility in order to lower the proportion of medication candidates that are removed from development due to poor solubility. The popular solution for all problems related to aspects of solubility and in-vitro release rate of certain poorly watersoluble drugs, is solid dispersion. Solid dispersions smear the standard to drug release via producing a combination of a poorly water-soluble API and greatly soluble coformers. The solid dispersion method has been commonly used to increase the in-vitro drug release, solubility, and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. The focus of this review paper is on carriers, BCS classification, and solubility. This page also summarizes some of the most current technological advancements and offers a variety of preparation methods for solid dispersion. The various solid dispersions were highlighted according to their molecular configuration and carrier type. It also provides an overview of the solid dispersion methodologies and their mechanics, as well as the marketed medications that can be made utilizing them.

The landscape of wound management has undergone a revolutionary transformation with the integration of nanomaterials-based therapeutics. This abstract explores the profound impact of nanotechnology on wound care, highlighting the unique properties of nanomaterials and their role in advancing therapeutic interventions. Nanomaterials, characterized by their dimensions at the nanoscale, have emerged as versatile tools in wound management. The review focuses on various types of nanomaterials, including nanoparticles, nanofibers, and nanocomposites, which offer tailored solutions for optimizing wound healing processes to facilitate controlled drug delivery, developing a novel approach on account of achieving controlled transport of bioactive agents, such as growth factors, antimicrobial compounds, and anti-inflammatory drugs. This precision in drug delivery enhances therapeutic efficacy, promoting optimal wound healing outcomes. One of the pivotal contributions of nanomaterials to wound management is their engineered antimicrobial properties. Nanoparticles also exhibit effective antibacterial characteristics, addressing concerns related to wound infections. Nanomaterials integrated into dressings and scaffolds enhance mechanical strength and provide a conducive environment for cellular processes, fostering tissue regeneration, angiogenesis, and extracellular matrix synthesis. Nanoparticles with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant functionalities create a balanced microenvironment, reduce chronic inflammation, and promote a pro-regenerative milieu. In conclusion, integrating nanomaterials into wound management strategies represents a paradigm shift in therapeutic approaches.

This study aimed to develop and characterize a topical emulgel for wound management, combining gallic acid with skin-permeable excipients and optimized the gelation process for consistency and stability, ensuring ease of application and prolonged drug release. The emulgel was analyzed for physicochemical properties, including rheological and texture analysis, which assessed gel strength, viscosity, spreadability, and adherence. Drug release was evaluated using in vitro models under varying conditions to determine the optimal formulation for sustained delivery. Anti-inflammatory efficacy was also tested, revealing the gel's potential to reduce inflammation and wound symptoms. Key metrics showed spreadability ranged from 7.6 to 9.4 cm, viscosity from 3100 to 5230 cps, drug content from 81% to 94%, and cumulative drug release from 55% to 85%. These findings support the potential of topical emulgels for enhanced wound care through localized drug delivery, better patient compliance, and minimized systemic effects.

Soil is the essence of the Earth and is one of the ultimate natural resources which is of high importance for the livelihood of the ecosystem. Agricultural soil has been exploited and is facing diverse stress because of several anthropogenic activities and climate change. Due to an upsurge in the population and depletion of environmental soil quality, there is a rapid increase in food demands on the earth. Elevation in soil salinity is a threatening situation for crop productivity, but there is no alternative to using saline soil to satisfy the demand in the near future. Therefore, to overcome such an alarming state, a sustainable environmental solution to degrade the stress in the soil is of utmost essential. Application of ‘omics’ studies and potential metabolites of rhizosphere bacteria have provided the superlative solution to get rid of the salt stress primary issue. Extremophilic microorganisms, such as halotolerant, halophilic rhizo-microbes and endophytic bacteria, have drawn the attention of investigators to ameliorate the deleterious salt effects. Keeping this opinion, this chapter has highlighted the application and importance of biotechnological tools and techniques which resolve the issue of crop yield in saline soil. Further, briefly discussed deciphering the mechanistic approaches of plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) by forming biofilms, creating extracellular polymeric compounds (EPS), and volatile organic compounds (VOC) in improving the salt-stressed soil for critically enhancing the soil quality and plant development. Moreover, this chapter briefly emphasizes diversity, the morphology of PGPR and the interaction of plant–soil–bacteria. Additionally, how the genomics approach of PGPR reduces soil stress to overcome soil infertility is analyzed. Finally, this chapter focuses on the prospects and challenges faced in managing salt stress.

Microwave synthesis is a sustainable and eco‐friendly method for producing novel organic compounds, offering faster reactions, higher yields, and improved purity compared to traditional techniques. Efficiency is increased by the uniform heating caused by microwave radiation, especially for the synthesis of heterocyclic compound and their derivatives. Owing to have important biological and therapeutic qualities, a number of microwave‐assisted synthetic methods of pyrroles have been developed that produce better results than the conventional reported method. In view of this, the present review emphasizes solvent‐free and catalyst‐free methods for the microwave‐assisted synthesis of pyrrole and its fusion with other heterocycles such as furan, pyridine, beta‐lactam, and indole. A comparison between traditional and microwave‐assisted techniques is given in terms of reagents, covering yield, waste minimization, solvents, and catalysts.

Cisplatin, also known as cis-(diammine) dichloridoplatinum (II) or CDDP, is frequently used as first-line chemotherapy in head, neck, and lung malignancies. It can be given as a single agent or in conjunction with radiation therapy and/or other anti-cancer chemotherapeutic agents. Now, experiences based on PEGylated liposome-based nano-formulations AroplatinTM, LipoplatinTM, and SPI-077 are undergoing clinical trials. These cisplatin drug delivery systems resolve issues like poor solubility in water, drug resistance, and toxicity by using nanocarrier systems. The above-cited nano-delivery technologies for cisplatin have been extensively described in numerous pieces of literature existing in various databases. Essentially, this evaluation gives a severe focus on newer information, invented news, and up-to-date articles regarding various carrier systems for CDDP and the newer patents of this drug formulation.

Individual investing decisions are crucial in determining one’s financial well-being, as these choices directly affect their financial health. The current study uses structured equation modelling based on survey data from 288 individual investors. We contribute to the growing body of literature by employing the conditional mediation model to investigate the interaction between financial literacy, firm characteristics, behavioural biases and their impact on investment choices. The study findings substantiate the critical role of a firm’s characteristics in mediating the relationship between financial literacy and investment choices. The findings highlight the importance of financial literacy in enabling investors to make informed decisions, accentuating the mediating role of a firm’s characteristics, which adds novelty to the study.

The synthesis of optically active compounds requires determination of ee , er , and enantiomeric purity. The aim of the present paper is to review the synthesis of several chiral derivatizing reagents (CDRs) in a rational manner, which were successful for the separation and isolation of enantiomers of a variety of active pharmaceutical ingredients and other important and useful racemates. Besides, the application of (i) certain enantiomerically pure amines, either directly or by incorporating each of them as chiral auxiliary in difluorodinitrobenzene or cyanuric chloride moieties to construct the CDR, (ii) ( S )‐ketoprofen and ( S )‐levofloxacin as chiral platforms, and (iii) a few isothiocyanates, have been suitably included. Attention is drawn to the use of water micellar mobile phase as the “green” RP‐HPLC method and the use of simple achiral derivatization with ninhydrin, particularly. Synthesis of CDRs and their application for enantioseparation of racemates and detagging of certain chromophoric reagent components for obtaining native enantiomers are other interesting features included herein. The methods can be easily used to determine and control enantiomeric purity with advantages over a variety of commercial chiral phases. This comprehensive review not only highlights innovative methodologies for enantioseparation but also underscores their practical applications in controlling and ensuring the enantiomeric purity of pharmaceutical compounds.

Background Chalcones have been demonstrated to contain numerous therapeutic qualities in recent years, such as antibacterial, antiviral, anti-ulcerative, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antihyperglycemic, antimalarial, antitubercular, analgesic, antiplatelet, and anticancer activities. Objective To explorethe synthesis, docking, and characteristics of chalcones as antibacterial and anthelmintic compounds. Methods The chalcone derivatives (3a-3k) and (6l-6v) were synthesized via two selective different reactions, based on the Claisen-Schmidt reaction. All synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial activity using an in vitro cup-plate method, and their anthelmintic activity was assessed using an in vitro earthworm paralysis and death assay. To validate these findings, conducted molecular docking experiments between the dihydrofolate reductase receptor (PDB ID: 4LAE) and the synthesised compounds (3a-3k) and (6l-6v) to determine catalytic interactions. Results Compound 6(n) exhibited the greatest efficacy in biological in vitro activity against S. aureus compared to all other compounds examined. Compound 6(o) exhibited substantial efficacy against P. posthuma and E. coli. Emphasizing these findings, the compounds 3(a), 3(g), 3(i), 6(n), and 6(o) demonstrated hydrogen bond interactions with certain amino acid residues of the receptor, including THR 122, ASN 18, ASN19, GLN 96, SER 50, and ALA 8, during molecular docking. Conclusion The study results showed that the synthesised derivative (E)-1-(napthalen-2-yl)-3-(4- (trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)prop-2-en-1-one 6(n) had beneficial antibacterial properties against S. aureus, while derivative (E)-1-(Napthalen-2-yl)-3-(4-trifluoromethyl)phenyl)prop-2-en-1-one 6(o) exhibited antibacterial activity against E. coli and anthlelmintic activity against P. posthuma.

Under different environmental conditions, crop yields differ primarily due to G and E interactions. The Global Rice Array (GRA-IV) is IRRI's fourth flagship project to identify climate-resilient rice genotypes. Use of Several univariate and multivariate methods can differentiate genotypes based on their behaviour under different environmental conditions. Since genotypes were ranked differently across models, ASR and Yield Stability Index (YSI) were combined in this study. It included 15 rice genotypes (from a collection of global rice arrays IV called the "Antenna Panel"). Experimentation done in five diverse environments in the Northern Tarai region of India. Grain yield over five diverse environments was significantly influenced by genotypes, G (24.51%), environments, E (40.79%), and genotype and environment effects combined (34.69%). G2, G5, G8, G15 and G10 exhibited lowest ASR values. G2 is the most stable high-yielder, concluded on the basis of new stability index calculated by combining the ASR's and YSI values; these superior genotypes can benefit breeding programs in the future. A stable-high yielder can be more accurately predicted with the new stability index.

Abstract: Backgrounds: Alzheimer's disease (AD) impacts a total of 30 million individuals worldwide, resulting in the impairment of brain cells. Despite the approval of medications, there are still poor results and adverse effects that continue to exist, which has led to continued research for more effective treatments. Objectives: In this study prioritize the medicinal plants and their bioactive chemicals to attract researchers and pharmaceutical companies interested in producing powerful herbal medicines and semi-synthetic drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, although minimizing any potential adverse effects. Methods: This review investigate the effective use of medicinal plants and their phytochemicals in the treatment of AD to manage its growth and relieve symptoms via improving cognitive deficits. Results: These medicinal plants and their phytochemicals contribute to the treatment of AD by protecting against cell damage induced by beta amyloid, improving memory and learning abilities, functioning as nerve tonics, and exhibiting strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Furthermore, they have demonstrated therapeutic benefits in the management of AD. The finding suggests that several phytoconstituents/ plant metabolites are present in numerous anti-Alzheimer's plants known for their anti-Alzheimer's properties such as rosmarinic acid, quercetin, kaempferol, gallic acid, β-sitosterol, oleic acid and linalool. In addition, this article emphasizes the antiAlzheimer's disease significance of various important phytochemicals. Conclusion: The review proposes that medicinal plants and their bioactive phytochemicals hold potential as a viable alternative treatment for AD. The utilization of these medicinal plants can improve memory and decrease the likelihood of developing Alzheimer's disease in the future.

The primary objective of this critical review is to evaluate the effectiveness of telerehabilitation (TR) in managing physical, physiological, and psychological parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). T2DM has become a major global health concern, with complications that significantly impact the well-being and quality of life of affected individuals. The introduction of this review aims to elucidate the complexities of T2DM by discussing its prevalence, cardiovascular implications, and the crucial role of physical activity in its management. The study’s goal is clearly stated, focusing on a comprehensive assessment of electronically provided rehabilitation models to address the multifaceted aspects of T2DM. The methodology section details a systematic review covering reputable databases such as PubMed, Medline, and EMBASE, establishing a solid foundation for this review. Furthermore, recent empirical findings from a specific study provide valuable insights by demonstrating the positive effects of a 6-week TR program on individuals with T2DM. Including various modes of exercise supervision and their noticeable impact on HbA1c levels enhances the analytical depth of this review. In conclusion, this scholarly review acknowledges the evolving role of technology-based rehabilitation in healthcare and recognizes the promising findings from current studies. However, it emphasizes the need for further research, particularly larger, multi-centered randomized controlled trials, to refine the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and long-term interpretability of TR in the complex landscape of T2DM management. The primary aim of this review is to contribute to the academic discussion surrounding the integration of telehealth applications, particularly TR, as an essential component in the holistic care of individuals with T2DM.

Forests are vital in maintaining ecological balance, providing habitat for diverse species, sequestering carbon, and supplying essential resources. However, the challenges presented by climate change, such as elevated temperatures, shifts in rainfall distribution, and more frequent extreme weather occurrences, are substantial obstacles for forest ecosystems on a global scale. Agronomic strategies have emerged as crucial to ensure forests’ health and sustainability in a changing climate. Agronomic strategy focuses on the sustainable management of forested landscapes to optimize their productivity, health, and resilience. One critical aspect is the selection and breeding of climate-resilient tree species. Identifying and propagating tree species adapted to thrive in anticipated climate conditions is a better approach to enhancing the forest’s resilience against climatic conditions. Genetic diversity and adaptive breeding programs are essential to ensure long-term resilience. In addition to species selection, silvicultural practices are integral to forest resilience. Thinning, prescribed burning, and managed regeneration may create diverse forest structures that enhance resilience to pests and wildfires. Sustainable logging practices that mimic natural disturbances can also contribute to forest health. Furthermore, the use of precision technologies, such as remote sensing and GIS, aids in the monitoring and managing of forests to enable informed decision-making to alleviate climate-related risks. Soil health is another critical aspect of agronomic strategies. Healthy soils serve as the cornerstone of forest ecosystems, bolstering their resilience. Organic matter restoration, erosion control, and soil nutrient management practices are vital for sustaining productive and resilient forests. Conservation endeavors should accompany forest management efforts. Safeguarding and rehabilitating vital habitats, executing invasive species management, and minimizing fragmentation contribute to the overall resilience of forest ecosystems. Finally, community involvement and policy support are essential for successfully implementing agronomic strategies. Engaging stakeholders in decision-making and ensuring that policies promoting sustainable forest management are pivotal strides towards resilience. As forests face unprecedented challenges in a changing climate, agronomic strategies offer a pathway to enhance their resilience. Implementing these strategies is crucial for preserving the ecological, economic, and social advantages forests provide to current and future generations.

Forest ecosystems are central to the global carbon cycle, playing a crucial role in climate regulation and the preservation of biodiversity. The intricate relationship between soil characteristics and climate dynamics within these ecosystems is essential for understanding their resilience and response to environmental changes. Forests serve as vital carbon sinks, absorbing atmospheric carbon dioxide through photosynthesis and retaining it within plant biomass and organic material in the soil. Soil plays a crucial role in storing and cycling carbon while mitigating climate change’s effects on forest ecosystems. Climate variables such as temperature, precipitation, and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations influence soil properties, including temperature profiles, moisture levels, nutrient availability, and microbial activity. Such alterations may result in changes to soil carbon storage and the release of greenhouse gases, affecting the overall carbon equilibrium within forests. Additionally, forest soils serve as habitat for a diverse array of organisms, many of which are sensitive to changes in temperature and moisture. Alterations in soil conditions due to climate change can disrupt these intricate ecological relationships, potentially leading to forest composition and structure shifts. Moreover, changes in forest cover and land use can further exacerbate the effects of climate change on soils, posing challenges for conservation efforts. Understanding the soil-climate nexus in forest ecosystems is vital for informed forest management and climate mitigation strategies. This knowledge can inform sustainable land use practices, reforestation efforts, and the development of climate-resilient forest management plans. It also underscores the importance of preserving intact forest ecosystems to maintain their role as carbon sinks and biodiversity hotspots in a changing climate. The soil-climate nexus in the forest ecosystem has significant implications for carbon circulation, biodiversity, and climate control. Continued research in this field is essential for addressing the challenges posed by climate change and fostering the resilience and long-term sustainability of forest ecosystems worldwide.

Introduction Tuberculosis is the most common disease that affects the lungs, and it is associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Many synthetic medications, such as pyrazinamide, isoniazid, and ethambutol, are available to treat TB; however, their adverse effects are severe. Medicinal herbs have lately become popular, safe, and effective alternative treatments for TB. Method The purpose of this review was to assess the possible use of natural plants in the development of herbal treatments and remedies for TB by studying the medicinal plants and phytochemicals that have been used for the disease. Information was gathered from a variety of sources, including Bentham, Elsevier, Springer, Nature, Google Scholar, PubMed, Sci-Finder, and the Web of Science. For the investigation, common and scientific names of plants, as well as terms like "mycobacterium tuberculosis," "herbal plants," "flavonoids," and "alkaloids" were employed. In the end, 376 plants belonging to 83 families were discovered, and details about each plant family, as well as the section of the plant utilized, chemical components, extract, and strain, were extracted. Result The findings showed that although flavonoids and alkaloids were the most prevalent naturally occurring substances found in plants, the Fabiaceae family had a greater potential to eradicate TB. Conclusion The leaf portion was shown to be more active, and the S-37 RV strain of Mycobacterium TB was employed more frequently.The leaf portion was shown to be more active, and the S-37 RV strain of Mycobacterium TB was employed more frequently.

Foveal displacement resulting from epiretinal membranes (ERMs) or other macular diseases leads to a condition known as dragged fovea diplopia syndrome. This syndrome causes central binocular diplopia, where individuals see double images. Its prevalence remains uncertain. Since the fovea is affected, traditional prismic therapy is ineffective in alleviating the "retinal diplopia." Currently, there is no known cure for this condition. However, there are available treatments to managed and alleviate the symptoms effectively. The study's goal is to discover the clinical traits of dragged-fovea diplopia syndrome, propose a straightforward test to help assess these patients, and suggest a simple treatment to alleviate double vision in some cases. We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane databases for English-language studies published and outlines the systematic procedure utilized for a comprehensive literature review spanning the period from 2005 to October 2020. In this nonsystematic review, performed from May 21, 2023, to September 1, 2023, we address a series of questions to explain the cause of Central-Peripheral Rivalry-Type Diplopia and complications associated to it and Clinical management and its challenges. In conclusion, central retinal rivalry is a rare and fascinating occurrence wherein peripheral retinal images blend together, yet central retinal images become misaligned, resulting in a clash between the central and peripheral fusion mechanisms. Understanding the condition has practical implications in the field of vision and neurological disorders. By delving into the mechanisms underlying central retinal rivalry, researchers can gain a deeper understanding of how the brain processes visual information and resolves conflicts. This knowledge can be applied to the development of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions for various vision-related disorders. Moreover, the development of effective treatments underscores the importance of ongoing research in this field, offering hope and relief to those living with this intriguing yet challenging condition.

Background Intranasal drug delivery shows potential for brain access via olfactory and trigeminal routes. Purpose This work aimed to ensure brain availability of nalbuphine via the nasal route. Method Chitosan based nanoparticles loaded with nalbuphine were successfully prepared using ionic gelation method and characterised. Result SEM results revealed that the nanoparticles were spherical in shape, with an average size of 192.4 ± 11.6 nm. Zeta potential and entrapment efficiency was found 32.8 mV and 88.43 ± 7.75%, respectively. The X-ray diffractometry and DSC results unravel a profound understanding on the physical and thermal characteristics. The in-vitro release of nalbuphine from the nanoparticles was biphasic, with an initial burst release followed by a slow-release profile. In-vitro cell study on HEK-293 cells and microscopic images of brain tissue confirmed the safety profile of formulation. In-vivo efficacy studies on animal confirmed the effectiveness of developed intranasal formulation as compared to the standard therapy. The in-vivo pharmacokinetic studies showed that the prepared nanoparticles were able to efficiently deliver nalbuphine to the brain in comparison to the other body organs. Gamma scintigraphy images showed retention of the drug in the brain. Furthermore, the efficacy studies confirmed that the nanoparticles were found significantly more effective than the marketed formulation in pain management.

To evaluate the therapeutic potential of curcumin tagged cilostazol solid nano dispersion in wistar rat streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic nephropathy. Cilostazol (CLT), a Phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor has an inhibitory effect on reactive oxygen species (ROS), and Curcumin (Cur), an antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory, are water-soluble. Solid Nano dispersions were developed using the “Box-Behnken Design” and emulsion solvent evaporation procedure to improve the solubility and bioavailability. Streptozotocin (SPZ) and Nicotinamide (NA) caused diabetes in Wistar rats. DN developed 30–45 days after disease induction. All rat groups underwent histological, biochemical and pharmacokinetic evaluation. The optimized batch of Cilostazol Loaded Novel Curcumin Tagged Solid Nanodispersion (CLT-15 SND) estimated renal, lipid, and cytokine profiles better than the conventional batch. CLT-15 SND, given orally to diabetic rats for 45 days, significantly lowered fasting BGL and IL-6 levels and improved lipid and kidney-profile markers and body weight compared to plain Cilostazol Loaded Solid Nanodispersion (CLT-15 WC SND). CLT-15 SND treatment groups showed decreased blood glucose by 3.38 and 9.71 percent, increased body weight by 2.81 and 5.27 percent, improved Interleukin-6 (IL-6) by 21.36 and 18.36 percent, improved urine albumin levels by 5.67 and 14.19 percent and creatinine levels by 3.125 and 37.5 percent, improved serum urea by 30.48 percent, increased serum albumin by 2.59 and 11.18 percent, and decreased creatinine and 5.03 and 8.12 percent, respectively as compared to CLT-15 WC and MP treatment animal groups. CLT and Cur reduced IL-6, kidney, and lipid markers, demonstrating their renoprotective and pancreas-protective effects. CLT and Cur’s inhibition may be the mechanism. Graphical abstract