Fatima Jinnah Women University

The emerging US-China rivalry over Artificial Intelligence (AI) and cutting-edge technologies has become a fundamental aspect of contemporary global politics. This research explores how the mission for technological dominance between these two major powers is redesigning the geopolitical landscape, transforming long-standing coalitions, and introducing new frontiers of competition such as innovation, data manipulation, and semiconductor supply chains. The research explores critical developments such as the rise of strategic tech-driven coalitions like QUAD and AUKUS in setting global narratives around AI governance. This research applies the theoretical lens of Defensive Realism, which argues that states act to preserve their security in an anarchic international system by countering potential threats. This qualitative study examines how AI leadership and control over innovative technologies are becoming strategic instruments in the restructuring of geopolitical power dynamics.

This article primarily intended to investigate the peristalsis of an incompressible couple-stress nanofluid through a symmetric channel. The most important effects that are considered to model the fundamental equations include inclined magnetic field, Hall current, mixed convection, viscous dissipation, radiation effect etc. In this paper, the well-known Buongiorno model is adopted to thoroughly examine the thermophoresis and Brownian motion effects. To simplify the mathematical analysis, we assume extremely small Reynolds number and a long wavelength, thereby reducing the complexity of the system. The resulting mathematical system is handled via built-in numerical technique in Mathematica software. Plots provide a graphical representation of fluid flow characteristics, allowing researchers to examine the effects of various parameters and visualize relationships between variables. The Hall current, generated by blood flow through arteries under an inclined magnetic field, has significant implications for cardiovascular research. By adjusting the magnetic field angle, scientists can regulate blood flow, potentially benefiting conditions like hypertension and vascular stenosis. Moreover, the buoyancy force effects are added to determine the flow pattern in free convection. It is resulted that an increase in thermal buoyancy enhances the blood flow rate. Both Nb and Nt cause a rise in the fluid's temperature. It is apparent that as the inclination angle is increased, the trapped bolus gradually enlarges. Similar behavior of Hall parameter is observed.

Chaos-based image encryption techniques have gained attention due to their potential for generating highly complex and unpredictable encryption algorithms. These algorithms leverage chaotic systems’ attributes, which are sensitive to initial conditions and exhibit complex, non-repeating behavior, enabling them attractive candidate for encryption purposes. The intricate dynamics of chaotic systems makes it difficult for intruders to predict or crack the encryption without the proper decryption key. The use of piecewise linear chaotic map for image permutation introduces nonlinearity and randomness to the encryption process. Additionally, utilizing an elliptic curve and a Hilbert matrix for generating the encryption key brings a different layer of complexity. The chaotic logistic map further contributes to the encryption process by generating a sequence crucial for diffusion of pixels. To guarantee that the suggested encryption mechanism is robust and secure, various analyses like information entropy, statistical analysis of histograms, pixel correlation and sensitivity analysis are carried out. Through the result of these analyses, it is evident that this proposed technique is a promising approach to address security concerns in transmitting images over public networks. The proposed work attains high NPCR (99.63%), UACI (33.47%) and entropy (7.9991) that ensures resilience against statistical and differential attacks. Comparing the suggested study with the literature existing research shows that it is a reliable and safe real-time image encryption system.

The present study highlights the zeta potential effect of electrokinetic flow in a disk cone system. The study sheds light on the shape of nanoparticles on ternary nanofluid flow with surface catalyzed chemical reaction. The potential implication is optimization of microfluidic appliances and reactors. The pace of reaction on the surface is analyzed by homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions in the presence of surface catalyzed chemical reactions. The designed model is a system of coupled partial differential equations. Utilization of self-similar variables along with normalization converted the system of partial differential equations into ordinary differential equations. Fourth order collocation method by using MATLB helped to analyze the results in graphical form. It has been concluded that electric field parameter, electroosmotic parameter and zeta potential amplifies the radial velocity while disk cone system is rotating in same direction. The lamina shape of the particles is more sensitive to the temperature variation by increasing thermal radiation parameter as compared to spherical shape.

Owing to growing political extremism on social media, the Government of Pakistan implemented a digital firewall framework aimed at curbing extremist content. However, due to poor execution of the policy, the public resorted to the use of VPNs to bypass online restrictions. The research aims to examine how the government's attempt to combat online political extremism triggered an unforeseen outcome in the form of increased VPN usage. Employing a quantitative methodology by conducting an online survey of social media users in Pakistan, the study reveals the public's dissatisfaction with the government's digital regulation measures, perceiving them as a possible threat to their inalienable right to information and doubting whether it could prove to be a viable measure to achieve the government's desired outcome. Finally, the paper recommends a review of the existing digital firewall policy for an improved public response and outcome.

This chapter highlights the importance of biofuels in multiple perspectives to explore them as a best suitable eco-friendly and sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. Rapid industrialization leads to the overconsumption of fossil fuels in order to fulfill the need for energy. However, due to the adverse environmental impacts of fossil fuels, a replacement energy source is required, one that is eco-friendly, sustainable, and economical, as well as capable of fulfilling the energy demands of industrial sectors. Therefore, researchers are working on the development of alternative renewable sources of energy that fulfill the criteria of an eco-friendly, sustainable, and economical energy source. This chapter begins by exploring the environmental and health hazards inflicted by fossil fuels and how immensely the planet needs a sustainable alternative to rectify issues such as fuel inefficiency, fluctuation in oil prices, and future energy demand. The chapter further investigates the production process, types, and specifications of biofuels. Hydrolysis, saccharification, transesterification, and fermentation are the main production processes of biofuels. Biofuels are classified into four types based on the natural source of feedstock: first-, second-, third-, and fourth-generation biofuels. They have versatile applications in different fields, such as transportation, power generation, industrial processes, etc., along with potential drawbacks and future prospects. The energy balance of biofuels emphasizes the importance of a positive energy input-to-output ratio. The important role of biofuels in the circular economy is highlighted by exploring their potential to create jobs and promote rural development. The chapter concludes by addressing the limitations and discussing the future prospects of adopting biofuels as a potential green energy source for mankind.

A detailed theoretical study employing the first-principles framework of density functional theory has been carried out to explore the structural and multifunctional properties, including electronic, optical, dielectric, and mechanical properties, of bismuth-layered Aurivillius phase materials with the composition CaX2Bi2O9 (X = Nb, V, Ta, and Pa) for potential solar energy conversion applications. This investigation highlights the use of energy approximations based on the generalized gradient approximation in conjunction with the Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof functional to analyze these complex compounds. Exhibiting bandgaps within the range of 0.9–2.9 eV, these bismuth-layered structured ferroelectric (BLSF)-based materials reveal promising semiconducting behavior, making them suitable for solar energy conversion technologies. This study delves into the detailed analysis of the total and partial density of states to reveal their electrical characteristics. Optical properties, including the dielectric function, refractive index, reflectivity, absorption, and energy loss function, are determined using the Kramers–Kronig relations. Notably, the compounds exhibited high absorption coefficients (∼10⁵ cm⁻¹), underscoring their potential for applications in optical devices. Elastic properties such as bulk modulus (B), Young’s modulus (E), and shear modulus (G) are evaluated through the Voigt–Reuss–Hill averaging method, and mechanical stability is confirmed using the Born stability criteria. Furthermore, mechanical flexibility is assessed through the Pugh ratio (B/G) and Frantsevich ratio (G/B), demonstrating their suitability for use in flexible solar cell applications.

Mefenamic acid (MA) represents an efficient nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) for treatment in many circumstances of painful conditions and inflammation, but its poor water solubility and gastrointestinal side effects often obstruct its clinical application. Consequently, researchers have been conducting studies on the synthesis of prodrugs and heterocyclic compounds as MA derivatives for the improvement of their pharmacological profile. This review discusses an overview of recent developments in the synthesis and biological applications of MA derivatives. It covers several strategies used to modify the chemical structure of MA to pursue pharmacokinetic improvement, solubility, and targeting features, among which are heterocyclic moieties and prodrug design. Following the many synthetically produced derivatives of MA, mainly proposed between classic organic synthesis and more recent methodologies, such as microwave‐assisted synthesis and green chemistry protocols, this review will consider how different structural variations are able to influence the assumed pharmacological actions: analgesic, anti‐inflammatory, and anticancer. The findings demonstrate significant progress toward the development of safer and more effective NSAID therapies; thus, they support, in a broad and unprecedented way, the potential of MA derivatives and prodrugs in transforming the state of pain management and inflammation treatment.

Quantum teleportation, one of the most significant protocols in quantum information processing, allows the unembodied transfer of an unknown quantum state from one location to another distinct location. Here, we propose a scheme of continuous-variable quantum teleportation, wherein the two-mode Gaussian entangled state generated by a correlated spontaneous emission laser (CEL) system is used as a quantum resource. Initially, the two quantized cavity fields, in the form of single-mode Gaussian states characterized by the non-classicality and purity of the states, along with a strong classical field, are coupled to the gain medium of the CEL system. We consider a squeezed coherent state (SCS) for the teleportation process and calculate the time-dependent expression for its teleportation fidelity using the Wigner function formalism. In this framework, we thoroughly analyze the teleportation of the SCS, using its fidelity, for various parameters of the proposed system. We show that the amplified entanglement generated by the CEL system leads to an optimized fidelity for the teleportation of SCS.

Tuberculosis (TB), a contagious disease, significantly affects lungs functioning. Amongst multiple detection methodologies, Chest X-ray analysis is considered the most effective methodology. Traditional Deep Learning methodologies have shown good results for TB detection; however, model’s huge number of parameters, size, and compute requirements making it unsuitable for its practical deployment. Owing to scarce annotated datasets in medical domain augmented datasets are generated which is not a recommended technique in medical domain. This study presents TB-FSNet consisting of Few Shot Learning - Prototypical Network (FSL-PT) with a modified MobileNet-V2 backbone, incorporating a Self-Attention layer. The significant contribution of this study is to effectively train TB-FSNet in FSL-PT paradigm with six different backbones. The dataset utilised for this study consists of Montgomery County, and Shenzhen Chest X-ray Dataset combined. The proposed method attains highest accuracy of 93.6% with mere 2.21M parameters and 8.67 MB size, while maintaining high performance metrics such as precision, specificity, and sensitivity. Moreover, TB-FSNet is designed for seamless integration into embedded devices, making it suitable for deployment on edge devises. The model processes Chest X-ray images in real-time, providing immediate confidence scores for disease detection. This capability ensures that users can receive accurate diagnostic insights without needing to wait for medical professionals, enhancing the accessibility and efficiency of TB detection.

In this work, Ruddlesden popper phase (RPP) family member with formula La2XO4 has been explored by using theoretical quantum computational method CASTEP code to analyze its electronic, optical, and mechanical properties. Moreover, density functional perturbation theory has been employed to calculate the thermodynamic properties of the compounds. Results revel that these compounds have zero-point energy ranging from 0.8648 to 1.0875 eV which is important for solar applications since it affects electron-phonon coupling, bandgap, and material stability. Heat capacity clearly rises with temperature, approaching to Dulong–Petit limit at approximately 600 K. Electronic structure analysis revels that the compounds are semiconductor in nature with direct bandgaps for La2ZnO4 (1.62 eV) and La2CaO4 (2.09 eV) while La2MgO4 (3.40 eV) and La2BeO4 (3.56 eV) demonstrate indirect bandgaps. Optical features of the compounds are also analyzed including dielectric function, optical conductivity, absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient, reflectivity, refractive index, and loss function for photovoltaic applications. Notably, high values of absorption coefficient (10⁵ cm− 1), dielectric function (10), optical conductivity (8 fs− 1), refractive index ranging from 3 to 4 lie in the visible and near UV range. Additionally, elastic properties confirm the ductile nature of these materials, supporting their suitability for flexible photovoltaic and optoelectronic applications.

A picture fuzzy soft set (PFSS) is a reliable tool for handling uncertainties in data through three membership degrees: positive, negative, and neutral which is common in real-world applications such as medical diagnoses, financial decisions or risk assessments. Material selection for cryogenic storage tanks used in liquid nitrogen transportation requires accuracy of multiple criteria under uncertainty. This study introduced picture fuzzy soft sets, a specific instance of PFSS, represented by membership and non-membership degrees and refusal. The proposed methodology is applied to rank candidate materials based on essential properties such as thermal conductivity, tensile strength, and cost-efficiency.

This research article carries out a thematic analysis of the selected work of contemporary fiction using Sarah LaChance Adams’ theory of Maternal Ambivalence. The research engages with Toni Morrison’s God Help The Child, which depicts an abusive relationship between mother and child, analyzing how narratives like this negotiate the construction of cultural perceptions of motherhood, as well as the reigning societal expectations of mothers. By examining fictional accounts, the paper explores the symbolic and metaphorical representations of abuse between mother and child in literature, uncovering the deeper psychological and socio-cultural implications embedded within the text. Drawing on theories from motherhood studies using Brown and Clarke’s model of textual analysis, the paper investigates the interplay of power in the patriarchy as well as the existence of maternal identity in the status quo, thus illustrating how literary representations of abuse contribute to broader discourses on women's roles and societal norms.

Clean air and water are essential for human survival and socio-economic progress, yet pollution threatens these resources, leading to acid rain, smog and eutrophication. These environmental issues particularly impact vulnerable groups, wildlife, and ecosystems, causing severe health effects such as birth defects and immune disorders. Urgent action is needed to protect biodiversity and planetary health. Many countries are adopting strategies to reduce pollution from industries and agriculture, including adsorption materials, bioremediation, and constructed wetlands. Technological innovations like IoT and big data aid resource management in cities. However, strong environmental policies, enforcement, and holistic planning remain crucial for sustainable and effective solutions.

Stereotypes are prevalent and entrenched societal attitudes that emerge in various forms. Over the years, films have significantly contributed to the portrayal and reinforcement of these biases. This study examines, via comprehensive cinematic analysis, the depiction of many stereotypes in the Pakistani film "Zindagi Tamasha". This study uses concepts from cultural studies to examine how the film challenges conventional beliefs, engages with societal norms, and initiates discourse on Pakistani culture. The study employs an interdisciplinary approach, recognizing that various facets of our identity—such as gender, religion, and financial status—shape our beliefs. Thoroughly analyzing the narrative, language, imagery, and character development the researcher facilitates the assessment of the picture and its societal significance. Two primary ethical concerns are: adherence to regulations about appropriate usage and the acknowledgment of diverse cultural backgrounds. The study seeks to elucidate how "Zindagi Tamasha" contests prevailing notions, so contributing to the continuing discourse on cultural representation in Pakistani cinema. This study examines the portrayal of multiple stereotypes in the Pakistani film "Zindagi Tamasha" through a wide-ranging cinematic analysis, utilizing Teun A. van Dijk's theoretical framework on discourse and social representation. By applying impressions from cultural studies, the research explores how the film challenges conventional beliefs, engages with societal norms, and initiates discourse on Pakistani culture. Rahat's distinctive movement, particularly his dancing, directs our attention to the influence of language and discourse on our comprehension of moral concepts.

This paper examines how foreign direct investment impacts stock market development in the South Asia region. FDI is considered an independent variable, whereas the stock market is considered a dependent variable, while interest rate, exchange rate, and inflation are control variables. The data is collected from World Bank indicators, and stock index data is collected from stock exchange websites of South Asian countries. The twenty-one years of data, beginning in 2001 to 2021, are used for the analysis through STATA software. This study used (OLS) the ordinary least square method, to check the relationship between SMD and FDI in South Asian countries. The results show that foreign direct investment has a positive impact on the development of the stock market. The results of this study give insightful direction for investors, showing that the stock market and FDI are related positively. Governments should think about incorporating environmental concerns and sustainable development goals into their FDI promotion policies.

Islam is a comprehensive code of life besides providing elucidations to all the problems. However, there are different religions and modestly can be labeled under the umbrella of Islamic and Western verdicts. Furthermore, Islamic and Western considerations have their subcategories in the practice of groups. Conversely, in this paper, we described perennialism and essentialism as educational philosophies and then provided a detailed account of Islamic philosophy. This study provides literature-based evidence about the logical notions of both philosophies. However, more focus was on describing Islamic philosophical notions. We also studied the Quranic verses to provide authentic sources. This was a qualitative literature-based study. Furthermore, discourse analysis was followed to find out the differences. Findings and conclusions were drawn from the literature. Different websites were studied for online data connected to our particular area. We explored the Islamic philosophical system as more valuable, authentic, and relaxed in terms of knowledge, values, and social relationships. We concluded that the Islamic philosophical system is a holistic system. We recommended that we try our best to apply Islamic philosophical designs in our educational setup about students ‘teachers’ bonds and affiliation in society.

Scholars have shown a great interest in studying the relationship of Human Resource Management (HRM), Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), and Sustainable Performance (SP) globally over the past few decades, but it has not been studied in local dynamics, specifically at intercity level of a developing country. In light of the (economic, social, and environmental) implications of sustainability in the hospitality sector, this study examines the relationship between HRM and SP, using CSR as a mediating component in metropolitan cities of Pakistan. Using an adapted questionnaire data were collected from hotels of Rawalpindi and Islamabad from hotel employees, out of 200 questionnaires 106 complete responses were received. The result confirms that HRM has a statistically significant relationship with SP and CSR significantly enhances this relationship as a mediator. RBV supports the view of CSR as a competitive advantage to achieve SP, providing a practical implication for stakeholder engagement, organizational performance, employee well-being, and employment opportunities, and developing and implementing actionable strategies.

This study investigates the usability challenges in educational games for primary-grade children, using the Mechanics-Dynamics-Aesthetics (MDA) framework as an analytical lens. Cantering on the case of Taleemabad, a Pakistani educational game, the research employs an unmoderated usability study to identify interface and engagement issues that affect player experience and learning outcomes. Through thematic analysis of user feedback organized via affinity diagrams, the study classifies usability concerns into mechanical, dynamic, and aesthetic dimensions. Findings highlight critical barriers such as poor cross-platform compatibility, navigational flaws, and inadequate feedback mechanisms. The research offers targeted design recommendations to enhance usability and player engagement, advocating for a user-cantered approach in serious game development. By bridging game design and user experience evaluation, this study contributes to the discourse on effective educational technology and supports improved digital learning environments.

Ephedra intermedia, a medicinally significant plant, is an important component of arid and semi‐arid ecosystems across Central and South Asia. This research sought to predict the present and future distribution of E. intermedia by applying ecological niche modeling (ENM) methods. The model incorporated comprehensive bioclimatic and edaphic variables to predict the species' habitat suitability. The results demonstrated high predictive accuracy, highlighting the importance of temperature seasonality, annual temperature range, soil pH, and nitrogen content as key species distribution determinants. The current habitat suitability map revealed core areas in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Tajikistan mountain regions. Under future climate change scenarios (SSP2‐4.5 and SSP5‐8.5) for the 2050s and 2070s, the model projected a significant upward and northward shift in suitable habitats, coupled with a notable contraction in the extent of highly suitable areas, particularly under the high‐emission SSP5‐8.5 scenario. The predicted range shifts reflect the species' sensitivity to increasing temperatures and changing precipitation patterns. This suggests a potential loss of suitable habitats in low‐elevation and southern parts of its range. Including edaphic factors in the model provided novel insights, specifically highlighting the critical role of soil properties, such as soil pH and nitrogen content, in shaping the ecological niche of E. intermedia. These findings complement the observed upward and northward shifts in habitat suitability under future climate scenarios, emphasizing the species' reliance on high‐altitude refugia as climate conditions change. The results underscore important implications for conservation planning, suggesting that strategies should prioritize the protection of these refugial habitats while also considering measures such as habitat connectivity and assisted migration to support the species' adaptation to shifting environmental conditions.