Eaton

Hydrogen fuel cells offer a promising and environmentally friendly solution for future ground transportation systems, especially for heavy-duty truck applications. The fuel cell system generates electricity to power the vehicle through the chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen in the fuel cell stack. Oxygen is supplied by pumping compressed air into the fuel cell stack. To achieve optimal performance with minimal electrochemical losses, precise control of air and hydrogen flow within the fuel cell stack is crucial. One key factor affecting fuel cell performance is the air relative humidity (RH). In this study, we focus on developing an efficient air humidity management system through the direct injection of water into a twin vortices series compressor (TVS R1320). The goal is to experimentally measure the effect of water injection on compressor efficiency and the attainable RH without water droplet formation at the inlet of the fuel cell stack. The experimental results show that for high air mass flow rates, specific work and mechanical power can be reduced by up to 7.83% and 2.3%, respectively, while the system isothermal efficiency improved by 2.95%. However, the RH required by fuel cells cannot be achieved solely by direct water injection without the risk of water droplet formation that can lead to fuel cell flooding. Other operating points will be discussed in detail. Furthermore, modeling activities were conducted to identify trends and better explain the effects of injected water. Limitations were also found in 1D simulation codes when modeling evaporation. A simplex nozzle was positioned at the compressor inlet to continuously inject water, and optically accessible sections located upstream and downstream of the compressor allowed for recording the air-water flow status.

This study aims to assess the safety aspect of future inductive charging stations by investigating the electromagnetic fields performance of various pad architectures. Following the recommendations of the standard {Society of Automotive Engineering (SAE J2954)}, which suggests two common pad kinds for the inductive power transfer (IPT) system (circular pad (CP) and double-D pad (DDP). The safety analysis is performed on the car side using these two types of pad architectures, with ground clearance compliant with Z3-class requirements and a power transfer of 11.1 kVA. In one scenario, a DD pad serves as the universal ground side pad (transmitter), while in the other scenario, a Circular pad is utilized. Safety assessments are performed using four models constructed based on 3D finite-element models (FEMs) and resonant networks. Circuit models are employed to establish the frequency of operation and resonant network components necessary to attain the rated transmitted power with maximum efficiency (η). Electric fields (E) and electromagnetic fields (EMFs) were calculated under ideal alignment conditions as well as in various cases of misalignment, including angular and lateral misalignments. The results demonstrate that the two distinct car side pads (CP and DDP) can function with the universal transmitter regardless of whether a CP or DDP is utilized, and that both types of car side pads (receivers) can achieve a high level of safety. Meanwhile, electric and electromagnetic fields stay within the bounds allowed by the 1998 and 2010 versions of the ICNIRP guidelines.

Utilities around the world are increasingly integrating distributed energy resources (DERs) into their electricity grids to boost reliability, resilience, customer satisfaction, and economic benefits. This article dives into the challenges and opportunities that come with this integration, focusing on the creation of virtual power plants (VPPs) to bring together DERs. VPPs provide advantages like resource adequacy, system resilience, emission reductions, and energy justice. The article highlights three key technologies that improve the observability and controllability of behind-the-meter (BTM) DERs, enhance the functionality of distribution planning tools, and turn traditional uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs) into VPP components. These advancements are crucial for the effective management and operation of DERs, ensuring a stable and reliable electricity grid. Additionally, the article discusses the regulatory landscape, including the U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Order 2222, which supports DER participation in energy markets. The findings emphasize the need for ongoing research, development, and demonstration of promising technologies to tackle the challenges of DER integration and unlock the full potential of VPPs in the energy transition.

In 2025, the IEEE Industry Applications Society (IAS) celebrates the 30th anniversary of this publication, IEEE Industry Applications Magazine . In this article, let us have a look at how the magazine first started, how the publication has evolved, and what the future might look like.

In this paper, we present the design and implementation of a cyber-physical security testbed for networked electric drive systems, aimed at conducting real-world security demonstrations. To our knowledge, this is one of the first security testbeds for networked electric drives, seamlessly integrating the domains of power electronics and computer science, and cybersecurity. By doing so, the testbed offers a comprehensive platform to explore and understand the intricate and often complex interactions between cyber and physical systems. The core of our testbed consists of four electric machine drives, meticulously configured to emulate small-scale but realistic information technology (IT) and operational technology (OT) networks. This setup both provides a controlled environment for simulating a wide array of cyber attacks, and mirrors potential real-world attack scenarios with a high degree of fidelity. The testbed serves as an invaluable resource for the study of cyber-physical security, offering a practical and dynamic platform for testing and validating cybersecurity measures in the context of networked electric drive systems. As a concrete example of the testbed’s capabilities, we have developed and implemented a Python-based script designed to execute step-stone attacks over a wireless local area network (WLAN). This script leverages a sequence of target IP addresses, simulating a real-world attack vector that could be exploited by adversaries. To counteract such threats, we demonstrate the efficacy of our developed cyber-attack detection algorithms, which are integral to our testbed’s security framework. Furthermore, the testbed incorporates a real-time visualization system using InfluxDB and Grafana, providing a dynamic and interactive representation of networked electric drives and their associated security monitoring mechanisms. This visualization component not only enhances the testbed’s usability but also offers insightful, real-time data for researchers and practitioners, thereby facilitating a deeper understanding of cyber-physical security dynamics in networked electric drive systems.

Distribution systems have traditionally received the least attention in the bulk picture of power systems; they are yet the most "critical component" as they directly impact customers’ perception and utilities’ reputation. While transmission systems have seen abundant literature, innovations, and applications of power electronic-based devices to optimize their performance, distribution systems still require more attention toward a flexible and dynamic scheme to cope with volatile energy consumption and production. As a replacement or enhancement of the traditional ones, Solid-State Transformers can play a central role in the energy management of distribution systems towards this goal, in addition to the mere voltage conversion. This manuscript, developed within the IEEE Task Force on Solid-State Transformer integration in distribution grids, offers a critical review of the Solid-State Transformer potential, services, and technical challenges for its integration in distribution systems. Particular attention is given to scientific trends and open points in the current research that must be addressed before utilities extensively integrate the Solid-State Transformer in distribution systems.

The high cycle fatigue (HCF) behaviors of an additively manufactured (AM) Ti–6Al–4V alloy with fully lamellar microstructures processed electron beam powder bed fusion (EB‐PBF) and wire‐fed electron beam directed energy deposition (Sciaky) routes were compared. Ultrasonic fatigue (USF) testing at the stress ratio of R = −1 was applied to monitor the growth of small cracks initiated at surface micronotches. Crack growth rates lower than 10⁻⁸ (m/cycle) at ΔK = 6 MPa·m1/2 were measured in samples processed by both methods. The finer α lath thickness (~1 μm) of the Sciaky samples resulted in a slower fatigue crack growth rate than the EB‐PBF samples with coarser laths. The interaction of cracks with the lamellar microstructures was characterized by electron backscatter diffraction. Crack propagation largely followed the lath interfaces in the Sciaky samples, whereas cracks cut across colonies in the EB‐PBF samples. Different fatigue fracture surface characteristics were observed for the EB‐PBF and Sciaky samples.

Future inductive charging ports must possess the capability to charge any electric vehicle (EV), irrespective of the specific coil architecture it is equipped with. This study examines the misalignment scenarios of the global circular pad at transmitter side (CirPT) with circular receiver pad (CirPR) and a double-D receiver pad (DDPR). The CirPT, CirPR, and DDPR configurations for WPT3 (11.1 kW) with ground clearance meeting the Z2-class specifications and above ground surface installation are built by utilizing circuit analysis and 3D-finite element simulations, as outlined by the Society of Automotive Engineering (SAE) J2954 standard. The simulated designs are employed to determine the frequency (f) and the compensating network components (CNCs) required to achieve optimal power transfer efficiency while maintaining nominal power levels. The analysis of misalignment scenarios involves examining various performance factors, including coupling coefficient (k), transmission power (Po), efficiency (η), and leakage electromagnetic fields (EMFs). These factors are assessed under conditions of ideal alignment, as well as various linear and angular misalignments within the inductive charging system. The results demonstrate that both the CirPR and DDPR configurations can successfully interface with the CirPT to provide the required Po to the EV battery with commendable efficiency. In perfect alignment, the efficiencies are 95.10% for the CirPT-CirPR model and 91.60% for the CirPT-DDPR model. In maximum misalignment, the efficiencies are 87.10% for the CirPT-CirPR model and 89.50% for the CirPT-DDPR model, all exceeding the acceptable threshold of 80%.

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with a substantial amount of health-care resources targeted towards its diagnosis and management. Environmental sustainability in cardiovascular care can have an important role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and pollution and could be beneficial for improving health metrics and societal well-being and minimizing the cost of health care. In this Review, we discuss the motivations and frameworks for sustainable cardiovascular care with an emphasis on the reduction of the climate-related and environmental effects of cardiovascular care. We also provide an overview of greenhouse gas emissions related to the provision of health care, including their measurement and quantification, carbon accounting, carbon disclosures and climate effects. The principles of life-cycle assessment, waste prevention and circular economics in health care are discussed, and the emissions associated with various sectors of cardiovascular care as well as the rationale for prevention as a powerful approach to reduce these emissions are presented. Finally, we highlight the challenges in environmental sustainability and future directions as applicable to cardiovascular practice.

Background Recent changes in anatomy curricula in undergraduate medical education (UME), including pedagogical changes and reduced time, pose challenges for foundational learning. Consequently, it is important to ask clinicians what anatomical content is important for their clinical specialty, which when taken collectively, can inform curricular development. Methods This study surveyed 55 non-primary care residents in anesthesiology (AN; N = 6), emergency medicine (EM; N = 15), obstetrics and gynecology (OB; N = 13), and orthopedics (OR; N = 21) to assess the importance of 907 anatomical structures across all anatomical regions. Survey ratings by participants were converted into a post-hoc classification system to provide end-users of this data with an intuitive and useful classification system for categorizing individual anatomical structures (i.e., essential, more important, less important, not important). Results Significant variability was observed in the classifications of essential anatomy: 29.1% of all structures were considered essential by OB residents, 37.6% for AN residents, 41.6% for EM residents, and 72.0% for OR residents. Significant differences (with large effect sizes) were also observed between residency groups: OR residents rated anatomy of the back, limbs, and pelvis and perineum anatomy common to both sexes significantly higher, whereas OB residents rated the pelvis and perineum anatomy common to both sexes and anatomy for individuals assigned female at birth highest. Agreement in classifications of importance among residents was observed for selected anatomical structures in the thorax, abdomen, pelvis and perineum (assigned male at birth-specific anatomy), and head and neck. As with the ratings of anatomical structures, OR residents had the highest classification across all nine tissue types (p < 0.01). Conclusions The present study created a database of anatomical structures assessed from a clinical perspective that may be considered when determining foundational anatomy for UME curriculum, as well as for graduate medical education.

Isolated three-port DC-DC converters (TPCs) facilitate integration of three voltage sources/loads in electric vehicle (EV) applications. Three-port resonant converter (TPRC) is an attractive TPC topology as it inherits the advantages of resonant converters. Phase-shift (PS) control applied to TPRCs enables independent power flow control among all ports. Phaseshift and duty-ratio (PSDR) control introduces three additional degrees of freedom providing the potential for improving the converter efficiency compared to PS control. This article presents a generalized harmonic approximation (GHA) based steadystate mathematical model for a TPRC with five-variable PSDR control. Mathematical solutions to the steady-state converter bridge voltages and the AC currents under PSDR control are provided. The proposed mathematical model is integrated with a TPRC power loss model and together are used to formulate a control optimization problem for evaluating the optimal control variables at maximum converter efficiency. The optimized five variable PSDR control is compared against PS control using a 6 kW/ 100 kHz rated hardware demonstrator, with efficiency improvements as high as 12.4%.

Cold spray is a material deposition technology with a high deposition rate and attractive material properties that has great interest for additive manufacturing (AM). Successfully cold spraying free-form parts that are close to their intended shape, however, requires knowing the fundamental shape of the sprayed track, so that a spray path can be planned that builds up a part from a progressively overlaid sequence of tracks. Several studies have measured track shape using ex situ or quasi-in situ approaches, but an in situ measurement approach has, to the authors’ knowledge, not yet been reported. Furthermore, most studies characterize the track cross section as a symmetric Gaussian probability density function (PDF) with fixed shape parameters. The present study implements a novel in situ track shape measurement technique using a custom-built nozzle-tracking laser profilometry system. The shape of the track is recorded throughout the duration of a spray, allowing a comprehensive investigation of how the track shape evolves as the deposit is built up. A skewed track shape is observed—likely due to the side-injection design of the applicator used—and a skewed Gaussian PDF—a more generalized version of the standard Gaussian PDF—is fit to the track profile. The skewed Gaussian fit parameters are studied across two principal nozzle path parameters: nozzle traverse speed and step size. Empirical relationships between the fit parameters and the nozzle path parameters are derived, and a physics-based inverse relationship between nozzle speed and powder mass deposition rate is obtained. One of the fit parameters is shown to be an effective means of monitoring deposition efficiency during spraying. Overall, the approach presents a promising means of measuring track shape, in situ, as well as modeling it using a more general shape function.