Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune

The controversy persists in the present times too when it comes to the treatment of condylar fractures. Various extra-oral approaches have been described for the surgical management of condylar fractures, the Hinds retromandibular approach being the most popular one. The dissection in retromandibular approach can either be through the parotid gland, i.e. transparotid (TP), or the parotid gland can be bypassed as in transmasseteric anteroparotid (TMAP) approach. This study was conducted to evaluate the outcome and complications associated with TP and TMAP approaches. Total 28 patients diagnosed with condylar/subcondylar fractures requiring ORIF were included in the study. In (group A) 14 patients TMAP approach was used, while in rest 14 patients (group B) TP approach was used. The patients were assessed for the level of condylar fracture, associated other fractures, operating time required and post-operative complications which included nerve injury, sialocoele, infection and avascular necrosis. In TMAP group, the mean operating time was 255.21 min and one patient presented with the complication of nerve injury. In TP group, the mean operating time was 272.79 min. Nerve injury was present in five patients out of which one patient also suffered from infection and avascular necrosis. Three patients reported with sialocoele. On comparison between TMAP and TP groups, there was no statistical significant difference present. TMAP approach showed fewer complications than TP approach, and hence, TMAP approach is best for beginner surgeons in treating condylar fractures.

Cold forging applications have shown crucial importance in manufacturing machine components due to the conservation of material and high geometric tolerances. Additionally, the work hardening of the part is an added benefit to the cold forged parts and making the components stronger. While working with metals in cold forging situations, interfacial friction plays an important role. Hence during analysis of bulk deformation processes, realistic friction conditions must be specified at the die/workpieces interfaces to obtain the required metal flow. The coefficient of friction ‘μ’ most accepted way of specifying the interfacial friction condition is by characterizing the friction quantitatively. This work focuses on experimentally and analytically determining the friction factor “m” for Al6061 ring under various lubricating conditions. An aluminum ring, following the standard Male and Cockcroft ratio of 6:3:2 (OD:ID:T), is presented for the ring compression test (RCT). The goal is to ascertain the friction factor between the workpiece and the die interface and validate the results of experiments with the friction models.

Background Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) is a serious vision-threatening complication of diabetes. Chronic kidney disease (CKD), measured by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), shares similar pathophysiological mechanisms with diabetic retinopathy, including inflammation, oxidative stress, and vascular dysfunction. However, the strength of the association between eGFR and PDR remains unclear. This review evaluates the association between reduced eGFR and the risk of PDR in individuals with diabetes. Methods A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science, from inception to October 2024. Observational studies reporting both eGFR values and PDR status were included. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Pooled standardized mean differences (SMD) were calculated using a fixed-effects model when heterogeneity was low (I² ≤ 50%). Subgroup analyses based on eGFR estimation method Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) and Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI), sensitivity analyses, and meta-regression for diabetes duration and HbA1c were conducted. Publication bias was evaluated using funnel plots and Egger’s test. Results A total of 11 studies were included, comprising 602 patients with PDR and 5,475 individuals without diabetic retinopathy. The pooled SMD for eGFR between PDR and non-PDR groups was − 0.43 (95% CI − 0.52 to − 0.34; P < 0.0001), indicating significantly lower eGFR in PDR patients. Heterogeneity was moderate (I² = 42.3%). Subgroup analysis showed an SMD of − 0.58 (95% CI − 1.02 to − 0.14; I² = 0%) using the MDRD formula and − 0.43 (95% CI − 0.58 to − 0.28; I² = 80.4%) with the CKD-EPI formula. Meta-regression revealed a significant negative association between diabetes duration and PDR proportion (P = 0.0155), but no association with HbA1c (P = 0.7798). The prediction interval ranged from − 0.53 to − 0.33. Funnel plot asymmetry suggested potential publication bias (P < 0.05). Conclusions This systematic review and meta-analysis found a significant association between reduced eGFR and PDR in patients with diabetes, with consistent findings across studies and eGFR estimation methods. Though heterogeneity suggests caution in interpretation. Additional prospective using standardized methodologies are needed to clarify causality and enhance risk prediction.

Background Hernias are a major health concern in India, with varying incidence and prevalence influenced by socio-demographic factors. Despite global advances in hernia management, regional disparities are evident within India. Method This analysis utilized data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2021 to examine inguinal, femoral, and abdominal hernias across India from 1990 to 2021, categorized by ICD-10 codes. Key metrics analyzed included prevalence, incidence, mortality, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), with age-standardized rates (ASRs). The Estimated Annual Percentage Change (EAPC) for incidence and mortality, Spearman correlation for assessing the relationship between Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) and hernia metrics, and ARIMA models for future trend projections were employed. Result Between 1990 and 2021, the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of hernias in India decreased from 143.85 to 137.05 per 100,000, a reduction of 4.72%, despite a 46% increase in the absolute number of hernia cases due to population growth. Mortality rates significantly declined by 57.05%. DALYs also decreased from 98.01 to 43.51 per 100,000. Projections for 2031 indicate stabilization of incidence rates and an increase in prevalence. Conclusions Significant improvements in hernia management in India have been achieved over three decades, driven by advances in healthcare and socio-demographic progress. However, the rising number of cases and expected increase in prevalence highlight the need for enhanced healthcare strategies and resource allocation to manage the hernia burden effectively.

The telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter mutations have been linked to the prognosis and survival of several cancers; however, it is still debatable in case of oral squamous cell carcinoma. The exact reason for it is currently unknown. However, considering its role in cell survival and proliferation it is imperative to evaluate the association between TERT promoter mutations and OSCC. The systematic review and meta-analysis were carried out to gather evidence for TERT promotor mutation in OSCC. Electronic databases along with grey literature were searched for relevant studies. We used fixed- or random-effect models to calculate pooled proportion, estimated odds ratios or standardized mean differences, and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We included 13 eligible studies incorporating 816 cases. The average frequency of TERT promotor mutation was 46.1% (0.46, 95% CI, 0.33, 0.60). However, TERT promoter mutations were not associated with gender, habit (smoking and betel nut), nodal involvement, metastases, and TNM stage. C228T (189/287), C250T (73/287), C228A, and other variants of TERT mutation were frequently detected TERT mutation variant in OSCC. TERT promoter mutations could be considered as biomarkers assisting in risk stratification and prognostic prediction. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-98133-6.

Background Respiratory illnesses in children significantly affect their quality of life (QOL), influencing physical activity, social interactions, and sleep quality. Evaluating QOL in pediatric populations is crucial to understanding the impact of these diseases on their health-related well-being and treatment outcomes. This study aims to analyze QOL using the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL)-BREF questionnaire. Materials and Methods A prospective cross-sectional observational study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital with patients aged 6–18 years for a duration of 6 months. Data from 132 patients were collected using a modified WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire and analyzed with Microsoft Excel and IBM SPSS 23. Results The mean age of the patients was 10.85 ± 2.73 years; 54.55% were male. The average body mass index was 15.67 ± 3.46 kg/m², and 25% had allergies. Average domain scores were as follows: physical (48.96 ± 12.78), psychological (63.20 ± 9.36), social relations (77.06 ± 9.96), and environment (63.91 ± 10.80). The average total score was 81.81 ± 7.41. The physical domain has the lowest QOL value and, hence, is majorly affected among all the four domains. Significant correlations were found for the physical and psychological domains. Conclusions The findings indicated that children with tuberculosis and asthma had lower scores in the physical domain due to symptoms such as dyspnea and wheezing, which impacted their physical activities and overall well-being. No significant gender differences were observed, underscoring the need for gender-neutral interventions. The modified WHOQOL-BREF proved to be reliable and valid, with the required cultural adjustments, ensuring its internal consistency.

Objective The aim of this systematic review was to investigate, identify, and summarize the existing literature on the levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines present in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of primary teeth restored with stainless steel crowns (SSC) versus control teeth. Materials and methods The systematic review was registered in the Open Science Framework (ID): 10.17605/OSF.IO/39U4D. In addition, it was prepared following the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). Five electronic databases were used to identify studies for this systematic review: PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, from January 10, 1999, to September 15, 2024. The risk of bias in the included studies was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute (cross-sectional studies) and the Cochrane Risk of Bias for Randomized Trials (RoB 2.0) in randomized clinical trials. Results The review includes four studies (two cross-sectional and two randomized clinical trials). A total of 75 children aged 3 to 10 years were studied. GCF samples were taken from 98 upper and lower molars rehabilitated with SSC and control teeth (without SSC). ELISA analyzed all samples. This way, the levels of four proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, IL-1β, IL-6, MIP-1α, and MIP-1β, were determined. The studies reported significant differences between both study groups: IL-1β: 27.30 versus 23.56 p < 0.05; MIP-1α: 682.55 versus 197.60 p < 0.05; and MIP-1β: 884.35 versus 287.85, p < 0.05. Conclusions This systematic review provides a comprehensive and current overview of the concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines present in GCF, providing new insights into the pathogenesis of gingival inflammation in children with SSC. IL-1β, MIP-1α, and MIP-1β levels increased in the GCF of upper and lower molars rehabilitated with stainless steel crowns compared to control primary teeth.

This study introduces a multi-objective optimization method to find the optimal process parameters for Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) of AA7075 T6 aluminum alloy. The approach leverages Rao algorithms to enhance welding performance and quality. AA7075 T6 is a high-strength aluminum alloy commonly utilized in aerospace and automotive applications, presenting challenges in achieving optimal welding parameters due to its susceptibility to heat-induced distortion and porosity formation. This research aims to find the optimal combined values of welding parameters that result in enhanced weld quality and improved mechanical properties. The optimization process begins with a comprehensive understanding of AA7075 T6 material properties and GMAW process variables. Design of Experiments methodology is employed to systematically vary welding parameters like voltage, current, wire feed rate, travel speed, and gas flow rate. In this work, three algorithm-specific, parameter-less, and effective Rao algorithms are utilized to find the optimal set of GMAW parameters. Three process parameters affecting bead geometry, such as bead width, bead height, and bead penetration, are considered as objectives. This work aims to optimize input process parameters for the GMAW process of AA7075 T6 aluminum alloy material. Results obtained from the optimization process demonstrate significant improvements in weld quality compared to baseline parameters. The implementation of the optimized welding parameters enhances the manufacturability and performance of welded AA7075 T6 components, contributing to advancements in aerospace and automotive engineering.

Background Eating disorders (EDs) have traditionally been viewed as a Western phenomenon, but their prevalence in South Asia has risen due to urbanization, globalization, and Westernized beauty ideals. This systematic analysis examines trends and prevalence of Anorexia nervosa (AN) and Bulimia nervosa (BN) using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) data from 1990 to 2021. Methods This analysis used data from the GBD study on age-standardized prevalence rates (ASPRs) for AN and BN, as well as their total percentage changes (TPCs) from 1990 to 2021. Trends were analyzed using Joinpoint regression to identify changes over time and calculate annual percent changes (APCs) and average annual percent changes (AAPCs). Geospatial patterns and temporal changes were visualized using QGIS software. The correlation between the Sociodemographic Index (SDI) and the DALY rate was assessed using R software. Results The ASPR of EDs increased significantly from 1990 to 2021, with BN peaking in the 20–24 age group and AN in the 15–19 and 20–24 age groups. Females exhibited the highest rates of increase, while notable rises were also observed in males. Bhutan recorded the highest ASPR for both AN and BN, with varying temporal percentage changes across countries. A significant positive correlation was found between the SDI and DALY rates across 21 global regions, with anorexia nervosa showing the strongest correlation (r = 0.75, p < 0.001). Conclusions The rising burden of EDs in South Asia underscores an urgent need for culturally sensitive prevention strategies and public health policies. Targeted interventions addressing sociocultural drivers are essential to mitigate the growing impact of EDs in this region. Level of evidence Level V, Descriptive study.

Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic disease with increasing global prevalence. Accurate and early detection of diabetes is critical to prevent complications and reduce the economic burden. The current study proposes a cutting -edge approach using deep learning algorithms, specifically Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and other hybrid models integrated with patient data and image-based diagnostics such as retina scans. These techniques outperform traditional diagnostic methods due to their ability to learn complex patterns from large datasets. The proposed system can be deployed in healthcare centers or as a mobile application to help diagnose diabetes with high accuracy, aiding both healthcare professionals and patients.

Dental implants have gained global popularity as a treatment option for tooth loss. The success of dental implants depends on their optimal integration into the tissues of the alveolar bone and the periodontium. However, several factors can hinder the proper osseointegration of implants, with the growth of biofilm on the implant surface and subsequent peri-implant infections being significant concerns. To overcome this challenge, researchers have explored the incorporation of antimicrobial agents onto metallic implant surfaces to mitigate biofilm growth. Ideally these agents should promote osteogenesis while exhibiting antibacterial effects. Magnesium (Mg) has emerged as a promising dual-function implant coating due to its osteogenic and antibacterial properties. Despite several studies, the precise mechanisms behind osteoinductive and antimicrobial effect of Mg is unclear, as yet. This review aims to collate and discuss the utility of Mg as a dental implant coating, its impact on the osteogenic process, potential in mitigating microbial growth, and prospects for the future. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across several databases and the findings reveal the promise of Mg as a dual-function dental implant coating material, both as a standalone agent and in combination with other materials. The antibacterial effect of Mg is likely to be due to its (1) toxicity particularly at high concentrations, (2) the production or reactive oxygen species, and (3) pH modulation, while the osteoinductive effect is due to a complex series of cellular and biochemical pathways. Despite its potential both as a standalone and composite coating, challenges such as degradation rate, leaching, and long-term stability must be addressed. Further research is needed to understand the utility of Mg as an implant coating material, particularly in relation to its antibacterial activity, osseointegration, and longevity in the oral milieu.

Instruments are susceptible to deformation and/or fracture, which may represent a failure in endodontic treatment. This study assessed the mechanical properties of nickel-titanium rotary instruments through cyclic fatigue, buckling resistance, and 45° bending tests. One hundred and twenty rotary instruments were divided into three groups: Super Flexi Files Blue (SFB; 20/.04), TruNatomy Small (TN; 20/.04), and ProTaper Ultimate Shaper (PTU; 20/.04). They underwent cyclic fatigue tests at fixed and manufacturer-specified speeds, along with buckling and bending tests. SFB files exhibited the greatest cyclic fatigue resistance with the longest time to fracture and highest number of cycles to failure (NCF), followed by TN and PTU. For PTU and TN, reducing rotation speed increased time to fracture and NCF, while SFB showed reduced values with speed increase. TN exhibited the highest buckling resistance, whereas PTU had superior performance in the bending test. Rotation speed significantly affected cyclic fatigue resistance, with SFB being the most resistant overall. TN demonstrated notable buckling resistance and flexibility. The rotational speed significantly affects the resistance of instruments to cyclic fatigue and that the SFB file is the most resistant file to cyclic fatigue. The TN file proved to be the most resistant and flexible.

Introduction Dentists have a critical role to play in the successful implementation of the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA) since tobacco-consuming patients consult dentists most actively. Hence, the aim of the study was to assess the impact educational intervention on the knowledge of COTPA among dental students. Materials and methods A quasi-experimental, questionnaire-based study was conducted on 433 dental students. The baseline knowledge on COTPA was assessed followed by a 1-h educational session on the COTPA laws. The evaluation of the knowledge acquired was done 2 weeks post-educational session. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. Results Television (40.45%) was the main source from where the students received the information regarding the COTPA laws. At baseline, 84.5% of the students had poor knowledge about COTPA laws ( p < .001). Post-intervention, 69% of the students had good knowledge about the COTPA laws ( p < .001). No significant difference was found between males and females at baseline ( p = .544) and post-intervention, respectively ( p = .741). Conclusion Awareness among dental students regarding COTPA laws is poor, and a health education intervention is effective in increasing their awareness. The inclusion of COTPA laws in dental curriculum as well as regular CDE programs and workshops on tobacco control must be encouraged.