Deraya University

Nature has been considered an interesting source of secondary bioactive compounds. Plants and their associated endophytes are common sources for these active constituents. Our study demonstrates the metabolomics profiling of the ethyl acetate extracts of three endophytic fungi associated with rosemary roots (Cladosporium spp., Alternaria spp. and Talaromyces spp.) in addition to the in vitro evaluation of the antitrypanosomal potential. The results revealed the presence of 47 metabolites from different chemical classes such as terpenes, phenolics, alkaloids, polyketides, macrolides, and others. Furthermore, the extracts of Cladosporium, Alternaria and Talaromyces exhibited potential inhibitory effects against T. brucei with IC50 values of 1.3, 3.2 and 3.5 µg/mL, respectively. Supporting the study, the identified compounds were docked against two proteins: Rhodesain in complex with a macrolactam inhibitor and ornithine decarboxylase in complex with a c-terminal fragment of antizyme. The docking simulations showed that most of the identified compounds have moderate to comparable docking score (S = − 3.82 to − 6.10 kcal/mol) within rhodesain active site. In addition, they showed weak to moderate docking scores (− 2.33 to − 5.9 kcal/mol) with a differential docking profile within ornithine decarboxylase active site. According to these findings, fungal endophytes associated with rosemary roots can be considered as a promising source of antitrypanosomal bioactive metabolites.

Sarcoptic mange, commonly known as scabies, is a highly contagious skin condition caused by the burrowing mite Sarcoptes scabiei (Astigmata: Sarcoptinae). This parasitic disease significantly impacts livestock and human health, particularly in underserved regions. Current treatments rely on synthetic acaricides like permethrin and ivermectin, which suffer from limitations such as toxicity, resistance development, and environmental contamination. Essential oils from Apiaceae plants represent a promising natural alternative. This study reviewed 122 volatile constituents from Apiaceae plants and conducted comprehensive in silico analyses to identify potential antiparasitic agents. Geraniol emerged as a potent acaricidal candidate due to its strong binding affinity to acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (docking score: − 7.85 kcal/mol). In vitro testing revealed geraniol achieved a 100% mite mortality rate at concentrations as low as 6.25% within 15 min (LT50 = 9.5 min). In vivo studies using scabies-infected rabbits demonstrated that geraniol-treated animals exhibited complete clinical recovery by two weeks post-treatment, with disappearance of crusts, itching, and skin thickening. Histopathological examination showed near-complete skin regeneration with minimal inflammatory infiltrates, in contrast to control groups which exhibited severe lesions and active mite presence. Furthermore, geraniol-treated rabbits displayed new hair growth and improved general condition, with no observed adverse effects. These findings highlight geraniol’s potential as a safe, effective, and eco-friendly treatment for scabies, offering a 100% improvement in clinical and histological recovery within two weeks. Further research should focus on optimizing delivery systems and evaluating its efficacy in human clinical trials.

The correlation between exposure to environmental pollutants and adverse impacts on fertility has been documented. Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic elements that impairs female reproductive capacity. Syzygium cumini is a plant that contains polyphenols with strong antioxidant properties. Our study aimed to investigate the possible protective effects of Syzygium cumini fruit extract (SCFE) and quercetin (QU) against Cd-induced ovarian toxicity and apoptosis in rats assisted by measuring oxidative stress markers, hormonal profile, intrinsic apoptotic pathway, miRNA-204-5p, and histopathology. For that, 45 adult female rats were divided randomly into five groups; control, cadmium chloride (CdCl2), CdCl2 + QU, CdCl2 + SCFE200, and CdCl2 + SCFE400, and the experiment lasted 35 days. Cadmium exposure induced irregular estrus cycle, and oxidative challenges, as evidenced by increased malondialdehyde and decreased antioxidant indicators that include superoxide dismutase, catalase and reduced glutathione, and hormonal imbalances, including reduced follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, anti-mullarian hormone, estrogen, and progesterone levels. Additionally, Cd triggered ovarian apoptosis through upregulating miRNA- 204 - 5p expression that in turn downregulated Bcl- 2 and upregulated the members of intrinsic mitochondrial apoptotic pathway including Bax and caspases 3, 9. The histopathological findings, morphometric and lesion scoring in ovarian, and uterine tissues confirmed the negative impacts of Cd. Interestingly, treatment with QU or SCFE, especially at the higher dose (400 mg/kg), significantly ameliorated these Cd-induced adverse effects, suggesting their potential as protective agents against ovarian toxicity.

Objective To examine the short-term influence of adding tibial nerve flossing (TNF) technique to conventional therapy on foot pain, Dorsiflexion-Eversion (DF-E) test, ankle range of motion (ROM), and tibial nerve conduction study (NCS) in individuals with Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome (TTS). Methods This was a parallel randomized pre-post-test single blinded controlled trial, included 54 individuals with TTS randomized into study and control groups. Both groups received conventional therapy including transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), therapeutic ultrasound (US), gastrocnemius (GC) muscle stretching, and foot arches supports/wedges provided as needed with an additional (TNF) technique provided for the study group. The intervention was 3 days/week on alternate days, for a four-week duration. Pain severity and DF-E test as primary; ankle dorsiflexion ROM and tibial NCS as secondary measures, were collected pre- and post-treatment. Results Within-groups comparison showed a significant improvement in all tested variables. Post-treatment between-groups comparison showed a notably higher scores in favor for the study group (p < 0.05) except for the (DF-E) test (p > 0.05). Conclusion Tibial nerve flossing is an effective adjunct to conventional therapy in improving foot pain, ankle ROM, and tibial nerve conduction in individuals with TTS.

Solanum lycopersicum L. Moench (Tomato) is a rich source of bioactive compounds. This study investigated the anticancer potential of S. lycopersicum roots methanol extract (TMESLR) and their nanocrystals (TMESLR-NCs) against breast (MCF-7), hepatocellular (HepG2), and colon (Caco-2) cancer cell lines, for the first time. TMESLR exhibited significant cytotoxicity against all 3 cell lines, with the nanocrystals demonstrating enhanced activity, Caco-2, MCF-7, and HepG2 cells with IC50 values of 9.69 ± 0.6, 12.52 ± 0.58, and 14.34 ± 0.62 µg/mL, respectively. Whereas, the prepared TMESLR-NCs displayed significantly the highest cytostatic potential against Caco-2 with IC50 value of 5.733 ± 0.29 µg/mL. Metabolomic profiling revealed 17 secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, and terpenoids. In silico analyses, including PPI network construction, GO enrichment, and KEGG pathway analysis, highlighted the involvement of apoptotic pathways, p53 signaling, and TNF signaling in the anticancer effects of TMESLR. Molecular docking studies identified chlorogenic acid and inosine as potential inhibitors of Histone Deacetylase 2 (HDAC2). Inosine (6) displayed a superior docking score of −7.86 kcal/mol, interacting with critical residues GLY154, ASP269, and HIS146. On the other hand, chlorogenic acid (12) achieved a docking score of −7.32 kcal/mol, forming stable interactions with TYR308, PHE210, and LEU276 residues. These findings suggest that TMESLR and TMESLR-NCs possess promising anticancer activity and warrant further investigation as potential therapeutic agents.

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most common vegetable plants in the world. It is also named Lycopersicon esculentum. It serves as a model plant for the Solanaceae family, especially for plants that produce fleshy fruits. Various studies have shown that S. lycopersicum fruits, seeds, leaves, roots, in addition to tomato waste, constitute sources of vital bioactive substances such as lycopene, flavonoids, vitamins, and minerals. Consequently, tomatoes have powerful antioxidant activities in addition to cardiovascular protection, anticancer, antimutagenic, antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, antidiabetic, radioprotective, gut modulating activities, vision effect, and hepatoprotective. The current review illuminates the different isolated phytochemicals and medicinal value, as well as the pharmacological activities of S. lycopersicum.

A novel group of N-4-piperazinyl norfloxacin analogues bearing N-4-piperazinyl-(3-arylidene/alkylidene acrylonitrile) moieties was synthesized. Antibacterial screening revealed that four compounds were more effective against S. aureus with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 0.33–0.81 µM than the parent norfloxacin with MIC value of 0.98 µM. Also, three compounds showed superior efficacy against the Gram-negative E. coli with MIC values of 1.28–1.62 µM, surpassing norfloxacin with MIC value of 1.96 µM. Furthermore, two compounds exhibited more potency against K. pneumoniae with MICs of 1.35 and 1.62 µM, respectively, compared to norfloxacin with MIC = 3.92 µM. Moreover, six compounds showed better activity against P. aeruginosa, with MIC values of 2.42–3.42 µM, compared to norfloxacin (MIC = 3.92 µM). In addition, four compounds exhibited superior minimum bactericidal activity (MBA) against the tested bacterial strains when compared to norfloxacin. Docking studies showed good affinity of the tested compounds to the S. aureus gyrase enzyme active binding site (PDB ID: 2XCT), which goes ahead with the data of the mechanistic study for the most potent compounds which revealed the effectiveness of one compound to poison DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, slightly better than norfloxacin.

Food colorant Erythrosine B (EB) is an antiviral xanthene dye with a wide range of uses as a colorant in cosmetics and medications. Its availability, affordability, quick labeling, and high sensitivity make it an excellent choice for spectrofluorometric and spectrophotometric examination of amine-based medications. Two quick and accurate spectrophotometric and spectrofluorometric methods were developed for the estimation of vericiguat in this case. To create an ion-pair complex at pH 4 using the Britton Robinson buffer, the suggested methods relied on the interaction between the amino groups of the medication under study and the phenolic group of EB. The quenching effect of the vericigaute drug of EB at excitation/emission wavelengths of 530.0/550.0 nm. This method demonstrated a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.036 µg/mL and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.110 µg/mL, showing rectilinear response in the concentration range of 0.05–0.5 µg/mL. Additionally, the absorbance of the produced ion-pair complex was evaluated using the colorimetric approach at 560 nm, displaying a linearity range of 0.5–10.0 µg/mL with LOD = 0.428 µg/mL and LOQ = 1.298 µg/mL. The greenness of the developed approaches was determined by GAPT and AGREE software for evaluating the suggested methods.

Among quinoline-fused heterocycles, tricyclic pyrimidoquinoline nuclei have received considerable attention from synthetic chemists and medicinal and materials scientists over many years because they occur commonly in various biologically important natural products and potent drugs that exhibit anticancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antilipidemic, antioxidant and antimalarial activities. This study will be beneficial for medicinal chemists in the field of drug discovery to synthesize new fused tricyclic pyrimidoquinolines as potent therapeutic agents. This review provides a comprehensive compilation of the methodologies developed for the synthesis of all six known types of pyrimidoquinolines reported thus far. This article includes synthesis via solvent-free reactions, Vilsmeier–Haack reaction, Lewis and Brønsted acid catalysis, Pictet–Spengler reaction, the use of metal oxide nanoparticles as a green catalyst, multicomponent reactions (MCR), the use of l-proline as an environmentally friendly organocatalyst, aza-Wittig reaction, the use of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) as a supramolecular catalyst, ultrasound irradiation, microwave-assisted reaction and ultraviolet light (UV365) irradiation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review that focuses on the synthesis of all six types of pyrimidoquinolines along with mechanistic aspects. Some medicinal applications are also mentioned.

Peptic ulcer is a major health disease which could be defined as destruction in different parts of the gastrointestinal track mainly the lining mucosa of the stomach as well as the proximal duodenum. Additionally, the treatment of this illness emphases different challenges as the currently available medications have major side effects as well as limited effectiveness. On the other hand, natural products exhibited a chief role in prevention and curing various health issues. Different natural metabolites such as alkaloids (as isocorydine), flavonoids (as Sofalcone), terpenoids (as aescine), coumarins (as esculin), and tannins (as castalagin) exhibited a great part in the prevention in addition to healing of peptic ulcer with different mechanisms of action such as H2 antagonists or Inhibition of the gastric H⁺, K ⁺ -ATPase. One hundred and eighty-five secondary metabolites were reported from higher plants and marine ecosystem. Therefore, this review provides an overview of the natural products obtained from different plants and marine sources as potential candidates with well reported gastro protective potential along with their mechanism of action and structural aspects whenever applicable. Herbal formulations and natural products in clinical trials have been mentioned in this review. Finally, drug likeness property, ADME/Toxicity profile of the compounds were evaluated.

Introduction Tubulin polymerization inhibitors have emerged as interesting anticancer therapies. We present the design, synthesis, and structural elucidation of novel thiazole-based derivatives to identify novel tubulin inhibitors with potent antiproliferative efficacy and strong inhibition of tubulin polymerization. Methods The novel compounds consist of two scaffolds. Scaffold A compounds 10a-e and scaffold B compounds 13a-e. the structures of the newly synthesized compounds 10a-e and 13a-e were validated using ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, and elemental analysis. Results and Discussion The most effective antitubulin derivative was 10a, exhibiting an IC50 value of 2.69 μM. Subsequently, 10o and 13d exhibited IC50 values of 3.62 μM and 3.68 μM, respectively. These compounds exhibited more potency than the reference combretastatin A-4, which displayed an IC50 value of 8.33 μM. These compounds had no cytotoxic effects on normal cells, preserving over 85% cell viability at 50 μM. The antiproliferative experiment demonstrated that compounds 10a, 10o, and 13d displayed significant activity against four cancer cell lines, with average GI50 values of 6, 7, and 8 μM, equivalent to the reference’s doxorubicin and sorafenib. Compounds 10a, 10o, and 13d were demonstrated to activate caspases 3, 9, and Bax, while down-regulating the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl2. Molecular docking studies demonstrated superior binding affinities for 10a (-7.3 kcal/mol) at the colchicine binding site of tubulin, forming key hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding interactions that enhance its activity. ADMET analysis confirmed favorable drug-like properties, establishing these compounds as promising candidates for further development as anticancer agents targeting tubulin polymerization.

Psychosis is usually a substantial global burden with a prevalence of 0.4–2%. On the other hand, 50 million people are suffering from dementia, with dementia-related psychosis affecting approximately 25% of them. The current experiment aimed to investigate the effect of the anti-dementia drug memantine (MEM) on testicular damage and insulin resistance induced by the chronic administration of risperidone (RIS) in rats. Six groups of Wistar albino rats were designated as follows: control, MEM-5 (rats received MEM at 5 mg/kg/day, orally, for 4 weeks), MEM-10 (rats received MEM at 10 mg/kg/day, orally, for 4 weeks), RIS (rats were administered RIS at 2.5 mg/kg/day, orally, for 4 weeks), RIS + MEM-5 (rats received MEM at 5 mg/kg/day, orally, co-administered with RIS as in the RIS group for 4 weeks), and RIS + MEM-10 (rats received MEM at 10 mg/kg/day, orally, co-administered with RIS as in the RIS group for 4 weeks). The duration of the study was 28 days. Serum testosterone, resistin, and adiponectin concentrations were determined. The homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was also evaluated. Oxidative stress, inflammatory markers, and immunoblotting of ERK1/2, and Nrf2 were quantified in testicular tissue together with histopathological evaluation and a caspase-3 immunohistochemical study. MEM co-administration increased adiponectin, serum testosterone, GSH, SOD, CAT, and Nrf2 expression while decreasing HOMA-IR, resistin, MDA, NOx, ERK1/2, IL-6, TNF-α, NFĸB, and caspase-3 expression. Furthermore, MEM ameliorated all measured parameters and histopathological changes that occurred in the RIS group in a dose-dependent manner. The primary outcomes were attained by attenuating oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in the testis caused by chronic RIS administration via regulation of the ERK1/2-Nrf2 signaling pathway. Targeting the ERK1/2-Nrf2 pathway is a potential strategy for addressing testicular injury.

Sepsis‐induced organ failure is a major health problem, characterised by massive inflammatory and oxidative stress responses. Endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) is one of the peptides expressed during septicemia with proapoptotic, proinflammatory, and oxidant effects. ET‐1 plays a role in heart and kidney injuries in sepsis. Accordingly, the current study was conducted to investigate, on a mechanistic basis, whether inhibition of ET‐1 signalling either by blocking its receptors or inhibiting its formation attenuates sepsis‐induced acute cardiorenal injuries. To analyse the role of ET‐1 in sepsis, we used a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model of sepsis. The animals were divided into five groups: CLP non‐treated group, CLP‐treated groups with bosentan, ambrisentan, and phosphoramidon (30, 5, and 0.5 mg/kg, respectively), and sham‐operated group. In addition to the same set of groups, survival analysis was assigned Survival rate, histopathological assessment, and cardiorenal functions were analysed. Oxidant and antioxidant activities, ET‐1, IL‐6, and lactate were measured. The expression of TNF‐α, p38, Klotho, and caspase‐3 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. CLP caused acute cardiorenal damage, high mortality, upregulated levels of ET‐1, IL‐6, and lactate, as well as an imbalance in oxidant/antioxidant activities, elevated expression of TNF‐α, p38, caspase‐3 and reduced expression of klotho. Bosentan, ambrisentan, or phosphoramidon improved survival, reduced the levels of inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters, improved cardiorenal functions and structure, elevated the tissue contents of GSH and SOD, raised the expression of klotho protein, and reduced the cardiorenal expression of p38, TNF‐α and caspase‐3. Endothelin receptor antagonists (ERAs); bosentan and ambrisentan, or endothelin converting enzyme inhibitor (ECE‐i) phosphoramidon, are promising agents against sepsis‐induced organ damage. This was evident in their cardiorenal protective effects, up‐regulation of klotho, suppression of inflammation, oxidation, apoptosis, and enhancement of the antioxidant status.

Background: Novel norfloxacin derivatives were synthesized, characterized, and screened for their antibacterial activity against Gram-positive strain S. aureus ATCC 6538 and Gram-negative strains; E. coli ATCC 25923, K. pneumoniae ATCC 10031, and P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 using the agar cup diffusion method. Results: The results revealed that compounds 6–17 exhibited more potent activity towards S. aureus ATCC 6538 with MIC values of 0.21–3.61 µM than norfloxacin with a MIC of 7.83 µM. The most potent compound, 6, showed 37-fold more potency than norfloxacin. More importantly, compound 7 exhibited more potent activity against MRSA than norfloxacin, with MIC values of 0.80 and 1.96 µM, respectively. Meanwhile, compounds 15 and 16 have potent activity towards the Gram-negative strains with MIC values of 0.20–0.79 µM compared with norfloxacin with a MIC of 0.24 µM. Moreover, the potent compounds showed higher activity towards topoisomerase II enzymes, especially against topoisomerase IV, which confirms the docking study with the S. aureus gyrase enzyme active binding site (PDB ID: 2XCT). In addition, cytotoxicity assays of the most potent compounds showed that compounds 6, 7, 15, and 16 have negligible risks of toxic effects when evaluated against the normal cell line WI 38. Conclusions: The docking study of the most potent compounds 6, 7, 15, and 16 on the gyrase enzyme active site (PDB: 2XCT) aligns their antibacterial activity and topoisomerase inhibition. The physicochemical and pharmacokinetic characteristics of the target derivatives were forecasted via SwissADME. Hence, these compounds are considered promising antibacterial candidates that require further optimization.

Our knowledge of the green macroalga Halimeda (Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta) is still poor and underestimated from the phytochemical and pharmacological standpoints. Pharmacological and therapeutic potentials of chemically-diverse compounds derived from different species of the genus Halimeda are highly promising as antiviral, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antiproliferative, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-osteoarthritic, hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective and neuroprotective agents. This review highlighted the diverse phytochemical and pharmacological properties in different species of the genus Halimeda from 1969 to 2024 based on available literature and also discussed their mechanism of action.

The dual targeting of EGFR and HER2 is an established anticancer strategy. A novel series including two distinct scaffolds, A (chalcone-based compounds, 4a–n) and B (pyrazoline-based compounds, 5a–n), was developed and synthesized. The antiproliferative efficacy of 4a–n and 5a–n was examined against a panel of four cancer cell lines. The findings indicated that pyrazoline derivatives 5a–n exhibited more efficacy than chalcone compounds 4a–n. Compounds 4n, 5d, and 5g were identified as the most effective antiproliferative derivatives. These compounds were further investigated as dual EGFR/Her2 inhibitors. Compound 5d inhibited EGFR-TK and HER2 significantly, with IC50 values of 0.126 and 0.061 μM, respectively. Moreover, compound 5d can induce a percentage of pre-G1 apoptosis by 78.53% in cell cycle analysis and cause early apoptosis with necrosis percent of 5.28. Docking and MD simulation illustrated the significant cytotoxic activity of the 5d compound and how it can be a promising scaffold with anticancer activity.

The present review serves to highlight the antitumor worth of pyrazole derivatives. Several active pyrazole‐based anticancer compounds proposed by a huge number of scientists worldwide are reported. Regarding the development of novel pyrazole‐based anticancer agents at a faster tone, there is a need to correlate the latest information with previously available information to understand the situation of this moiety in anticancer drug discovery studies. Herein, different anticancer pyrazoles are classified according to their mode of action at different anticancer targets. The results provided evidence that pyrazole derivatives have potential applications for the treatment of a variety of tumor types. From the study's findings, the structure–activity relationship (SAR) results demonstrated that all the compounds containing substituted pyrazole represent an important scaffold for anticancer activities. Publications in this area are increasing, and therefore, new therapeutic applications involving members of pyrazole derivatives could be discovered in the near future, as many prospects have not been sufficiently studied so far for other targets. In other words, this review provides an overview of the state of knowledge about the structural characteristics of the most recent anticancer pyrazole derivatives and their SAR with various targets. This will allow medicinal chemists to identify promising structures to guide the design and synthesis of more effective and safer anticancer candidates.

Corchorus olitorius L. Moench (Molokheia) is a common edible plant that is rich in terpenoids and flavonoids. Later, for the first time, this article was planned to study the potential of C. olitorius roots and their nanocrystals against breast cancer (MCF-7), hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) and colon cancer (Caco-2) cell lines. Generally, the total methanolic extract of C. olitorius roots (TMECOR) inhibited growth of MCF-7, HepG2 and Caco-2 cells with IC 50 values of 42.68 ± 1.96, 37.14 ± 1.6 and 18.63 ± 1.16 µg/mL, respectively. Whereas, the nanocrystals displayed significantly higher antiproliferative potential especially against HepG-2 and Caco-2 with IC 50 value of 23.288 ± 1.08 and 12.156 ± 0.61 µg/mL, respectively, While MCF-7 showed IC 50 of 62.497 ± 3.63 µg/ mL. To discover which of these compounds is responsible for this activity, metabolomic analysis of TMECOR was studied. It revealed presence of a diversity of metabolites ( 1–15 ) largely dominated by phenolic compounds. In silico network analysis and molecular docking to explore the anticancer efficacy of Corchorus olitorius extract against MCF-7, HepG2, and Caco-2 cancer cell lines. Central hub genes implicated in key oncogenic pathways, such as EGFR and BRAF, were pinpointed and subjected to rigorous docking protocols, using the crystal structures of EGFR (PDB ID: 1M17) and BRAF V600E (PDB ID: 5JRQ). The docking outcomes highlight significant binding affinities for compounds within the extract, notably Chlorogenic acid and Rutin, implying their potential as dual inhibitors for these critical cancer pathways. These findings offer a foundational understanding for subsequent empirical studies and the potential crafting of novel cancer therapies.

Background and aim Brevundimonas spp. are ubiquitous in the environment, but they are infrequently isolated from clinical specimens. Brevundimonas spp. cause bacteremia and sepsis, less frequently pneumonia, which resist numerous antibiotics, such as fluoroquinolone and beta lactams. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiological distribution of the NDM-1 gene in metallo-β-lactamase-producing Brevundimonas diminuta/vesicularis clinical isolates from pediatric patients with bloodstream infections. Methods Totally, 384 blood samples were collected from children aged ≤10 years old attended Baghdad hospital children, Baghdad, Iraq. The blood samples were screened for bacterial species by cultural, biochemical methods and Vitek-2 system. Nine isolates were confirmed to be Brevundimonas diminuta/vesicularis had been selected to be screened for antimicrobial susceptibility, extended-spectrum β-lactamase (EsβL) production and Molecular characterization of antibiotic resistance genes ( bla NDM-1 , bla SHV , IMP-1 , aac(6’)-Ib- , qnrB , and VIM ). Results Totally, 382 pure isolates were obtained in this study belonging to different 48 bacterial species. The highest occurrence was for Escherichia coli (55 isolates), followed by Klebsiella pneumonia (44 isolates), and 9 isolates were identified as Brevundimonas diminuta/vesicularis . From antimicrobial susceptibility test to the isolated Brevundimonas diminuta/vesicularis strains, two isolates were resistant to Imipenem, one isolate was resistant to eight antibiotics from three different classes of antibiotics and considered as multidrug resistant strains. Also, four isolates gave positive results in the screening of βL. The results of molecular assay of resistance genes was variable thus, two isolates have blaNDM-1 gene, one isolate was positive for IMP-1 gene, three isolates were positive for VIM gene, five isolates were positive for blaSHV gene, two isolates were positive for qnrB gene and one isolate was positive for aac(6’)-Ib gene. Conclusions Carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria are a major public health threat, and Brevundimonas diminuta/vesicularis is an emerging pathogen that can be particularly resistant to these antibiotics. So, the fact that this is the first report about the clonal diversity of these isolates from blood in Baghdad. Overall, this study is an important contribution to our understanding of carbapenem resistance in Iraq. It sheds light on a previously understudied pathogen and could have significant implications for patient care in the region.